Germanic and Medieval Germanic and Medieval EuropeEurope

Germanic RuleGermanic Rule By AD 500—the By AD 500—the

Roman Empire Roman Empire had been had been destroyed by destroyed by Germanic Germanic invasionsinvasions

Many things Many things happened after happened after the Germanic the Germanic peoples took peoples took powerpower

Trade decreasedTrade decreased Cities, bridges, and Cities, bridges, and

roads fell into roads fell into disrepairdisrepair

Law & order vanishedLaw & order vanished Education almost Education almost

disappeareddisappeared Money was no longer Money was no longer

usedused Life did not extend Life did not extend

beyond the villagebeyond the village

Germanic RuleGermanic Rule

Western Europe had become a very Western Europe had become a very backward placebackward place

The period when the Germanic tribes The period when the Germanic tribes first took over the west is called:first took over the west is called: The Dark Ages,The Dark Ages, Middle Ages,Middle Ages, Medieval PeriodMedieval Period

The era contained elements of The era contained elements of Germanic, Roman, and Christian Germanic, Roman, and Christian culturescultures

Merovingian RulersMerovingian Rulers AD 400sAD 400s—the —the FranksFranks emerged as emerged as

the most powerfulthe most powerful The Franks settled in Gaul—The Franks settled in Gaul—

modern day France and Western modern day France and Western GermanyGermany

The early Frankish rulers were The early Frankish rulers were called called Merovingian KingsMerovingian Kings

The Merovingian Kings held power The Merovingian Kings held power until the 700suntil the 700s

Merovingian RulersMerovingian Rulers ClovisClovis 481—Became leader of the 481—Became leader of the

FranksFranks 496—Converted to 496—Converted to

ChristianityChristianity He was very strong because He was very strong because

of his militaryof his military Upon his death, his kingdom Upon his death, his kingdom

was divided among his sonswas divided among his sons

Clovis

Carolingian RulersCarolingian Rulers Charles MartelCharles Martel 714—Charles Martel became 714—Charles Martel became

Mayor of the Palace—the Mayor of the Palace—the leading government official leading government official under the kingunder the king

732—Martel defended France 732—Martel defended France from Muslim invasion at the from Muslim invasion at the Battle of ToursBattle of Tours

Charles Martel

Pepin the ShortPepin the Short Pepin was Charles Martel’s sonPepin was Charles Martel’s son 741—Pepin became Mayor of 741—Pepin became Mayor of

the Palacethe Palace Pepin wanted to be king, but Pepin wanted to be king, but

he had no royal bloodhe had no royal blood He used his influence with the He used his influence with the

Frankish bishops and the Pope Frankish bishops and the Pope to bring about dynastic changeto bring about dynastic change

Pepin the ShortPepin the Short The Pope made The Pope made

Pepin king of the Pepin king of the FranksFranks

Pepin agreed to Pepin agreed to defend the Catholic defend the Catholic Church against its Church against its enemiesenemies

754—Pepin helped 754—Pepin helped to drive the to drive the Lombards out of Lombards out of RomeRome

Pepin received Pepin received a lot of a lot of Lombard land Lombard land near Romenear Rome

Pepin gave the Pepin gave the land to the land to the PopePope

The land The land became the became the Papal StatesPapal States

CharlemagneCharlemagne 768—Charlemagne became 768—Charlemagne became

king of the Franksking of the Franks Charlemagne was Pepin’s sonCharlemagne was Pepin’s son Charlemagne has also been Charlemagne has also been

called Charles the Great & called Charles the Great & Carolus MagnusCarolus Magnus

His dynasty has been called His dynasty has been called the Carolingian Dynastythe Carolingian Dynasty

He increased the size He increased the size of the empireof the empire

The kingdom came to The kingdom came to include:include:GermanyGermanyFranceFranceNorthern SpainNorthern SpainMost of ItalyMost of Italy

He knew he needed to He knew he needed to restore literacy to his restore literacy to his kingdomkingdom

He made his royal court He made his royal court into a center of learninginto a center of learning

By 800, Charlemagne’s By 800, Charlemagne’s empire included all of empire included all of civilized Western Europecivilized Western Europe

800—Charlemagne traveled to 800—Charlemagne traveled to Rome to defend the Pope Rome to defend the Pope against upset Roman noblesagainst upset Roman nobles

Pope Leo III crowned Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Daythe Romans on Christmas Day

His crowning helped to better His crowning helped to better the relationship between the the relationship between the Pope and the Holy Roman Pope and the Holy Roman EmperorEmperor

Charlemagne used Charlemagne used counts to help rule his counts to help rule his vast empirevast empire

The counts solved the The counts solved the local problems and local problems and helped to get soldiers helped to get soldiers for Charlemagne’s for Charlemagne’s armyarmy

Charlemagne personally Charlemagne personally held his empire togetherheld his empire together

814—Charlemagne dies 814—Charlemagne dies leaving his son in power—leaving his son in power—LouisLouis the Piousthe Pious

Louis was very weakLouis was very weak After Louis’ death, he left After Louis’ death, he left

the kingdom to his 3 sonsthe kingdom to his 3 sons

Louis’ 3 sons constantly fought over Louis’ 3 sons constantly fought over control in the kingdomcontrol in the kingdom

843—3 brothers agreed to divide 843—3 brothers agreed to divide the empire in the the empire in the Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun Charles the Bald—Western Part Charles the Bald—Western Part

(France)(France) Louis the German—Eastern Part Louis the German—Eastern Part

(Germany)(Germany) Lothair—Holy Roman Empire (N. Lothair—Holy Roman Empire (N.

Italy and S. Germany)Italy and S. Germany)

Early Medieval EuropeEarly Medieval Europe Feudalism Feudalism dominated early Medieval Europedominated early Medieval Europe

Feudalism was a highly decentralized form Feudalism was a highly decentralized form of government stressing mutual alliances of government stressing mutual alliances between monarchs and nobles in which between monarchs and nobles in which land is given away in exchange for loyalty land is given away in exchange for loyalty and military serviceand military service

Feudalism started in France and moved to Feudalism started in France and moved to other parts of Europe in the 1000sother parts of Europe in the 1000s

Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel while he was fighting the Muslimswhile he was fighting the Muslims

Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved saddle—the Muslim saddle had stirrups, saddle—the Muslim saddle had stirrups, European saddles did notEuropean saddles did not

Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his military and create a true cavalrymilitary and create a true cavalry

He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so he gave them land insteadhe gave them land instead

Feudalism involved 2 peopleFeudalism involved 2 peopleThe LordThe Lord gave the land away gave the land awayThe VassalThe Vassal received the land received the land

The land that is given away is The land that is given away is called a called a fieffief

The vassal had to provide certain The vassal had to provide certain services to the lord in exchange for services to the lord in exchange for the landthe land

1.) Provide a certain number of 1.) Provide a certain number of knightsknightsMost important dutyMost important dutyThe vassal would give away his The vassal would give away his

land as payment to knightsland as payment to knightsThus the vassal could become a Thus the vassal could become a

lordlord

2.) Serve on the lord’s court2.) Serve on the lord’s court

3.) Provide food and housing if the 3.) Provide food and housing if the lord ever visitedlord ever visited

4.) Give $ to the lord if his 4.) Give $ to the lord if his son became a knight or his son became a knight or his eldest daughter became eldest daughter became marriedmarried

5.) Pay the lord’s ransom if he 5.) Pay the lord’s ransom if he were ever capturedwere ever captured

Most of the obligations were never carried Most of the obligations were never carried outout

Most vassals would raise knights not to give Most vassals would raise knights not to give to the lord, but to fight the lord to get more to the lord, but to fight the lord to get more landland

Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots of Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots of war between the lords and vassalswar between the lords and vassals

The Catholic Church—unsuccessfully—tried The Catholic Church—unsuccessfully—tried to limit the number of wars with many lawsto limit the number of wars with many laws

CastlesCastlesLords were only powerful if Lords were only powerful if

they could protect themselvesthey could protect themselvesThey built castles for defenseThey built castles for defenseCastles were a complex of Castles were a complex of

different buildingsdifferent buildings

The NobilityThe NobilityKingsKingsLordsLordsKnightsKnightsLadiesLadies

Nobles had easy lives when Nobles had easy lives when compared to the peasantscompared to the peasants

Their castles were cold, dark, damp, Their castles were cold, dark, damp, and dreary placesand dreary places

The NobilityThe NobilityNobles had lots of power in their landsNobles had lots of power in their lands

Collect taxes and rentCollect taxes and rentAdminister justiceAdminister justice

Female nobles had very few rightsFemale nobles had very few rightsForced into fixed marriagesForced into fixed marriagesCould marry at age 12Could marry at age 12Main duty—to have and raise kidsMain duty—to have and raise kids

The NobilityThe NobilityNoblemen participated in Noblemen participated in

tournaments to keep their tournaments to keep their skills sharpskills sharp

Noblemen also enjoyed Noblemen also enjoyed hunting, falconry, and archeryhunting, falconry, and archery

““Knight” LifeKnight” LifeKnights came from the noble classesKnights came from the noble classes

1.) @ age 7, training began1.) @ age 7, training beganThe boy was a page and learned The boy was a page and learned

skillsskills

2.) @ 15 the boy became a squire2.) @ 15 the boy became a squireAssists a knight in battleAssists a knight in battle

3.) @ 21 the boy became a knight3.) @ 21 the boy became a knight

The KnightThe KnightKnights followed a code called Knights followed a code called

chivalrychivalryHad to be braveHad to be braveFight fairlyFight fairlyKeep promisesKeep promisesDefend the ChurchDefend the ChurchTreat noblewomen with respectTreat noblewomen with respect

The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe nobles were wealthy because of the The nobles were wealthy because of the

work the peasants were doingwork the peasants were doingThe peasants lived on and worked the The peasants lived on and worked the

nobles’ landsnobles’ landsManorial SystemManorial System—an agricultural —an agricultural

system that provided both the lord and system that provided both the lord and peasant with food, shelter, and peasant with food, shelter, and protectionprotection

The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemManors were the lands and buildings Manors were the lands and buildings

that were farmed and used by both the that were farmed and used by both the lord and the peasantslord and the peasantsLord’s houseLord’s housePastures and fieldsPastures and fieldsForestsForestsPeasant villagePeasant village

The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe manor’s peasants agreed to provide The manor’s peasants agreed to provide

services to the lord in return for the lord’s services to the lord in return for the lord’s protectionprotectionThe peasants farmed the land to The peasants farmed the land to

produce food for themselves and the produce food for themselves and the lordlord

The peasants served as the tool The peasants served as the tool producers—blacksmiths, carpenters, producers—blacksmiths, carpenters, millers, etc.millers, etc.

The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe manors had to be self-The manors had to be self-

sufficient—making everything the sufficient—making everything the manor neededmanor needed

Most peasants never left the manorMost peasants never left the manorSome peasants were serfs—similar Some peasants were serfs—similar

to slaves, but they could not be to slaves, but they could not be bought or soldbought or sold

Agricultural AdvancesAgricultural Advances2 new agricultural improvements 2 new agricultural improvements

occurred in the Middle Ages that led to occurred in the Middle Ages that led to more food productionmore food production1.) New Plow1.) New Plow

HeavierHeavierMade deeper cuts in the soilMade deeper cuts in the soil

2.) Three Field System2.) Three Field SystemCrop rotationCrop rotation

Peasant LifePeasant LifePeasants lived very hard livesPeasants lived very hard livesLife expectancy—40Life expectancy—40Disease and hunger were rampantDisease and hunger were rampantHousing was small—1 room with a dirt Housing was small—1 room with a dirt

floorfloorRarely ate meatRarely ate meatEnjoyed holidays—lots of entertainment Enjoyed holidays—lots of entertainment

and foodand food

Medieval ChurchMedieval Church During the Medieval period, the Catholic During the Medieval period, the Catholic

Church proved to be very powerfulChurch proved to be very powerful Catholic Church became the center of life Catholic Church became the center of life

for nearly all Western Europeansfor nearly all Western Europeans The primary job of the church was The primary job of the church was

spiritualspiritual The church became involved in political & The church became involved in political &

social issuessocial issues InterdictsInterdicts

Pope = most powerful figure in Pope = most powerful figure in EuropeEurope

Nearly all of Europe fell under Nearly all of Europe fell under the Pope’s controlthe Pope’s controlEveryone was Catholic, Everyone was Catholic,

giving the Pope control over giving the Pope control over peasants, nobles, and kingspeasants, nobles, and kings

Way to Way to salvation was salvation was by gaining the by gaining the grace of Godgrace of God

To do this, To do this, people people participated in participated in sacraments sacraments (ceremonies):(ceremonies):

BaptismBaptismPenancePenanceEucharistEucharistConfirmationConfirmationMatrimonyMatrimonyAnointing of Anointing of

the sickthe sickHoly OrdersHoly Orders

Most Europeans were very religious Most Europeans were very religious even though they didn’t understand even though they didn’t understand Christianity Christianity

The mass (church service) was said in The mass (church service) was said in Latin—a language that only the clergy Latin—a language that only the clergy (priests) understood(priests) understood

People learned about Christianity People learned about Christianity through paintings, statues, & stained through paintings, statues, & stained glassglass

11.) Secular (from Latin word .) Secular (from Latin word meaning present world) Clergymeaning present world) ClergyPope, Bishops, PriestsPope, Bishops, Priests

2.) Regular (from Latin word 2.) Regular (from Latin word meaning rule) Clergymeaning rule) ClergyMonks & nunsMonks & nuns

520—St. Benedict’s monastery in Italy that had strict 520—St. Benedict’s monastery in Italy that had strict rules for monksrules for monks Couldn’t marryCouldn’t marry Couldn’t own propertyCouldn’t own property Some took vows of silenceSome took vows of silence

Monastic LifeMonastic Life Monks were very obedient peopleMonks were very obedient people Clothing was simple- a long, loose robe made Clothing was simple- a long, loose robe made

from dark, wool materialfrom dark, wool material 1-2 meals a day1-2 meals a day Lived in monasteriesLived in monasteries

St. Benedict

Monastic LifeMonastic LifeWomen also participatedWomen also participatedThese women were nuns These women were nuns

who lived in conventswho lived in conventsKnown for wearing gown & Known for wearing gown &

veilveil

Monastic LifeMonastic LifeMonks & nuns were isolated from the Monks & nuns were isolated from the

rest of the people yet played a major rest of the people yet played a major role in peoples’ livesrole in peoples’ lives

Monks preserved classical Roman and Monks preserved classical Roman and Greek texts by hand copying booksGreek texts by hand copying books

Monasteries also had schools for Monasteries also had schools for children, hospitals for the sick, and children, hospitals for the sick, and hotels for travelershotels for travelers

Power of the ChurchPower of the ChurchThe Catholic Church was powerful both The Catholic Church was powerful both

politically & spirituallypolitically & spirituallyThe rich gave $ to the ChurchThe rich gave $ to the ChurchChurch became corrupt from the $ & Church became corrupt from the $ &

powerpowerChurch leaders cared less about the Church leaders cared less about the

people and more about $people and more about $

Church ReformChurch Reform People began to call for reform because the Church People began to call for reform because the Church

was too secularwas too secular A College of Cardinals would choose the PopeA College of Cardinals would choose the Pope 1073—the Pope outlawed the Practice of Lay 1073—the Pope outlawed the Practice of Lay

Investiture—when secular rulers appointed Church Investiture—when secular rulers appointed Church officialsofficials

1215: Pope Innocent III tried to reform the clergy1215: Pope Innocent III tried to reform the clergy He condemned drunkenness, feasting, hawking, and He condemned drunkenness, feasting, hawking, and

dancing among the clergydancing among the clergy

““The pope stands between God and man, The pope stands between God and man, lower than God, but higher than men, who lower than God, but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one.”judges all and is judged by no one.”

— —Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent III

Heretics could be punished or killedHeretics could be punished or killed Innocent started the Innocent started the InquisitionInquisition—a —a

Church court designed to find, try, Church court designed to find, try, convict, & punish hereticsconvict, & punish heretics1.)imprisonment1.)imprisonment2.)excommunication2.)excommunication3.)taking of property3.)taking of property4.)execution4.)execution

Friars—wandering preachersFriars—wandering preachers—also attempted church —also attempted church reformreformFranciscansFranciscansDominicansDominicans

Rise of European Rise of European MonarchiesMonarchies

During the early medieval period, kings During the early medieval period, kings were rulers only in name – they had very were rulers only in name – they had very little power until the 1100slittle power until the 1100s

Medieval EnglandMedieval England England was repeatedly invaded by Viking tribes from England was repeatedly invaded by Viking tribes from

the 400s until the 100sthe 400s until the 100s Angles, Saxons, VikingsAngles, Saxons, Vikings

One king was able to help England defend itself One king was able to help England defend itself from Viking invasions in 800sfrom Viking invasions in 800s

King Alfred the Great (871-899) defeated the VikingsKing Alfred the Great (871-899) defeated the Vikings Alfred was a learner, opened schools, and hired Alfred was a learner, opened schools, and hired

translators to translate bookstranslators to translate books Had a history of England written (Had a history of England written (Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon

Chronicle)Chronicle) The Anglo Saxon Chronicle was continuously The Anglo Saxon Chronicle was continuously

updated for 200 yearsupdated for 200 years

King Alfred

1066: England will be invaded and change hands 1066: England will be invaded and change hands

after king diesafter king dies 3 people claim throne (a Viking, Harold 3 people claim throne (a Viking, Harold

Godwinson, & William Duke of Normandy)Godwinson, & William Duke of Normandy) William Duke of Normandy was on who laid William Duke of Normandy was on who laid

claimclaim He was a relative of King Edward and a vassal He was a relative of King Edward and a vassal

to the King of Franceto the King of France Assembled force of 10,000 & set sail for Assembled force of 10,000 & set sail for

EnglandEngland 1066 Battle of Hastings – William wins & 1066 Battle of Hastings – William wins &

becomes “the Conqueror” or King William I of becomes “the Conqueror” or King William I of EnglandEngland

William sets up new tax systemWilliam sets up new tax system““Doomsday Book” was a census to Doomsday Book” was a census to

count every person, farm, town, count every person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st for Europefor Europe

William the Conqueror

Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandsonHenry I (1100-1135): William’s grandson

Greatly increased power of the monarchGreatly increased power of the monarchCreated system of courts; known as “Lion Created system of courts; known as “Lion

of Justice”of Justice” Judges from royal court traveled around to Judges from royal court traveled around to

decide cases (took power from lords)decide cases (took power from lords)Henry II (1154-1189): grandson of Henry Henry II (1154-1189): grandson of Henry

II Establishes common law & started trial by juryEstablishes common law & started trial by jury Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church

in Englandin England

Henry appointed friend-Thomas Henry appointed friend-Thomas Beckett as archbishop of Beckett as archbishop of CanterburyCanterbury

Henry does this to get a friend or Henry does this to get a friend or ally into the Churchally into the Church

Eventually orders his friend to be Eventually orders his friend to be murdered.murdered.

Married Eleanor of AquitaineMarried Eleanor of AquitaineNow owns Normandy & Aquitaine Now owns Normandy & Aquitaine

(that’s almost ½ of France!!)(that’s almost ½ of France!!)

Henry II’s son King JohnHenry II’s son King John

Loses land to the FrenchLoses land to the FrenchJohn angers people--by raising taxesJohn angers people--by raising taxes1215—angry English barons force John 1215—angry English barons force John

to sign to sign Magna CartaMagna CartaThe Magna Carta was a charter that The Magna Carta was a charter that

placed limits on the king’s power:placed limits on the king’s power:

1.) King couldn’t raise taxes without 1.) King couldn’t raise taxes without consent of the Great Councilconsent of the Great Council

2.) Outlawed imprisonment without fair 2.) Outlawed imprisonment without fair trialtrial

1200s - middle class that made $$ 1200s - middle class that made $$

from business not farmingfrom business not farmingLed to a ParliamentLed to a Parliament

1.) House of Lords1.) House of Lords

2.) House of Commons2.) House of Commons

FranceFranceFrance develops strong monarchyFrance develops strong monarchy

France’s govt. will not be like the limited France’s govt. will not be like the limited monarchy that had been created in Englandmonarchy that had been created in England

Lands were ruled by different lords who were Lands were ruled by different lords who were independent of each otherindependent of each other

987: Hugh Capet will seize throne of France987: Hugh Capet will seize throne of France

Capetian Dynasty lasts 300 yearsCapetian Dynasty lasts 300 years

• As the French monarchs became more As the French monarchs became more powerful, the number of French nobles powerful, the number of French nobles decreaseddecreased

Gave towns the right to govern themselves--Gave towns the right to govern themselves--towns no longer under feudal obligationstowns no longer under feudal obligations

Royal courts exert power over local lords’ Royal courts exert power over local lords’ courtscourts

Only king could mint coinsOnly king could mint coins

Even taxed the clergyEven taxed the clergy

Banned private wars & certain weaponsBanned private wars & certain weapons

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

The HRE (modern day Germany) stayed The HRE (modern day Germany) stayed very weakvery weak

The HRE was heavily entangled in the The HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of the Pope and Romepolitics of the Pope and Rome

962: Pope asked Otto for help & named 962: Pope asked Otto for help & named Otto Emperor of the Romans Otto Emperor of the Romans

HRE could approve or disapprove the HRE could approve or disapprove the election of popeselection of popes

HRE could depose popes while the pope HRE could depose popes while the pope could depose kings--a struggle over who could depose kings--a struggle over who had real power will develophad real power will develop

1073: Pope Gregory VII outlaws lay investiture--kings 1073: Pope Gregory VII outlaws lay investiture--kings appointing the clergyappointing the clergy

Emperor Henry IV refused to follow thisEmperor Henry IV refused to follow this

Pope Gregory excommunicated HenryPope Gregory excommunicated Henry

Gregory tries to get nobles to select another rulerGregory tries to get nobles to select another ruler

Upon this, Pope excommunicated and deposed HenryUpon this, Pope excommunicated and deposed Henry

Henry gives in to the Pope & goes to Rome to repent Henry gives in to the Pope & goes to Rome to repent

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms– HRE was allowed to choose bishops and give HRE was allowed to choose bishops and give

bishops landbishops land– The pope, however had the power to disapprove The pope, however had the power to disapprove

unworthy candidatesunworthy candidates