4
GETTING INTO SHAPE TO T A K E T H E S T R E S S O U T OF GULL ID, LOOK FIRST AT S I Z E A N D SHAPE story and images by John Rakestraw QUICK, describe a Herring Gull. I t ' s t y p i c a l l y w h i t e , with a pale gray mantle, black near t h e w i n g t i p s , a n d a yellow bill with either red or black marks Now describe a Thayer's Gull. It shares a l l t h o s e field marks. Now think o f a Ring-billed Gull, then a C a l i f o r n i a . T h e y share the same general pattern. : . You c a n u s e many f i n e p o i n t s to separate the species, b u t w h e n t h e birds are distant or t h e l i g h t i n g is bad, you need something broader. You can tell a horse from a zebra by looking at their hooves, b u t t h e r e are easier ways. When experienced b i r d e r s i d e n t i f y a bird from a great distance, it's u s u a l l y n o t because t h e y h a v e better eyesight than their buddies. They are relying o n a general impression of size and shape, combined with behavior and choice o f h a b i t a t , a l l of which can be seen f r o m f a r a w a y . Once you s t a r t d o i n g t h e same, you will find that identifying species is much easier, even if t h e b i r d s are in a confusing plumage, o r i f you can't see a l l o f t h e f i n e r details. "When experienced birders identify a bird from a great distance, it's usually not because they have better eyesight than their buddies." The f o l l o w i n g t h r e e charac- teristics help to create the general shape o f a gull. Study and compare them f i r s t t h e next time you look at your local species; you will quickly see differences emerge. BILL: The size and shape o f a gull's bill i s y o u r f i r s t c l u e to t h e b i r d ' s identity. Is the bill slender or more paddle- shaped? How long i s i t ? I f you have trouble even seeing the bill o n a distant bird, that i s a n indication that the bill is s m a l l . M a l e gulls tend to have larger bills than female gulls, but the overall shape should be consistent within a species. HEAD SHAPE: 'What is the shape o f t h e g u l l ' s h e a d in profile? Is the head r o u n d e d , g i v i n g t h e b i r d a pigeon-headed look? Or does t h e f o r e h e a d slope u p t o w a r d t h e c r o w n , g i v i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f a s c o w l i n g e x p r e s s i o n ? As with bill size, there can b e a l o t o f variation among individuals b i r d s c a n v a r y t h e i r shape considerably depending o n w h e t h e r t h e y ' r e r e s t i n g or a l e r t , w a r m or cold a n d g u l l s will raise a n d l o w e r t h e i r h e a d f e a t h e r s as t h e y s h i f t p o s i t i o n s , b u t t h e g e n e r a l shape is consistent. WING EXTENSION: T h i s r e f e r s to h o w f a r the t i p s o f t h e w i n g s e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e tail o n a r e s t i n g b i r d . Some species h a v e w i n g s that p r o t r u d e o n l y s l i g h t l y ; these b i r d s t e n d to have a t h i c k e r , m o r e r o b u s t shape overall. When t h e w i n g t i p s e x t e n d well beyond the tail, t h e b i r d appears l o n g e r a n d leaner. On the pages t h a t f o l l o w are three sets of comparisons using silhouettes created from my photos. Each describes species t h a t c o m m o n l y spend the winter near my home in P o r t l a n d , O r e g o n , but the concepts c a n b e applied to gulls found around the continent. You can use the methods to differentiate Glaucous f r o m I c e l a n d , Franklin's from Laughing, or Great Black-backed from Lesser Black-backed. In recent years, resources on gull identification have become more and 28 BirdWatching . February 2013

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Page 1: GETTING INTO SHAPE - WordPress.com · 2013-02-02 · GETTING INTO SHAPE TO TAKE THE STRESS OUT OF GULL ID, LOOK FIRST AT SIZE AND SHAPE story and images by John Rakestraw QUICK, describe

G E T T I N G INTO S H A P E T O T A K E T H E S T R E S S O U T O F G U L L I D , L O O K F I R S T A T S I Z E A N D S H A P E s t o r y and i m a g e s by J o h n R a k e s t r a w

QUICK, d e s c r i b e a H e r r i n g Gu l l . I t ' s t y p i c a l l y w h i t e , w i t h a p a l e g r a y m a n t l e , b l a c k n e a r t h e w i n g t i p s , a n d a y e l l o w b i l l w i t h e i t h e r r e d o r b l a c k m a r k s

N o w d e s c r i b e a T h a y e r ' s G u l l . I t s h a r e s a l l t h o s e f i e l d m a r k s .

N o w t h i n k o f a R i n g - b i l l e d G u l l , t h e n a C a l i f o r n i a . T h e y s h a r e t h e s a m e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n . : .

Y o u c a n u s e m a n y f i n e p o i n t s t o s e p a r a t e t h e s p e c i e s , b u t w h e n t h e b i r d s a r e d i s t a n t o r t h e l i g h t i n g i s b a d , y o u n e e d s o m e t h i n g b r o a d e r . Y o u c a n t e l l a h o r s e f r o m a z e b r a b y l o o k i n g a t t h e i r h o o v e s , b u t t h e r e a r e e a s i e r w a y s .

W h e n e x p e r i e n c e d b i r d e r s i d e n t i f y a b i r d f r o m a g r e a t d i s t a n c e , i t ' s u s u a l l y n o t b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e b e t t e r e y e s i g h t t h a n t h e i r b u d d i e s . T h e y a r e r e l y i n g o n a g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n o f s i z e a n d s h a p e , c o m b i n e d w i t h b e h a v i o r a n d c h o i c e o f h a b i t a t , a l l o f w h i c h c a n b e s e e n f r o m f a r a w a y . O n c e y o u s t a r t d o i n g t h e s a m e , y o u w i l l f i n d t h a t i d e n t i f y i n g s p e c i e s i s m u c h e a s i e r , e v e n i f t h e b i r d s a r e i n a c o n f u s i n g p l u m a g e , o r i f y o u c a n ' t s e e a l l o f t h e f i n e r d e t a i l s .

" W h e n e x p e r i e n c e d b i r d e r s i d e n t i f y a b i rd

f r o m a g r e a t d i s t a n c e , i t ' s u s u a l l y n o t b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e b e t t e r e y e s i g h t t h a n

t h e i r b u d d i e s . "

T h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e c h a r a c ­t e r i s t i c s h e l p t o c r e a t e t h e g e n e r a l s h a p e o f a g u l l . S t u d y a n d c o m p a r e t h e m f i r s t t h e n e x t t i m e y o u l o o k a t y o u r l o c a l s p e c i e s ; y o u w i l l q u i c k l y s e e d i f f e r e n c e s e m e r g e .

B I L L : T h e s i z e a n d s h a p e o f a g u l l ' s b i l l i s y o u r f i r s t c l u e t o t h e b i r d ' s i d e n t i t y . I s t h e b i l l s l e n d e r o r m o r e p a d d l e -s h a p e d ? H o w l o n g i s i t ? I f y o u h a v e t r o u b l e e v e n s e e i n g t h e b i l l o n a d i s t a n t b i r d , t h a t i s a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e b i l l

i s s m a l l . M a l e g u l l s t e n d t o h a v e l a r g e r b i l l s t h a n f e m a l e g u l l s , b u t t h e o v e r a l l s h a p e s h o u l d b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n a s p e c i e s .

H E A D S H A P E : ' W h a t i s t h e s h a p e o f t h e g u l l ' s h e a d i n p r o f i l e ? I s t h e h e a d

r o u n d e d , g i v i n g t h e b i r d a p i g e o n - h e a d e d l o o k ? O r d o e s t h e f o r e h e a d s l o p e u p t o w a r d t h e c r o w n , g i v i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f a s c o w l i n g e x p r e s s i o n ? A s w i t h b i l l s i z e , t h e r e c a n b e a l o t o f v a r i a t i o n a m o n g i n d i v i d u a l s — b i r d s c a n v a r y t h e i r s h a p e c o n s i d e r a b l y d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r t h e y ' r e r e s t i n g o r

a l e r t , w a r m o r c o l d — a n d g u l l s w i l l r a i s e a n d l o w e r t h e i r h e a d f e a t h e r s a s t h e y s h i f t p o s i t i o n s , b u t t h e g e n e r a l s h a p e i s c o n s i s t e n t .

W I N G E X T E N S I O N : T h i s r e f e r s t o h o w f a r t h e t i p s o f t h e w i n g s e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e t a i l o n a r e s t i n g b i r d . S o m e s p e c i e s h a v e w i n g s t h a t p r o t r u d e o n l y s l i g h t l y ; t h e s e b i r d s t e n d t o h a v e a t h i c k e r , m o r e r o b u s t s h a p e o v e r a l l . W h e n t h e w i n g t i p s e x t e n d w e l l b e y o n d t h e t a i l , t h e b i r d a p p e a r s l o n g e r a n d l e a n e r .

O n t h e p a g e s t h a t f o l l o w a r e t h r e e s e t s o f c o m p a r i s o n s u s i n g s i l h o u e t t e s c r e a t e d f r o m m y p h o t o s . E a c h d e s c r i b e s s p e c i e s t h a t c o m m o n l y s p e n d t h e w i n t e r n e a r m y h o m e i n P o r t l a n d , O r e g o n , b u t t h e c o n c e p t s c a n b e a p p l i e d t o g u l l s f o u n d a r o u n d t h e c o n t i n e n t . Y o u c a n u s e t h e m e t h o d s t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e G l a u c o u s f r o m I c e l a n d , F r a n k l i n ' s f r o m L a u g h i n g , o r G r e a t B l a c k - b a c k e d f r o m L e s s e r B l a c k - b a c k e d .

I n r e c e n t y e a r s , r e s o u r c e s o n g u l l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n h a v e b e c o m e m o r e a n d

2 8 B i r d W a t c h i n g . F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 3

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S E R I E S O N E : l E W . R I N O - B I L L E D . C A U F O R N I f l M e w , R i n g - b i l l e d , a n d C a l i f o r n i a G u l l s a l l s h a r e s i m i l a r c o l o r p a t t e r n s . W h i l e t h e s i z e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n M e w a n d C a l i f o r n i a i s c o n s i d e r a b l e , d i s t i n g u i s h i n g M e w f r o m R i n g - b i l l e d a n d R i n g -b i l l e d f r o m C a l i f o r n i a c a n b e c h a l l e n g i n g a t a d i s t a n c e . A l l t h r e e s p e c i e s a r e l o n g - w i n g e d , g i v i n g t h e m a s l e n d e r a p p e a r a n c e . T h e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s l i e i n t h e s h a p e o f t h e i r h e a d s a n d b i l l s .

T h i s s i l h o u e t t e s h o w s a M e w Gul l . S t a r t i n g w i t h t h e f r o n t , w e s e e a f a i r l y s h o r t , s l e n d e r b i l l . T h e r e i s n o b u l g e a t t h e g o n y s , t h e r i d g e a l o n g t h e t i p o f t h e l o w e r m a n d i b l e , m a k i n g t h e bi l l r e s e m b l e t h a t o f a t e r n . T h e h e a d i s s m a l l a n d r o u n d . T h e w i n g s a r e v e r y l o n g , e x t e n d i n g w e l l b e y o n d t h e t a i l . E v e n t h o u g h t h i s b i r d i s o b v i o u s l y f l u f f e d u p , it s t i l l h a s a l o n g , l e a n , p e t i t e s t r u c t u r e . A l s o n o t i c e h o w t h e b i r d a p p e a r s r a t h e r s h o r t - l e g g e d .

M E W G U L L

Gonys

m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d . M o r e k n o w l e d g e i s g o o d , b u t s u c h d e t a i l - o r i e n t e d b i r d i n g c a n b e i n t i m i d a t i n g ; I ' v e s e e n . i t l e a d s o m e b i r d e r s t o a v o i d g u l l I D a l t o g e t h e r . I f y o u c a n s e e t h e c o l o r o f t h e o r b i t a l r i n g , t h e p a t t e r n o n i n d i v i d u a l f l i g h t f e a t h e r s , a n d o t h e r f i n e d e t a i l s , c e r t a i n l y m a k e c a r e f u l n o t e o f t h e m ; o n a f e w b i r d s , t h i s l e v e l o f s c r u t i n y i s r e q u i r e d t o m a k e a p o s i t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

F o r t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f g u l l s , h o w e v e r , a l o t o f d e t a i l i s o f t e n u n n e c ­e s s a r y . G e t i n t o s h a p e , i n s t e a d . B e c o m e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e g e n e r a l s i z e a n d s h a p e o f t h e s p e c i e s t h a t a r e e x p e c t e d t o b e i n y o u r a r e a . I t w i l l m a k e i d e n t i f y i n g m o s t g u l l s a n e n j o y a b l e e n d e a v o r , n o t a s t r e s s f u l o n e . ©

John Rakestraw is a birding guide and naturalist and the author of the hook B i r d i n g O r e g o n (Falcon Guides, 2007). He blogs about his birding adventures at johnrakestraw.net.

R I N G - B I L L E D G U L L

€ o n y s

T h i s I s a R i n g - b i l l e d Gu l l . L i k e t h e M e w , It h a s a s h o r t , n a r r o w b i l l . B u t n o t i c e t h e d i s t i n c t p o i n t o n t h e g o n y s , w e l l b a c k f r o m t h e t i p . T h e f o r e h e a d i s l o n g a n d s l o p i n g , a n d t h e h e a d i s b u l k i e r t h a n t h e h e a d o f M e w Gul l . T h e w i n g s a r e l o n g , b u t n o t q u i t e a s l o n g a s t h o s e o f t h e M e w . T h e l e g s a p p e a r s l i g h t l y l o n g e r , a s w e l l . S o t h i s i s a l s o a s l e n d e r g u l l , b u t w i t h a m o r e r o b u s t o v e r a l l s h a p e d u e t o a l a r g e r , l e s s r o u n d e d h e a d , a n d s l i g h t l y s h o r t e r w i n g s .

C A L I F O R N I A G U L L C a l i f o r n i a Gu l l , t o o , i s a l o n g , l e a n g u l l . W h i l e w e c a n ' t s e e t h e t a i l o n t h i s i n d i v i d u a l , w e c a n t e l l t h a t t h e w i n g s a r e q u i t e l o n g . T h e b i l l i s p e n c i l - l i k e : l o n g a n d s l e n d e r , w i t h o u t m u c h o f a g o n y d e a l b u l g e . I t s s h a p e i s a m o n g t h e m o r e r e l i a b l e f i e l d m a r k s f o r t h e s p e c i e s . T h e h e a d i s n e i t h e r s m a l l a n d r o u n d e d n o r e x c e s s i v e l y s l o p i n g b u t i s r a t h e r l a r g e a n d s q u a r e d . D e s p i t e l o n g w i n g s , t h e g u l l s h o w s a r o b u s t o u t l i n e .

Penci l - l ike bi l l

w w w . B i r d W a t c h i n g D a i l y . c o m 2 9

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S H A P E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

1 ^ M E W G U L L B i l l : S h o r t a n d n a r r o w H e a d s h a p e : S m a l l a n d r o u n d ( p i g e o n - h e a d e d ) W i n g e x t e n s i o n : V e r y l o n g

^ R I N G - B I L L E D G U L L B i l l : M e d i u m s h o r t a n d n a r r o w , w i t h a s l i g h t g o n y d e a l b u l g e H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : L o n g

EF^ C A L I F O R N I A G U L L B i l l : L o n g a n d n a r r o w , p e n c i l - l i k e H e a d s h a p e : B l o c k y W i n g e x t e n s i o n : L o n g

E f H E R R I N G G U L L B i l l : S u b s t a n t i a l b u t n o t o v e r l y t h i c k H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m s h o r t

^ T H A Y E R ' S / I C E L A N D G U L L Bi l l : F a i r l y s m a l l a n d s l e n d e r , s h o r t e r t h a n Her r ing Gull H e a d s h a p e : R o u n d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m l o n g

^ G L A U C O U S G U L L B i l l : L o n g a n d f a i r l y n a r r o w H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d , b l o c k y W i n g e x t e n s i o n : S h o r t

7 W E S T E R N G U L L B i l l : M a s s i v e , p a d d l e - s h a p e d H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d , f l a t - h e a d e d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m s h o r t

E F S L A T Y - B A C K E D G U L L B i l l : S u b s t a n t i a l b u t n o t b u l g i n g H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m s h o r t , s l i g h t l y l o n g e r t h a n W e s t e r n

E F G L A U C O U S - W I N G E D G U L L B i l l : S u b s t a n t i a l b u t n o t b u l g i n g H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : S h o r t

Of G R E A T B L A C K - B A C K E D G U L L B i l l : M a s s i v e H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d , f l a t - h e a d e d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m s h o r t

OF L E S S E R B L A C K - B A C K E D G U L L B i l l : F a i r l y l o n g a n d s l e n d e r H e a d s h a p e : S l i g h t l y r o u n d e d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : L o n g

^ L A U G H I N G G U L L B i l l : L o n g a n d d r o o p i n g H e a d s h a p e : S l o p i n g f o r e h e a d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : L o n g

[EF F R A N K L I N ' S G U L L B i l l : F a i r l y s h o r t , n a r r o w , a n d s t r a i g h t H e a d s h a p e : R o u n d W i n g e x t e n s i o n : M e d i u m l o n g

S E R I E S T W O : H E R R I N G A N D T H A Y E R ' S H e r r i n g a n d T h a y e r ' s G u l l s w e r e o n c e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e o n e s p e c i e s . N o w T h a y e r ' s G u l l i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e e i t h e r a s e p a r a t e s p e c i e s o r a s u b s p e c i e s o f I c e l a n d G u l l . W h a t e v e r t h e i r t a x o -n o m i c s t a t u s , T h a y e r ' s a n d H e r r i n g G u l l s c a n a p p e a r s i m i l a r i n a l l p l u m a g e s . B o t h a r e f a i r l y r o b u s t b u t n o t a s b u l k y a s W e s t e r n , G r e a t B l a c k - b a c k e d , G l a u c o u s - w i n g e d , a n d G l a u c o u s G u l l s .

H E R R I N G G U L L

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C o m p a r e t h e s e g u l l s . H e r r i n g s h o w s a l o n g s l o p i n g f o r e h e a d a n d a f a i r l y s u b s t a n t i a l b i l l . T h a y e r ' s G u l l s t y p i c a l l y h a v e m o r e r o u n d e d h e a d s w i t h s h o r t e r b i l l s . M a n y b i r d e r s d e s c r i b e H e r r i n g G u l l s a s h a v i n g a n a g g r e s s i v e e x p r e s s i o n , w h i l e T h a y e r ' s Gul l a p p e a r s m o r e d e m u r e . T h e i m p r e s s i o n s a r e s u b j e c t i v e , b a s e d s o l e l y o n t h e s h a p e o f t h e h e a d a n d s i z e o f t h e b i l l . F e m a l e s o f b o t h s p e c i e s m a y a p p e a r m o r e r o u n d - h e a d e d t h a n m a l e s , s o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in s h a p e b e t w e e n a f e m a l e H e r r i n g a n d a m a l e T h a y e r ' s c a n b e s u b t l e . T h e w i n g e x t e n s i o n o n T h a y e r ' s G u l l s i s s l i g h t l y

l o n g e r t h a n o n H e r r i n g G u l l s , a d d i n g t o T h a y e r ' s m o r e d e l i c a t e i m p r e s s i o n .

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S E R I E S T H R E E : S L A T Y - B A C K E D A N D W E S T E R N

A l o n g t h e c o a s t o f C a l i f o r n i a , O r e g o n , a n d s o u t h e r n W a s h ­i n g t o n , W e s t e r n G u l l i s u s u a l l y t h e m o s t c o m m o n g u l l s p e ­c i e s . T h e b i r d ' s d a r k m a n t l e m a k e s it o n e o f t h e m o r e e a s ­i l y i d e n t i f i e d s p e c i e s a s w e l l . B u t s m a l l n u m b e r s o f S l a t y -b a c k e d G u l l s v i s i t t h e W e s t C o a s t a n n u a l l y . If y o u l o o k a t p l u m a g e s o n l y , W e s t e r n G u l l s , W e s t e r n X G l a u c o u s - w i n g e d G u l l s , a n d S l a t y - b a c k e d G u l l s c a n l o o k s i m i l a r t o e a c h o t h e r . B i r d e r s e a g e r t o f i n d a r a r e S l a t y - b a c k e d a r e s o m e t i m e s c o n f u s e d b y a n o d d p a l e -e y e d W e s t e r n .

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M a n y g u l l s m o l t a l m o s t c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g t h e f i r s t t w o o r t h r e e y e a r s o f l i fe , a n d s o m e d o n o t a t t a i n t h e i r a d u l t , o r d e f i n i t i v e , p l u m a g e unt i l t h e y h a v e u n d e r g o n e t h r e e or f o u r m o l t c y c l e s . T h e p h o t o s a b o v e s h o w t w o g u l l s in t h e i r t h i r d p l u m a g e c y c l e : a S l a t y - b a c k e d Gull a n d e i t h e r a W e s t e r n Gull o r a W e s t e r n X G l a u c o u s - w i n g e d h y b r i d . (The e x t e n s i v e m o t t l i n g o v e r t h e e n t i r e h e a d , n e c k , a n d u p p e r b r e a s t s u g g e s t s G l a u c o u s - w i n g e d Gull s o m e w h e r e in t h i s b i r d ' s a n c e s t r y . ) B o t h b i r d s a r e f a i r l y d a r k . T h e S l a t y - b a c k e d Gull i s n o t i c e a b l y d a r k e r , b u t s h a d e s o f g r a y c a n b e h a r d to j u d g e o n i n d i v i d u a l b i r d s , a n d l i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a f f e c t o u r p e r c e p t i o n s . B o t h b i r d s h a v e p a l e e y e s , p i n k l e g s , a n d s t r e a k i n g o n t h e h e a d a n d n e c k . T h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e i s t h e s h a p e o f t h e b i l l .

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O n c e a g a i n , l o o k i n g a t s h a p e s a v e s t h e d a y . B o t h S l a t y -b a c k e d Gul l a n d W e s t e r n Gul l h a v e a s t o c k y b u i l d a n d s i m i l a r h e a d s h a p e s , b u t s t u d y t h e b i l l s : S l a t y - b a c k e d h a s a s u b s t a n t i a l b u t s l e n d e r b i l l . T h e b i l l o n a W e s t e r n Gul l s h o w s a r o u n d e d t i p a n d a l a r g e g o n y d e a l b u l g e — y o u c o u l d p a d d l e a c a n o e w i t h t h i s b i r d ! O n e l o o k a t t h e b i l l i s u s u a l l y a l l y o u n e e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e s p e c i e s . A l s o , n o t e t h a t S l a t y -b a c k e d Gull h a s s l i g h t l y l o n g e r w i n g s t h a n W e s t e r n , w h i c h y o u s h o u l d e x p e c t o n a l o n g - d i s t a n c e m i g r a n t .

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