• skyscraper – as city populations grew and technology improved, many cities grew upwards instead of outwards

• Louis Sullivan – Chicago architect who focused on the look of the building to be unique (The Flatiron Building)

• tenements – multifamily apartments that were usually dark and crowded (home to 3 of every 4 New Yorkers)

• political machine – informal poltical group that gained power by providing services that the local governments failed to deliver. Focused on immigrants for support.

• party boss – ran political machines by providing services in exchange for votes from citizens and promising those votes to government officials in exchange for services.

• graft – money gained through dishonest means

• William “Boss” Tweed – the head of Tammany Hall (NYC’s Democratic Political Machine) during the 1860s and 70s. Gained great wealth illegally but was brought down largely due to political cartoons exposing his greed.

Ch 10 Sec 2: Urbanization

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Chapter ObjectivesSection 2: Urbanization

• Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible.

• Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-1

Guide to Reading

During the three decades following the Civil War, the United States transformed rapidly from a rural nation to a more urban one.

• skyscraper

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Louis Sullivan • tenement • political machine • party boss

• George Plunkitt • graft

• William M. “Boss” Tweed

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(pages 341–342)(pages 341–342)

Americans Migrate to the Cities• The urban population of the United States grew from

about 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Why It Matters Transparency

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(pages 341–342)(pages 341–342)

Americans Migrate to the Cities• Immigrants remained in the cities, where they

worked long hours for little pay.

• Still, most immigrants felt their standard of living had improved in the United States.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Population Migration

1800-1920

(pages 341–342)(pages 341–342)

Americans Migrate to the Cities• Farmers began moving to cities because of better

paying jobs, electricity, running water, plumbing, and entertainment.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(pages 341–342)(pages 341–342)

Americans Migrate to the Cities• African Americans that were struggling to find work

as well as facing racial discrimination in the South also started to make the move to Northern cities.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

The New Urban Environment• Housing and transportation needs changed due to

the increase in the amount of people living in cities.• As the price of land increased, building owners

began to build up.

• Skyscrapers, tall steel frame buildings, were constructed for this reason.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

The New Urban Environment• Chicagoan Louis Sullivan contributed to the

design of skyscrapers.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• In the late 1800s, various kinds of mass transit developed to move large numbers of people around cities quickly.

The New Urban Environment (cont.)

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• Beginning with the horsecar, and later to the more sophisticated electric trolley cars and elevated railroads, engineers created ways to move the ever-expanding population around the city.

The New Urban Environment (cont.)

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

During the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, John Roebling, who designed the bridge, was killed on the job. His son continued directing the work until being injured. The work was then taken over by John’s wife, who completed the project with her son’s direction.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city where they constructed elaborate homes.

(page 343)(page 343)

Separation by Class• Definite boundaries could be seen between where the

wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• The middle class, which included doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers, tended to live away from the city.

(page 343)(page 343)

Separation by Class

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• The majority of urban dwellers were part of the working class who lived in city tenements, or dark and crowded multi-family apartments.

(page 343)(page 343)

Separation by Class

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(page 343)(page 343)

Separation by Class

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(page 343)(page 343)

Separation by Class (textbook p. 346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Moment in History 2

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(page 344)(page 344)

Urban Problems• The growth of cities resulted in an increase in crime,

fire, disease, and pollution.• From 1880 to 1900, there was a large increase in the

murder rate.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(page 344)(page 344)

Urban Problems• Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the

increase in crime. • Alcohol contributed to crime in the late 1800s. • Contaminated drinking water from improper sewage

disposal resulted in epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

(page 344)(page 344)

Urban Problems• The problems at the turn of the 20th century were

much different than the turn of last century.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• The political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, provided essentials to city dwellers in exchange for votes.

Urban Politics• A new political

system was needed to cope with the new urban problems.

(pages 344–346)(pages 344–346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• Party bosses ran the political machines.

• George Plunket, an Irish immigrant, was one of New York City’s most powerful party bosses.

• The party bosses had tight control of the city’s money.

Urban Politics

(pages 344–346)(pages 344–346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• Many of the politicians became wealthy due to fraud or graft–getting money through dishonest or questionable means.

• The most famous New York Democratic political machine was Tammany Hall.

• During the 1860s and 1870s, Tammany Hall’s boss was William M. Tweed.

•He was arrested for corruption and sent to prison in 1874.

Urban Politics (cont.)

(pages 344–346)(pages 344–346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

• Thomas and James Pendergast were party bosses in Kansas City, Missouri.

• They led state and city politics from the 1890s to the 1930s.

• Although corrupt, political machines did supply important services and help assimilate the ever-expanding population of city dwellers.

Urban Politics (cont.)

(pages 344–346)(pages 344–346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-18

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician

__ 2. an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

__ 3. the person in control of a political machine

__ 4. a very tall building

__ 5. multi-family apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimal living standards

A. skyscraper

B. tenement

C. political machine

D. party boss

E. graft

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C

D

E

A

B

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-6

What did the cities have to offer Americans that rural America did not?

Cities had electricity, running water, and modern plumbing. People were able to go to museums, attend theater performances, and visit libraries as well.

Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.)

(pages 341–342)(pages 341–342)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-17

What were some of the problems caused by political machines?

The bosses that ran the political machines grew rich by accepting bribes, selling permits to friends, and dealing in other corrupt ways to benefit themselves.

Urban Politics (cont.)

(pages 344–346)(pages 344–346)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-21

Critical Thinking

Comparing Compare the conditions under which the wealthy class, the middle class, and the working class lived in the United States in the late 1800s.

The wealthy lived in grand homes in fashionable areas. The middle class lived in comfortable homes in streetcar suburbs, and the working class lived in tenements.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-20

Reviewing Themes

Government and Democracy How did political machines respond to the needs of the people?

Political machines provided jobs, housing, food, heat, and police protection.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-11

What were some differences between the social classes?

The social classes differed in their level of income and the area in which they lived. The wealthy lived in the heart of the city in elaborate homes. The middle class lived away from the central city and used commuter lines to get to work. The working class lived in cities in tenements.

Separation by Class (cont.)

(page 343)(page 343)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Chapter Assessment 5

Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

What problems did cities in the United States face in the late 1800s?

Cities faced congestion, crime, violence, fire, disease, and pollution.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Chapter Assessment 9

Critical Thinking (cont.)

Analyzing What methods did political machines use to build support in the late 1800s?

They provided housing, jobs, food, heat, and police protection to new immigrants unfamiliar with the United States and its culture.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-13

Urban Problems (cont.)

Were native-born Americans correct in blaming immigrants for the increase in crime and violence? Why or why not?

The crime rate for immigrants was not significantly higher than that of native-born Americans.

(page 344)(page 344)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Section 2-9

What made it necessary to build skyscrapers?

The increasing need for land drove the price of land up. Buildings were built upward instead of outward to use less land in an effort to keep costs down.

The New Urban Environment (cont.)

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Analyzing VisualsExamining Photographs Study the photographs on page 342 of your textbook of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Flatiron Building. Why was it advantageous to construct taller buildings rather than purchase more land?Land was limited and expensive, and taller buildings allowed more people to work in the cities.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.

Objective: Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible. Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.