Word 1 & DefinitionLong Drive – definition here

Word 2 & Definition Word 3 & Definition

Picture 1Long Drive Picture here

Picture 2 Picture 3

Impact 1Long Drive Impact here, which category and WHY.

Impact 2 Impact 3

Social: Gender, Family, Inequalities, Racial, Ethnic, Social Classes

Cultural: Culture, Intellectual, Arts, Architecture, Lifestyle, Literature

Religion: Religion, World Views, Philosophy, Traditions

Interactions: War, Conflict, Trade, Migrations, Diplomacy, Alliances

Politics: Empires, Nations, Forms of Government, Revolts/Revolutions

Technology: Industry, Science, Transportation, Communication Economics: Economic systems, Business Organizations, Labor

Demography: Agriculture, Human Environment, Disease, Region

S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.

Westward MovementUse your notes/lecture to complete the following graphic organizer. As you hear about the assigned topic, focus on the question relevant to each topic.

1. Klondike Gold Rush1. Klondike Gold Rush• How did physical and human geography affectHow did physical and human geography affect

settlement in Alaska?settlement in Alaska? 2. Farm Issues

• How did farming affect the economy? How did farming affect the economy? 3. Transcontinental Railroad3. Transcontinental Railroad

• Describe the economic impact and how did thisDescribe the economic impact and how did thiscontribute to closing the frontier? contribute to closing the frontier?

4. Homestead Act of 18624. Homestead Act of 1862• Describe the economic impact and how did itDescribe the economic impact and how did it

contribute to closing the frontier? contribute to closing the frontier? 5. Cattle Industry Boom5. Cattle Industry Boom

• How did the cattle industry affect the economyHow did the cattle industry affect the economyand how was it interconnected with theand how was it interconnected with the

transcontinental railroad? transcontinental railroad? 6. Settlement of the GREAT Plains6. Settlement of the GREAT Plains

• How did physical and human geography affectHow did physical and human geography affect the settlement in the Plains?the settlement in the Plains?

Manifest Destiny was a phrase that expressed the belief that the United States was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Oceanseaboard to the Pacific Ocean; it has also been used to advocate for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"), it was it was GOD’s WILLGOD’s WILL. It was originally a political catch phrase or slogan used by Democrats in the 1845-1855 period, and rejected by Whigs and Republicans of that era. Manifest Destiny was an explanation Manifest Destiny was an explanation or justification for that expansion and or justification for that expansion and westward movementwestward movement, or, in some interpretations, an ideology or doctrine which helped to promote the process.

This painting (circa 1872)(circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. Here Columbia, a a representation of the United representation of the United StatesStates, leads civilization leads civilization westwardwestward with American with American settlers, stringing telegraph settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she travels; she holds wire as she travels; she holds a schoolbooka schoolbook. The different The different economic activities of the economic activities of the pioneers are highlighted and, pioneers are highlighted and, especially, the changing forms especially, the changing forms

of transportation.of transportation. The The Indians and wild Indians and wild animals animals flee. flee.

Manifest Destiny • Turner Thesis• …American history has

been in a large degree the degree the history of the history of the colonization of the Great colonization of the Great WestWest. The existence of an area of free free landland, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development.

• The frontier Americanized frontier Americanized AmericansAmericans. The individual was rapidly acclimatized, though the process lasted 300 years. Cheap Cheap or even free land or even free land provided aprovided a "safety valve" which protected the nation against uprisings of the poverty-stricken and malcontent.

Growth of the Mining Industry

The 1The 1stst Wave Wave ofof Settlers Settlers• The West’s rich deposits of The West’s rich deposits of GOLDGOLD, ,

SILVERSILVER, and , and COPPERCOPPER served the served the needs of growing industries in the needs of growing industries in the East.East.

• They also brought the They also brought the first wave of settlers first wave of settlers that populated the that populated the mountain states mountain states of the West.of the West.

Growth of the Mining Industry

Henry ComstockHenry Comstock In 1859 a prospector staked a claim in Six-In 1859 a prospector staked a claim in Six-

Mile Canyon, Nevada. The sticky, Mile Canyon, Nevada. The sticky, blue-gray blue-gray mudmud found there turned out to be nearly pure found there turned out to be nearly pure SILVERSILVER. .

News of the Comstock strike brought “loads” News of the Comstock strike brought “loads” of MINERS to of MINERS to Virginia CityVirginia City, Nevada. Almost , Nevada. Almost OVERNIGHT the town went from a Frontier OVERNIGHT the town went from a Frontier outpost to a outpost to a BOOMTOWNBOOMTOWN of about30,000. of about30,000.

Growth of the Mining IndustryBoomtownsBoomtowns• When the silver VEINS were exhausted several

years later, the mines closed. Without the MINES, the town’s economy collapsed and most of the townspeople moved on in search of new opportunities. The cycle of The cycle of BOOMBOOM and and BUSTBUST – from – from BOOMTOWNBOOMTOWN to to GHOST TOWNGHOST TOWN - was repeated - was repeated throughout the mountainous WEST.throughout the mountainous WEST.

Growth of the Mining IndustryVigilance CommitteesVigilance Committees• During the booms, crime posed a

serious problem. SELF-APPOINTED volunteers sometimes formed vigilance committees to track down and punish wrongdoers. As life is, they sometimes punished the innocent and let the guilty go free.

Growth of the Mining IndustryVirginia CityVirginia City

–Mining towns such as Virginia City were mostly inhabited by men, but soon women followed. A lot of them worked at “hurdy-gurdy” houses where they danced with men for the price of a drink.

–Pike’s Peak–Leadville

Growth of the Mining Industry– Pike’s Peak Pike’s Peak – Mining spurred the development of Mining spurred the development of

ColoradoColorado, the Dakota Territory, and , the Dakota Territory, and Montana. The discovery of GOLD Montana. The discovery of GOLD near Pikes Peak’s in 1858 set a near Pikes Peak’s in 1858 set a mining frantic rush. mining frantic rush. “Pikes Peak “Pikes Peak or BUST”.or BUST”.

Growth of the Mining Industry– LeadvilleLeadville– In the late 1870’s, 10001000 newcomers per

week were pouring into Leadville Colorado, creating one of the most legendary boomtowns on the mining frontier.

The Klondike Gold Rush, also called the Yukon Gold Rush, the Alaska Gold Rush and the Last Great Last Great Gold RushGold Rush, was an attempt by an estimated 100,000 people to travel to the Klondike region of the Yukon in northwestern Canada between 1897 and 1899 in the hope of successfully prospecting for gold. Gold was discovered in large quantities in the Klondike on August 16, 1896 and, when news of the finds reached Seattle and San Francisco in July 1897, it triggered a "it triggered a "stampede" of would-be prospectors to the gold " of would-be prospectors to the gold creeks.creeks. The journey to the Klondike was The journey to the Klondike was arduous and involved arduous and involved traveling long traveling long distances and crossing difficult distances and crossing difficult mountain passesmountain passes, frequently while , frequently while carrying heavy loadscarrying heavy loads.

Klondike Gold RUSH - CANADAKlondike Gold RUSH - CANADA

Some miners discovered very rich deposits of gold and Some miners discovered very rich deposits of gold and became immensely wealthy. However, became immensely wealthy. However, the majority the majority arrived after the best of the gold fields arrived after the best of the gold fields had been claimed and only around had been claimed and only around 4,000 miners ultimately struck gold.4,000 miners ultimately struck gold. The Klondike The Klondike Gold Rush ended in 1899Gold Rush ended in 1899, after , after gold was gold was discovered discovered in Nome, prompting an exodus from the , prompting an exodus from the Klondike. The Klondike Klondike. The Klondike Gold Rush was immortalized Gold Rush was immortalized by by the photographs of the prospectors ascending the the photographs of the prospectors ascending the Chilkoot Pass, by books like , by books like The Call of the WildThe Call of the Wild, and , and films such as films such as The Gold RushThe Gold Rush. .

Klondike Gold RUSH - CANADAKlondike Gold RUSH - CANADA

Cattle Industry/Cowboys

• Mexican cow hands

• Texas Longhorn

• Civil War/Railroad

Cattle Industry/Cowboys

• Mexican cow handsMexican cow hands• Mexicans had introduced cattle ranching in

New Mexico, California and Texas before these areas became part of the USA. The industry grew in part because of the OPEN OPEN RANGERANGE – a vast area of grassland owned by the US Government.

• Mexican cowhands developed the tools and techniques for rounding up and driving cattle & taught the American cowhands.

Cattle Industry/Cowboys

• While many Americans headed to the Rocky Mountains to mine gold & silver after the Civil War, others began building vast cattle ranches on the Great Plains.

• The TEXAS LONGHORN was a breed descended from Spanish cattle that had been brought to Mexico two hundred years earlier.

Cattle Industry/Cowboys Civil War/RailroadCivil War/Railroad• Before the Civil War, ranchers had little little

financial incentivefinancial incentive to round up the longhorns. TWO DEVELOPMENTS changed this situation: the CIVIL WAR and the construction of the RAILROADS.

• After the WAR, BEEF prices soaredBEEF prices soared, making it worthwhile to round up the longhorns – if a way could be found to move them EAST.

Long Drive

Trail SystemTrail System• Trails soon opened to round up the cattle and move

them EAST. The route to Abilene, Kansas became the major route NORTH. The Chisholm Trail to Chisholm Trail to AbileneAbilene became famous. A long drive was a spectacular sight to see. It began with the spring roundup to collect cattle from the open range. Stocks from many different owners made up these herds. Only their BRANDStheir BRANDS showing which rancher owned the cattle distinguished them from one anotherdistinguished them from one another.

Stray calves with no symbolsno symbols (brands) were

called called MAVERICKSMAVERICKS..

DIME NOVELS

Dime NovelsDime Novels Life in the towns, at the end of the

cattle drive was exciting. Many cowboys told exaggerated tales of daring acts that often supplied material for what were called “DIME NOVELSDIME NOVELS”.

These adventure books sold for a dime and helped spread the myths of the “WILD WESTWILD WEST” in eastern towns and eastern towns and citiescities.

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show • Many Americans who never set foot on the Great

Plains enjoyed the DIME NOVELS. For a more ‘real ‘real life experiencelife experience’ they enjoyed a make-believe excursion through a WILD WEST Show. The most popular being Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show.

Barbed WireBarbed WireWhen SHEEP herders moved their flocks onto the range and when farmers settled there, blockingblocking the trails, “range warsrange wars” broke out. Eventually, and after a lot of loss of life, the range was largely fenced offrange was largely fenced off with a new invention – BARBED WIREBARBED WIRE – which enabled hundreds of square miles to be fenced off cheaply and easily. For cowhands/Cowboys, barbed wire ended the excitement of long cattle drives.

Farming the PlainsFarming the Plains• American DesertAmerican Desert

– Low rainfall, sod Low rainfall, sod homes, deep wellshomes, deep wells

• Homestead Act of 1862Homestead Act of 1862– Wagon TrainWagon Train

Commercial FarmingCommercial Farming– Improved techniquesImproved techniques– Bonanza farmsBonanza farms

Farming the PlainsFarming the Plains American DesertAmerican Desert• Rainfall on the Great Plains averaged less than 20 Rainfall on the Great Plains averaged less than 20

inches per year and trees grew naturally only along inches per year and trees grew naturally only along rivers and streams.rivers and streams.– low rainfalllow rainfall – sod homessod homes – deep wellsdeep wells

During the late 1800s several factors During the late 1800s several factors provided the belief that the Plains provided the belief that the Plains was a “Great American Desert”.was a “Great American Desert”.

The construction of the railroads, which The construction of the railroads, which provided easy access to the Great Plains provided easy access to the Great Plains is one important factor.is one important factor.

• Railroad companies Railroad companies sold landsold land along the rail lines at along the rail lines at

low priceslow prices and provided credit to prospective settlers. and provided credit to prospective settlers. In 1862, the government also supported settlement in In 1862, the government also supported settlement in the Great Plains region by passing the the Great Plains region by passing the HOMESTEAD ACTHOMESTEAD ACT. For a $10.00 registration fee, . For a $10.00 registration fee, and individual could file a HOMESTEAD – a tract of and individual could file a HOMESTEAD – a tract of public land available for farming – public land available for farming – 160 acres160 acres. If he . If he stayed there for stayed there for 5 years5 years, he would receive , he would receive title to that title to that landland..

• The Homestead Act provided a legal method for The Homestead Act provided a legal method for settlers to acquire clear title to property in the WEST.settlers to acquire clear title to property in the WEST.

Farming the Plains – the Wheat BELTFarming the Plains – the Wheat BELTCommercial FarmingCommercial Farming

• Improved techniquesImproved techniques• Bonanza farmsBonanza farms

Many inventions and new farming methods Many inventions and new farming methods revolutionized agriculture. One approach, called revolutionized agriculture. One approach, called DRY FARMINGDRY FARMING, was to , was to plant seeds deep in the plant seeds deep in the groundground where there waswhere there was enough moisture enough moisture forfor them them to to growgrow..

By the 1860s farmers were using newly designed steel By the 1860s farmers were using newly designed steel plows, seed drills, reapers and threshing machines. plows, seed drills, reapers and threshing machines. Many Many SODBUSTERSSODBUSTERS, as the , as the farmers were called farmers were called on the Plainson the Plains, eventually , eventually lost their homesteadslost their homesteads through the combined effects of through the combined effects of droughtdrought, , wind wind erosionerosion and and overuse of the landoveruse of the land..

Farming the PlainsFarming the Plains• American DesertAmerican Desert

– Low rainfall, Low rainfall, sod homes, sod homes, deep wellsdeep wells

• Homestead ActHomestead Act– Wagon TrainWagon Train

Commercial FarmingCommercial Farming– Improved techniquesImproved techniques– Bonanza farmsBonanza farms

Commercial FarmingCommercial Farming The new machines allowed a single family to bring in a The new machines allowed a single family to bring in a

substantial harvest on a wheat farm covering several substantial harvest on a wheat farm covering several hundred acres. Some wheat farms covered up to hundred acres. Some wheat farms covered up to 50,000 acres. These were called 50,000 acres. These were called BONANZA farmsBONANZA farms because they often yielded because they often yielded big profitsbig profits..

By the 1880s, with the bountiful harvests in the By the 1880s, with the bountiful harvests in the WHEAT BELTWHEAT BELT of the of the GREAT PLAINSGREAT PLAINS, the USA , the USA became the became the world’s leading exporter of wheatworld’s leading exporter of wheat..

Thousands of immigrants were hired Thousands of immigrants were hired to build the railroads.to build the railroads.

Technological and Social Technological and Social ChangeChange The completion of

transcontinental railroads in the late 1800s in both Canada

and the United States led to increased settlement of the

West. Goods were able to be Goods were able to be transported from East to West transported from East to West

AmericaAmerica

During the 1800’s, settlers in the During the 1800’s, settlers in the GREAT PLAINSGREAT PLAINS developed a method developed a method of farming called of farming called DRY FARMINGDRY FARMING – –

cultivating the land so that it cultivating the land so that it caught and held rainwater.caught and held rainwater.

Colt 45 -Repeating Rifle Gatling Colt 45 -Repeating Rifle Gatling GunGun

Indian Policies• Bureau of Indian

Affairs – agents ran agents ran the reservationsthe reservations

• Reservation– Indian Peace

Commission

• Frederic Remington (Art)

• Dawes Act– 1887– Forced assimilation– Americanization

Indian Policies

For hundreds of years, the Great Plains was home to For hundreds of years, the Great Plains was home to many Native American (Indian) nations. Some lived in many Native American (Indian) nations. Some lived in communities as farmers and hunters, but most were communities as farmers and hunters, but most were NOMADSNOMADS - who roamed vast distances, following - who roamed vast distances, following their their main source of foodmain source of food – the – the BUFFALOBUFFALO..

SCALPING

• Fetterman’s Massacre– Increasing hostilities

Lakota Sioux Defend their TerritoryLakota Sioux Defend their Territory

The Lakota fought hard to keep control of their hunting The Lakota fought hard to keep control of their hunting grounds, which extended from the BLACK HILLS grounds, which extended from the BLACK HILLS westward to the BIGHORN Mountains. Leading the westward to the BIGHORN Mountains. Leading the Lakota were Chiefs Red Cloud, Crazy Horse and Lakota were Chiefs Red Cloud, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.Sitting Bull.

Troops were brought in to control the Indians and Troops were brought in to control the Indians and herd them out of the Black Hills which were found to herd them out of the Black Hills which were found to have gold.have gold.

Crazy Horse, a religious leader as well as a war chief, Crazy Horse, a religious leader as well as a war chief, lured the troops into a deadly trap. Hundreds of lured the troops into a deadly trap. Hundreds of warriors were waiting in ambush of about 80 soldiers warriors were waiting in ambush of about 80 soldiers and wiped out the entire detachment.and wiped out the entire detachment.

SCALPING Fetterman’s Massacre

» Increasing hostilities

Fetterman’s Massacre, as the battle came to be known, was just one example of hostilities between settlers and the Indians.

Another was the SAND CREEK MASSACRESAND CREEK MASSACRE in eastern Colorado. Tensions arouse between the Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans and the MINERS in search of gold and silver.

What actually happened is unclear, but both sides fought for two days. Fourteen soldiers died and Fourteen soldiers died and from either 69 to 600 Indians died including from either 69 to 600 Indians died including women and childrenwomen and children.

Sand Creek Massacre

• Miners/Settlers attacked

• Surrender or

subject to attack

• Chief Black Kettle – negotiate peace

• Indians attacked

Indian PoliciesReservationReservation In 1867, Congress formed In 1867, Congress formed an an INDIAN PEACE INDIAN PEACE

COMMISSION.COMMISSION. THE Commission proposed THE Commission proposed creating two large reservations on the Plains, one creating two large reservations on the Plains, one for the SIOUX and another for southern Plains for the SIOUX and another for southern Plains Indians.Indians.

The PLAN WAS The PLAN WAS DOOMED to FAILUREDOOMED to FAILURE. The . The Indians Indians whowho did move to the RESERVATIONS did move to the RESERVATIONS faced the faced the same conditions that drove them to violencesame conditions that drove them to violence – – povertypoverty, , despairdespair & the & the corruptcorrupt practices of practices of AMERICAN tradersAMERICAN traders. . The The ArmyArmy – determined to – determined to force Indians on reservations, force Indians on reservations, encouraged encouraged BUFFALO killingsBUFFALO killings – just for SPORT. By 1889 – just for SPORT. By 1889 very few of the animals remained in the USA.very few of the animals remained in the USA.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Battle of the Little Bighorn

In 1876 In 1876 fortune huntersfortune hunters overran the Lakota Sioux overran the Lakota Sioux reservationreservation in South Dakota in South Dakota to mine gold in the to mine gold in the Black Hills.Black Hills. The Lakota saw no reason why they The Lakota saw no reason why they should abide by a treaty that American settlers were should abide by a treaty that American settlers were violating and many violating and many left the reservationleft the reservation that spring to that spring to hunt near the Bighorn Mountains in southeastern hunt near the Bighorn Mountains in southeastern Montana.Montana.

The USA government responded by sending the The USA government responded by sending the Seventh Cavalry led by Lieutenant Colonel George Seventh Cavalry led by Lieutenant Colonel George A. CusterA. Custer to round them up and move them back to to round them up and move them back to the reservation.the reservation.

On June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel CusterOn June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel Custer , , being an impulsive officer, attacked the Indians in being an impulsive officer, attacked the Indians in broad daylight. Unfortunately for Custer and his men, broad daylight. Unfortunately for Custer and his men, this was one of the largest groups of Native American this was one of the largest groups of Native American warriors ever assembled on the Great Plains – warriors ever assembled on the Great Plains – consisting of about 2,500 Indians camped along the consisting of about 2,500 Indians camped along the Little Bighorn River.Little Bighorn River.

Long story short, the Long story short, the 2,500 Indians completed 2,500 Indians completed wiped out the 210 soldierswiped out the 210 soldiers, killing them all. , killing them all. Soldiers were piled one on top of another - Soldiers were piled one on top of another - deaddead, with , with dead horses on top of men and men on top of dead dead horses on top of men and men on top of dead horses. horses.

Little Big Horn “Custer’s Last Stand”

• Mining the

Black Hills

• George A. Custer

• 2,500 to 210

• Indians kill

ALL

soldiers

Indian Leaders

• Geronimo

• Sitting Bull

• Chief Joseph

• Crazy Horse

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEETRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE

Native American resistance to federal authority Native American resistance to federal authority finally came to a tragic end on the Lakota Sioux finally came to a tragic end on the Lakota Sioux reservation in 1890. Against government orders reservation in 1890. Against government orders the the Lakota continued to perform the Lakota continued to perform the GHOST DANCEGHOST DANCE, a , a ritual that celebrated a ritual that celebrated a hoped for reckoning when hoped for reckoning when settlers would settlers would disappeardisappear and the and the buffalo would returnbuffalo would return. Then . Then the Native Americans would the Native Americans would reunite with their reunite with their deceased ancestorsdeceased ancestors. .

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

On December 29, 1890, as troops tried to On December 29, 1890, as troops tried to disarm Native Americans who refused to disarm Native Americans who refused to give up Ghost Dancing and arrest Sitting give up Ghost Dancing and arrest Sitting Bull-their leader, gunfire broke out. A Bull-their leader, gunfire broke out. A deadly battle started, costing the lives of deadly battle started, costing the lives of 25 soldiers and about 200 Lakota men, 25 soldiers and about 200 Lakota men, women and children, including Sitting Bull.women and children, including Sitting Bull.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

• Use of Ghost Dance prohibitedUse of Ghost Dance prohibited

• Sitting Bull defied arrest, then died in Sitting Bull defied arrest, then died in BattleBattle

• Ghost Dance participants hunted downGhost Dance participants hunted down

• The frozen body of Chief Big Foot The frozen body of Chief Big Foot (December, 1890)(December, 1890)

A S S I M I L A T I O NA S S I M I L A T I O N Some Americans had long opposed the mis-Some Americans had long opposed the mis-

treatment of Native Americans. Author treatment of Native Americans. Author Helen Hunt Helen Hunt JacksonJackson described the described the years of broken years of broken promises and assaults on Indianspromises and assaults on Indians in her book, in her book, A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor, published in 1881., published in 1881.

Many people felt that the situation would improve only if Many people felt that the situation would improve only if

Native Americans could Native Americans could ASSIMILATEASSIMILATE, or , or be be absorbed into American society as absorbed into American society as landowners and citizenslandowners and citizens. This meant . This meant breaking up reservationsbreaking up reservations into individual into individual allotments, where allotments, where families could become self-families could become self-supportingsupporting..

A S S I M I L A T I O NA S S I M I L A T I O N This policy became law in 1887 – the This policy became law in 1887 – the DAWES ACTDAWES ACT

was passed by Congress.was passed by Congress.

This act allotted to This act allotted to each head of household each head of household 160 acres of reservation land for 160 acres of reservation land for farmingfarming; single adults received 80 acres and 40 ; single adults received 80 acres and 40 acres were allotted to childrenacres were allotted to children..

This plan This plan failed to achieve its GOALSfailed to achieve its GOALS. . Some Indians Some Indians succeeded as farmers or ranchers but many had succeeded as farmers or ranchers but many had little training to pursue either – remember little training to pursue either – remember they they were were NOMADICNOMADIC hunters hunters..

A S S I M I L A T I O NA S S I M I L A T I O N

In the end, the In the end, the assimilation policyassimilation policy proved to proved to be be a big failurea big failure..

The Plains Indians were doomed because they The Plains Indians were doomed because they were were dependent on buffalo for fooddependent on buffalo for food, , clothing, fuel and shelterclothing, fuel and shelter. When the herds were . When the herds were wiped out wiped out (on purpose),(on purpose), Native Americans of the Native Americans of the Plains had no way of sustaining their way of life Plains had no way of sustaining their way of life and few were willing or able to adapt to the “white and few were willing or able to adapt to the “white man’s” lifestyle, in place of their traditional man’s” lifestyle, in place of their traditional cultures.cultures.

• Mark Twain– Regional

color

• Helen Hunt Jackson– A Century of Dishonor

• Mary Cassatt– Impressionist

paintings

• Edith Wharton– Age of

Innocence

• Thomas Nast– Political cartoons

Influential Literary Figures

R E V I E W

Great PlainsGreat Plains – rich fertile soil for farming,

development of the steel plow

flat land without major mountains

Homestead Act of 1862Homestead Act of 1862 - large increase in the population after 1860,

land granted to new settlers and little or no

cost

RailroadsRailroads – increased markets, consequently it facilitated growth in the WEST

R E V I E WR E V I E W

Dawes ActDawes Act – Assimilate American Indians into WHITE culture

Done in order to make land available to WHITE settlers

Indian Removal

Reservations – run by WHITE agents

Destruction of Buffalo herds

• BoomTowns

Miners exhausted the ore deposits – moved to other strikes

• LEADVILLE – one of the richest strikes in Colorado History

• Cowboys learned their trade from Hispanic herders ---Vaqueros

• Railroad

1.Settlers to the WEST – HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862 – 160 Acres

2.Transported BEEF to EASTERN Markets like Chicago

• Negative Effects of the OPEN RANGE

1.Barbed Wire

2.Overproduction of cattle

3.Nature – drought – used “DRY” farming method of planting seeds deep in the ground

• Homestead Act of 1862

1.Legal method for settlers to acquire property

2.Lead to encroachment of ranchers, miners, farmers, sheep herders onto Native American lands.

• DAWES ACT …………………Failed

1.Led by White Federal Agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who did not understand the culture/heritage/way of life of the Native American

2.Many Indians had little training to become farmers and ranchers and in reality did not want to be ranchers and farmers…..they NOMADIC by nature.

3.So…..FORCED assimilation failed

Westward Expansion maps

A.A. The Louisiana Purchase was designated for Native The Louisiana Purchase was designated for Native American ownership.American ownership.

B.B. Both Spain and the U.S. would share control of the Both Spain and the U.S. would share control of the Louisiana Purchase.Louisiana Purchase.

C.C. The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.the United States.

D.D. France gained control of much of the North France gained control of much of the North American continent.American continent.

A.A.Increased population in cities and towns Increased population in cities and towns along the riveralong the river

B.B.Increased pollution in cities and towns Increased pollution in cities and towns along the riveralong the river

C.C.Decreased transportation of industrial Decreased transportation of industrial goods along the rivergoods along the river

D.D.Transportation for people along the riverTransportation for people along the river