Learn German

Ishank Mishra

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Contents 1. Basic Phrases .......................................................................................... 7

2. Pronunciation ........................................................................................ 13

3. Alphabet ................................................................................................ 17

4. Nouns & Cases ...................................................................................... 18

5. Articles & Demonstratives .................................................................... 20

6. Subject (Nominative) Pronouns ............................................................ 22

7. To Be, to Have, & to Become ............................................................... 23

8. Useful Words ........................................................................................ 25

9. Question Words .................................................................................... 27

10. Numbers / Die Nummern .................................................................... 28

11. Days of the Week / Die Tage .............................................................. 30

12. Months of the Year / Die Monate ....................................................... 32

13. Seasons / Die Jahreszeiten .................................................................. 33

14. Directions / Die Richtungen................................................................ 34

15. Colors & Shapes / Die Farben & Die Formen .................................... 35

16. Time / Die Zeit .................................................................................... 37

17. Weather / Das Wetter .......................................................................... 39

18. Family / Die Familie ........................................................................... 41

19. To Know People & Facts .................................................................... 43

20. Formation of Plural Nouns.................................................................. 44

21. Possessive Adjectives ......................................................................... 46

22. Accusative Case ................................................................................. 47

23. Dative Case ........................................................................................ 49

24. Genitive Case ...................................................................................... 51

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25. To Do or Make .................................................................................... 52

26. Work and School................................................................................. 53

27. Prepositions ......................................................................................... 56

28. Prepositional Contractions .................................................................. 59

29. Countries and Nationalities ................................................................. 60

30. Negative Sentences ............................................................................. 62

31. To and From Countries and Cities ...................................................... 63

32. To Come and to Go ............................................................................. 64

33. Modal Verbs........................................................................................ 65

34. Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Present Tense ............................... 68

35. Reflexive Verbs .................................................................................. 70

36. Exceptions: Irregularities in Regular verbs......................................... 73

37. Verbs with Prepositions ...................................................................... 76

38. Separable Prefixes ............................................................................... 78

39. Inseparable Prefixes ............................................................................ 80

The German National Anthem: Deutschland-Lied ................................... 81

The Swiss National Anthem: Schweizerpsalm ......................................... 83

40. Present Perfect or Past Indefinite Tense ............................................. 85

41. Irregular Past Participles with Haben ................................................. 87

42. Sein Verbs and Past Participles........................................................... 90

43. Food and Meals ................................................................................... 91

44. Fruits, Vegetables and Meats .............................................................. 93

45. Genitive Partitive ................................................................................ 95

46. Commands .......................................................................................... 96

47. Subordinating Conjunctions................................................................ 97

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48. Holiday Phrases ................................................................................ 100

49. Helfen, lassen and the senses ............................................................ 101

50. Places ................................................................................................ 102

51. Transportation ................................................................................... 104

52. Simple Past / Imperfect Tense .......................................................... 105

53. Irregular Stems in Simple Past / Imperfect Tense ............................ 108

54. House and Furniture .......................................................................... 113

55. Location vs. Direction ....................................................................... 115

56. Clothing............................................................................................. 117

57. Future Tense...................................................................................... 119

58. Asking Questions .............................................................................. 121

59. Declensions of Adjectives................................................................. 122

60. Adjectives ......................................................................................... 124

61. Comparative and Superlative ............................................................ 126

62. Sports & Hobbies .............................................................................. 129

63. Nature ................................................................................................ 132

64. Object Pronouns ................................................................................ 133

65. Parts of the Body ............................................................................... 135

66. Relative Pronouns ............................................................................. 137

67. Da and Wo Compounds .................................................................... 139

68. Animals ............................................................................................. 142

69. Likes and Dislikes ............................................................................. 143

70. Past Perfect Tense ............................................................................. 145

71. Als, wenn and wann .......................................................................... 146

72. Review of Word Order...................................................................... 147

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73. Flavoring Particles ............................................................................ 150

74. Colloquial Expressions and Idioms .................................................. 151

75. Word Formation ................................................................................ 153

76. Adjectival Nouns .............................................................................. 155

77. Ordinal Numbers ............................................................................... 156

78. Passive Voice .................................................................................... 158

79. Problems with the Passive ................................................................ 161

80. Avoiding the Passive......................................................................... 162

81. Showing Purpose .............................................................................. 165

82. Shopping ........................................................................................... 166

83. Post Office and Bank ........................................................................ 167

84. Zu with Infinitives............................................................................. 168

85. Office / School Supplies ................................................................... 170

86. Expressions of Time ......................................................................... 171

87. Travelling / Airport ........................................................................... 172

88. Another ............................................................................................. 174

89. Cosmetics / Toiletries ....................................................................... 175

90. Subjunctive II or General Subjunctive (Conditional) ....................... 176

91. Other uses of Subjunctive II ............................................................. 180

92. Subjunctive I or Special Subjunctive (Indirect Discourse) ............... 182

93. Parts of a Car ..................................................................................... 185

94. Present Participle .............................................................................. 186

95. In the Ocean ...................................................................................... 187

96. Als ob / Als wenn .............................................................................. 188

97. In Space ............................................................................................. 189

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98. Future Perfect .................................................................................... 190

99. Make Believe Stuff ........................................................................... 191

100. Spelling Reform .............................................................................. 192

101. Review of Declensions of Nouns .................................................... 193

German States / Bundesländer ................................................................ 199

Austrian States / Bundesländer ............................................................... 200

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1. Basic Phrases

Guten Morgen goot-en mor-gen

Good Morning

Guten Tag goot-en tahk

Hello/Good Day

Guten Abend goot-en ah-bent

Good Evening

Gute Nacht goot-eh nakht

Good Night

Tag / Hallo / Servus tahk / hah-loh / sair-

voohs

Hi / Hello / Hi & Bye (Southern Germany &

Austria)

Auf Wiedersehen owf vee-dair-zayn

Goodbye

Grüß dich / Grüß

Gott! Hello! / Greetings! (Southern Germany &

Austria)

Tschüs / Tschau

tchews / chow

Bye!

Gehen wir! geh-en veer

Let's go!

Bis später

biss shpay-ter

See you later

Bis bald

biss bahlt

See you soon

Bis morgen biss mohr-gen

See you tomorrow

Bitte bih-tuh

Please

Danke (schön / sehr) dahn-kuh shurn/zair

Thank you

Bitte schön bih-tuh shurn

You're welcome

Es tut mir leid. ehs toot meer lite

I'm sorry

Entschuldigen Sie ehnt-shool-dih-gun zee

Excuse me

Verzeihung Pardon me

Wie geht es Ihnen? Wie geht's? (Sehr) Gut / So lala

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vee gayt es ee-nen

How are you?

(formal)

vee gayts

How are you?

(informal)

zair goot / zo lahlah

(Very) Good / OK

Schlecht / Nicht Gut shlekht / nisht goot

Bad / Not good

Es geht. ess gate

I'm ok. (informal)

Ja / Nein yah / nine

Yes / No

Wie heißen Sie? vee hie-ssen zee

What's your name?

(formal)

Wie heißt du? vee hiesst doo

What's your name?

(informal)

Ich heiße... ikh hie-ssuh

My name is... [I am

called...]

Es freut mich. froyt mikh

Pleased to meet you.

Gleichfalls. glykh-fals

Likewise.

Herr / Frau /

Fräulein hair / frow / froi-line

Mister / Misses /

Miss

Woher kommen Sie? vo-hair koh-men zee

Where are you from?

(formal)

Woher kommst du? vo-hair kohmst doo

Where are you from?

(informal)

Ich komme aus... ikh koh-muh ows...

I'm from...

Wo wohnen Sie? vo voh-nen zee

Where do you live?

(formal)

Wo wohnst du? vo vohnst doo

Where do you live?

(informal)

Ich wohne in... ikh voh-nuh in

I live in...

Wie alt sind Sie? vee alt zint zee

Wie alt bist du? vee alt bisst doo

Ich bin ____ Jahre

alt.

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How old are you?

(formal)

How old are you?

(informal)

ikh bin ____ yaa-reh

alt

I am ____ years old.

Sprechen Sie

deutsch? shpreck-en zee doytch

Do you speak

German? (formal)

Sprichst du englisch? shprikhst doo eng-lish

Do you speak English?

(informal)

Ich spreche (kein)... ikh shpreck-uh kine

I (don't) speak...

Verstehen Sie? /

Verstehst du? fehr-shtay-en zee /

fehr-shtayst doo

Do you understand?

(formal / informal)

Ich verstehe (nicht). ikh fehr-shtay-eh nikht

I (don't) understand.

Ich weiß (nicht). ikh vise nikht

I (don't) know.

Können Sie mir

helfen? ker-nen zee meer hell-

fen

Can you help me?

(formal)

Kannst du mir

helfen? kahnst doo meer hell-

fen

Can you help me?

(informal)

Natürlich / Gerne nah-tewr-likh / gair-

nuh

Of course / Gladly

Kann ich Ihnen

helfen? kahn ikh ee-nen hell-

fen

May I help you?

(formal)

Kann ich dir helfen? kahn ikh deer hell-fen

May I help you?

(informal)

Wie bitte? vee bih-tuh

What? Pardon me?

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Wie heißt ___ auf

deutsch? vee heist ___ owf

doytch

How do you say ___

in German?

Wo ist / Wo sind... ? voh ist / voh zint

Where is / Where are...

?

Es gibt... ess geept

There is / are...

Was ist los? vahs ist lohs

What's the matter?

Das macht nichts. dass makht nikhts

It doesn't matter.

Das ist mir egal. dass ist meer eh-gahl

I don't care.

Keine Angst! ky-nuh ahngst

Don't worry!

Ich habe es

vergessen. ikh hah-buh ess fehr-

geh-sen

I forgot.

Jetzt muss ich

gehen. yetz mooss ikh geh-en

I must go now.

Ich habe Hunger /

Durst. ikh hah-buh hoong-er

/ dirst

I'm hungry / thirsty.

Ich bin krank /

müde.

ikh bin krahnk moo-

duh

I'm sick / tired.

Ich habe

Langeweile. ikh hah-buh lahn-

guh-vy-luh

I'm bored.

Ich möchte / Ich

hätte gern... ikh merkh-tuh / ikh

heh-tuh gairn

I'd like...

Das gefällt mir. dahs geh-fehlt meer

I like it.

Prima / Toll /

Super! pree-mah / tohl / zoo-

pair

Great / Fantastic!

Gesundheit! geh-soont-hyt

Herzlichen

Glückwunsch!

Sei ruhig! zy roo-hikh

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Bless you! herts-likh-en glewk-

voonsh

Congratulations!

Be quiet! (informal)

Willkommen! vil-koh-men

Welcome!

Viel Glück! feel glewk

Good luck!

Schauen Sie mal! /

Schau mal! show-en zee mal /

show mal

Look! (formal /

informal)

Bitte schön? Yes? / What would

you like to order?

Was darf's sein? What can I get you? /

How can I help you?

Sonst noch etwas? Anything else?

Bitte schön. Here you go.

(handing something

to someone)

Zahlen bitte! The check, please!

Stimmt so. Keep the change.

Ich bin satt. I'm full.

Mir ist schlecht. I feel sick.

Es tut mir weh. It hurts.

Ich liebe dich. ikh leeb-uh dikh

I love you. (informal)

Du fehlst mir. I miss you. (informal)

Alles ist in

Ordnung. Everything is fine.

Wie wäre es mit ... ? How about...?

Was für ein...? What kind of (a)...?

Nicht wahr? [general tag question]

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Ich is not actually pronounced ikh, unless you are speaking a northern

dialect of German. If you are speaking a southern dialect, then it is more

like ish. There is no equivalent sound in English. In standard German, it is

somewhere between ish and ikh. Technically, it is a voiceless palatal

fricative and its voiced counterpart is the y sound in yes.

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2. Pronunciation German Vowels English Pronunciation

[i] viel meet, eat

[y] kühl ee rounded / long vowel

[ɪ] Tisch mitt, it

[ʏ] hübsch ih rounded / short vowel

[e] Tee mate, wait

[ø] schön ay rounded / long vowel

[ɛ] Bett met, wet

[œ] zwölf eh rounded / short vowel

[a] Mann mop, not

[ɑ] kam ah / longer vowel than [a]

[u] gut boot, suit

[ʊ] muss put, soot

[o] Sohn coat, goat

[ɔ] Stock caught, bought

[ə] bitte cut, what

[ɐ] Wetter uhr / also short vowel like [ə]

Highlighted vowels do not exist in English.

Notice that words spelled with ö and ü can be pronounced with a long or

short vowel, so determining the pronunciation based on the spelling is not

possible. The other umlauted letter, ä, is generally pronounced as [e],

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though it can be pronounced as [ɛ] in some dialects. A general rule for

pronunciation, however, states that the short vowels / ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ ɔ / must be

followed by a consonant, whereas the long vowels / i y u e ø o / can occur

at the end of the syllable or word.

German

Diphthongs

English

Pronunciation

[aɪ] ein, mein eye, buy, why

[aʊ] auf, kaufen cow, now, how

[ɔɪ] neu,

Gebäude toy, boy, foil

German Consonants

There are a few German consonants that do not exist in English, and some

consonant combinations that are not common in English. Notice that the

pronunciation of the German r changes according to the location in the

countries that speak German, i.e. [R] in northern Germany and [r] in

southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Spelling IPA Sample

words How to pronounce:

ch (with vowels e

and i) [ç]

Chemie,

mich, nicht

Make yuh sound voiceless (no

vibration of vocal cords)

ch (with vowels a,

o, u) [x]

Buch,

lachen,

kochen

Make kuh sound a fricative

(continuous airflow)

pf [pf] Apfel,

Pferd,

Pfanne

Pronounce together as one

sound

z [ts] Zeit, Zug, Pronounce together as one

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Tanz sound

j [j] ja, Januar,

Junge yuh

qu [kv] Quote,

Quiz,

Quitte

kv

st / sp (at

beginning of

syllable)

[ʃt] /

[ʃp] Stadt,

sprechen sht / shp

sch [ʃ] schenken,

schlafen sh

th [t] Theater,

Thron t

v [f] Vater,

verboten f

w [v] Wasser,

warm v

ß [s] Straße,

groß s

s (before vowel) [z] Salz, seit,

Sitz z

In addition, the sounds [b], [d], and [g] lose their voicing at the end of a

syllable, so they are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts [p], [t], and

[k], respectively. However, the spelling does not reflect the pronunciation.

Stress

Stress generally falls on the first syllable of the word, except in words

borrowed from other languages, where the stress falls on the last syllable

(especially with French words.)

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3. Alphabet

a ah j yoht s ess

b bay k kah t tay

c tsay l el u oo

d day m em v fow

e ay n en w vay

f eff o oh x eeks

g gay p pay y irp-se-lon

h hah q koo z tset

i ee r ehr

There is another letter in written German, ß (es-zet), pronounced like [s].

However, this letter is only used after long vowels or diphthongs, and it is

not used at all in Switzerland.

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4. Nouns & Cases

All nouns have a gender in German, either masculine, feminine or neuter.

There really isn't a lot of logic to which nouns are which gender, so you

must memorize the gender of each noun.

1. Male persons or animals, the seasons, months, and days are all

masculine, as are nouns ending in -ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or

and -us.

2. Female persons or animals, and numerals are all feminine, as are nouns

ending in -a, -anz, -ei, -enz, -heit, -ie, -ik, -in, -keit, -schaft, -sion, -sis, -tät,

-tion, -ung and -ur.

3. Young persons or animals, metals, chemical elements, letters of the

alphabet, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, continents, countries and provinces

are all neuter, as are nouns that end in -chen, -icht, -il, -it, -lein, -ma, -

ment, -tel, -tum, and -um. Nouns referring to things that end in -al, -an, -

ar, -ät, -ent, -ett, -ier, -iv, -o and -on, as well as most words with the prefix

ge- and most nouns ending in -nis and -sal are also neuter.

All nouns in German are capitalized in writing.

All nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives) have a case depending on

what function they serve in the sentence. These may seem strange, but

remember that English uses cases also; however, we would say direct

object instead of accusative, or indirect object instead of dative. Although

these cases may make learning new words difficult, they actually help

with word order because the position of words in a sentence is not as fixed

in German as it is in English. And the reason for that is because words

can occur in these four cases:

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Nominative subject of the

sentence

The girl is

reading.

Accusative direct objects

We see the

mountain.

I bought a gift.

Dative indirect objects

We talk to the

guide.

I gave my

mom a gift.

Genitive indicates possession

or relationship

The book of

the girl.

The dog's tail.

The nouns you look up in a dictionary will be in the nominative case.

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5. Articles & Demonstratives Definite Articles (The)

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

Nominative der (dare) die (dee) das (dahs)

die

Accusative den (dane) die das die

Dative dem (dame) der dem den

Genitive des (dess) der des der

Indefinite Articles (A, An)

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ein (ine) eine (ine-uh) ein

Acc. einen (ine-en) eine ein

Dat. einem (ine-em) einer(ine-er) einem

Gen. eines (ine-es) einer eines

Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

This / These That / Those

Masc. Fem. Neu. Pl. Masc. Fem. Neu. Pl.

Nom. dieser diese dieses diese der die das die

Acc. diesen diese dieses diese den die das die

Dat. diesem dieser diesem diesen dem der dem den

Gen. dieses dieser dieses dieser des der des der

Jener is an older word found in written German that was used to mean

that or those, but today in spoken German the definite articles are used.

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Dort or da may accompany the definite articles for emphasis. Das is also

a universal demonstrative and therefore shows no agreement. Notice the

last letter of each of the words above. They correspond to the last letters

of the words for the definite articles. Words that are formed this same

way are called der-words because they follow the pattern of the der-die-

das declension. Other der-words are: jeder-every, and welcher-which.

Mancher (many) and solcher (such) are also der-words, but they are used

almost always in the plural.

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6. Subject (Nominative) Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

ich ikh I wir veer we

du doo you

(familiar) ihr eer you (all)

er, sie, es,

man

air, zee, ess,

mahn

he, she, it,

one sie,

Sie zee

they, you

(formal)

Man can be translated as one, we, they or the people in general. When

referring to nouns as it, you use er for masculine nouns, sie for feminine

nouns and es for neuter nouns. However, the definite articles der, die and

das can be substituted for er, sie and es to show more emphasis.

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7. To Be, to Have, & to Become

Present tense of sein - to be (zine)

I am ich bin ikh bin we are wir sind veer zint

you are

(familiar) du bist doo bihst you (plural) are ihr seid eer zide

he/she/it is er/sie/es ist air/zee/ess

isst

they/you (formal)

are sie/Sie sind zee zint

Past tense of sein

I was ich war ikh var we were wir waren veer vah-

ren

you were

(familiar) du warst doo varst you (plural) were ihr wart eer vart

he/she/it was er/sie/es

war

air/zee/es

var

they/you (formal)

were sie/Sie

waren

zee vah-

ren

Present tense of haben - to have (hah-ben)

ich habe hah-buh wir haben hah-ben

du hast hahst ihr habt hahbt

er/sie/es hat haht sie/Sie haben hah-ben

Past tense of haben

ich hatte hah-tuh wir hatten hah-ten

du hattest hah-test ihr hattet hah-tet

er/sie/es hatte hah-tuh sie/Sie hatten hah-ten

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Present tense of werden - to become (vair-den)

ich werde vair-duh wir werden vair-den

du wirst veerst ihr werdet vair-det

er/sie/es wird veert sie/Sie werden vair-den

Past tense of werden

ich wurde voor-duh wir wurden voor-den

du wurdest voor-dest ihr wurdet voor-det

er/sie/es wurde voor-duh sie/Sie wurden voor-den

Haben is frequently used in expressions that would normally take to be in

English.

Ich habe Hunger. = I am hungry.

Ich hatte Durst. = I was thirsty.

Ich habe Langeweile. = I am bored.

Ich hatte Heimweh. = I was homesick.

Ich habe Angst. = I am afraid.

In everyday speech, the final -e on the ich conjugations can be dropped:

ich hab' or hab' ich

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8. Useful Words and und oont

but aber ah-ber

very sehr zair

or oder oh-der

here hier here

also auch owkh

both beide by-duh

some etwas eht-vahss

only nur noor

again wieder vee-der

hopefully hoffentlich hoh-fent-likh

between zwischen zvish-en

therefore deshalb des-halp

a lot, many viel(e) feel(uh)

really wirklich veerk-lish

together zusammen tsoo-zah-men

all alle ahl-luh

now jetzt yetst

so also al-zoh

another noch ein nohkh ine

already schon Shone

isn't it? nicht wahr? nikht vahr

too bad schade shah-duh

gladly gern gehrn

immediately sofort zoh-fort

sure(ly) sicher(lich) zikh-er-

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likh

but, rather sondern zohn-

dehrn

finally schließlich shleess-

likh

right! stimmt shtimt

anyway überhaupt oo-ber-

howpt

enough genug guh-nook

exact(ly) genau guh-now

sometimes manchmal mahnch-

mal

always immer im-er

never nie nee

often oft ohft

of course klar klahr

perhaps vielleicht fee-likht

a little ein bisschen ine biss-

khen

a little ein wenig ine vay-

nikh

not at all gar nicht gar nikht

not a bit kein bisschen kine biss-

khen

Es gibt is commonly used to mean there is/are and it is always followed

by the accusative case.

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9. Question Words

Who wer vehr Whom

(acc.) wen vain

What was vahs Whom

(dat.) wem vaim

Why warum vah-

room

How

come wieso vee-zo

When wann vahn Where

from woher vo-hair

Where wo voh Where

to wohin vo-hin

How wie vee Which welche/-

r/-s

velsh-

uh/er/es

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10. Numbers / Die Nummern 0 null nool

1 eins ines 1st erste

2 zwei tsvy 2nd zweite

3 drei dry 3rd dritte

4 vier feer 4th vierte

5 fünf fewnf 5th fünfte

6 sechs zecks 6th sechste

7 sieben zee-bun 7th siebte

8 acht ahkht 8th achte

9 neun noyn 9th neunte

10 zehn tsayn 10th zehnte

11 elf elf 11th elfte

12 zwölf tsvurlf 12th zwölfte

13 dreizehn dry-tsayn 13th dreizehnte

14 vierzehn feer-tsayn 14th vierzehnte

15 fünfzehn fewnf-tsayn 15th fünfzehnte

16 sechzehn zeck-tsayn 16th sechzehnte

17 siebzehn zeep-tsayn 17th siebzehnte

18 achtzehn ahkh-tsayn 18th achtzehnte

19 neunzehn noyn-tsayn 19th neunzehnte

20 zwanzig tsvahn-tsikh 20th zwanzigste

21 einundzwanzig ine-oont-

tsvahn-tsikh 21st einundzwanzigste

22 zweiundzwanzig tsvy-oont-

tsvahn-tsikh 22nd zweiundzwanzigste

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23 dreiundzwanzig dry-oont-

tsvahn-tsikh 23rd dreiundzwanzigste

24 vierundzwanzig feer-oont-

tsvahn-tsikh 24th vierundzwanzigste

30 dreißig dry-sikh 30th dreißigste

40 vierzig feer-tsikh 40th vierzigste

50 fünfzig fewnf-tsikh 50th fünfzigste

60 sechzig zekh-tsikh 60th sechzigste

70 siebzig zeep-tsikh 70th siebzigste

80 achtzig ahkh-tsikh 80th achtzigste

90 neunzig noyn-tsikh 90th neunzigste

100 (ein)hundert ine-hoon-

duhrt

1,000 (ein)tausend ine-tow-

zuhnt

Sometimes zwo (tsvoh) is used instead of zwei to avoid confusion with

drei when talking on the telephone. The use of commas and periods is

switched in German, though a space is commonly used to separate

thousandths, i.e. 1,000 would be 1 000. When saying telephone numbers,

you can either say each number individually or group them in twos. For

years, you use the hundreds: 1972 is neunzehn hundert zweiundsiebzig; or

the thousands: 2005 is zwei tausend fünf.

Wann sind Sie geboren? When were you born?

Ich bin in 1982 geboren. I was born in 1982.

30

11. Days of the Week / Die Tage Monday Montag mohn-tahk

Tuesday Dienstag deens-tahk

Wednesday Mittwoch mit-vock

Thursday Donnerstag don-ers-tahk

Friday Freitag fry-tahk

Saturday

(N & E Germany) Samstag Sonnabend

zahms-tahk zon-nah-bent

Sunday Sonntag zon-tahk

day der Tag (-e) dehr tahk

morning der Morgen (-) mawr-gun

afternoon der Nachmittag (-e) nakh-mih-tahk

evening der Abend (-e) ah-bunt

night die Nacht (ä, -e) nahkt

today heute hoy-tuh

tomorrow morgen mawr-gun

tonight heute Abend hoy-tuh ah-bunt

yesterday gestern geh-stairn

last night gestern Abend geh-stairn ah-bunt

week die Woche (-n) voh-kuh

weekend das Wochenende (-

n) voh-ken-en-duh

daily täglich teh-glikh

weekly wöchentlich wer-khent-likh

31

To say on a certain day or the weekend, use am. Add an -s to the day to

express "on Mondays, Tuesdays, etc." All days, months and seasons are

masculine so they all use the same form of these words: jeden - every,

nächsten - next, letzten - last (as in the last of a series), vorigen -

previous. In der Woche is the expression for "during the week" in

Northern and Eastern Germany, while unter der Woche is used in

Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

32

12. Months of the Year / Die Monate January Januar yah-noo-ahr

(Austria) Jänner yeh-ner

February Februar fay-broo-ahr

March März mehrts

April April ah-pril

May Mai my

June Juni yoo-nee

July Juli yoo-lee

August August ow-goost

September September zehp-tehm-ber

October Oktober ok-toh-ber

November November no-vehm-ber

December Dezember deh-tsem-ber

month der Monat (-e) moh-naht

year das Jahr (-e) yaar

monthly monatlich moh-naht-likh

yearly jährlich jehr-likh

To say in a certain month, use im.

Wann hast du Geburtstag? When is your birthday?

Mein Geburtstag ist im Mai. My birthday is in May.

33

13. Seasons / Die Jahreszeiten Winter der Winter dehr vin-ter

Spring der

Frühling

dehr frew-

ling

Summer der

Sommer

dehr zom-

mer

Autumn der Herbst dehr hehrpst

To say in the + a season, use im.

34

14. Directions / Die Richtungen right rechts

left links

straight geradeaus

North der Norden

South der Süden

East der Osten

West der Westen

im Norden = in the North

nach Osten = to the East

aus Westen = from the West

35

15. Colors & Shapes / Die Farben & Die Formen orange orange square das Viereck

pink rosa circle der Kreis

purple violett / lila triangle das Dreieck

blue blau rectangle das Rechteck

yellow gelb oval das Oval

red rot octagon das Achteck

black schwarz cube der Würfel

brown braun sphere die Kugel

gray grau cone der Kegel

white weiß cylinder der Zylinder

green grün

turquoise türkis

beige beige

silver silber

gold gold

Because colors are adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with

the noun they describe if they are placed before the noun. However, not all

adjectives agree, such as colors ending in -a or -e; nor do they agree when

they are used as predicate adjectives. More about Adjectives in German

III. To say that a color is light, put hell- before it, and to say that a color is

dark, put dunkel- before it.

36

Das Viereck ist braun. The square is brown.

Das Rechteck ist hellblau. The rectange is light blue.

37

16. Time / Die Zeit What time is

it? Wie spät ist es? vee shpayt isst ess

(It is) 2 AM Es ist zwei Uhr nachts ess ist tsvy oor

nahkts

2 PM Es ist zwei Uhr

nachmittags

tsvy oor nahk-mih-

tahks

6:20 Es ist sechs Uhr

zwanzig zex oor tsvahn-tsikh

half past 3 Es ist halb vier hahlp feer

quarter past 4 Es ist Viertel nach vier feer-tel nahk feer

quarter to 5 Es ist Viertel vor fünf feer-tel for fewnf

10 past 11 Es ist zehn nach elf tsyan nahk elf

20 to 7 Es ist zwanzig vor

sieben

tsvahn-tsikh for zee-

bun

noon Es ist nachmittag nakh-mih-tahk

midnight Es ist mitternacht mih-ter-nahk

in the

morning morgens / früh mawr-guns / frew

in the evening abends aah-bunts

It's exactly... Es ist genau... ess ist guh-now

At 8. Um 8 Uhr. oom akht oor

early(ier) früh(er) frew(er)

late(r) spät(er) shpayt(er)

38

Official time, such as for bus and train schedules, always uses the 24 hour

clock. Notice that halb + number means half to, not half past, so you have

to use the hour that comes next.

39

17. Weather / Das Wetter How's the weather

today? Wie ist das Wetter

heute?

vie ist dahs vet-ter

hoy-tuh

It's hot Es ist heiß ess isst hise

It's cold Es ist kalt ess isst kahlt

It's beautiful Es ist schön ess isst shern

It's bad Es ist schlecht ess isst shlehkt

It's clear Es ist klar ess isst klahr

It's icy Es ist eisig ess isst ise-ikh

It's warm Es ist warm ess isst varm

It's sunny Es ist sonnig ess isst zohn-ikh

It's windy Es ist windig ess isst vin-dikh

It's cloudy Es ist bewölkt ess isst beh-verlkt

It's hazy Es ist dunstig ess isst doons-tikh

It's muggy Es ist schwül ess isst schvool

It's humid Es ist feucht ess isst foikht

It's foggy Es ist nebelig ess isst neh-beh-likh

It's snowing Es schneit ess schnite

It's raining Es regnet ess rayg-net

It's freezing Es friert ess freert

It looks like rain. Es sieht nach

Regen aus.

es seet nahkh ray-

gen ows

The weather is

clearing Das Wetter klärt

sich auf.

dahs vett-er klairt

sikh owf

40

41

18. Family / Die Familie Parents die Eltern Relative der Verwandte (-n)

Mother die Mutter (ü) Man der Mann (ä, -er)

Father der Vater (ä) Sir / Mister der Herr (-en)

Son der Sohn (ö, -e) Woman / Ma'am /

Mrs. / Ms. die Frau (-en)

Daughter die Tochter (ö) Husband der Ehemann (ä, -er)

Brother der Bruder (ü) Wife die Ehefrau (-en)

Sister die Schwester (-n) Boy der Junge (-n)

Grandparents die Großeltern Girl das Mädchen (-)

Grandfather der Großvater (ä) Grandpa der Opa (-s)

Grandmother die Großmutter (ü) Grandma die Oma (-s)

Grandchildren die Enkelkinder Dad der Vati

Grandson der Enkel (-) Mom die Mutti

Granddaughter die Enkelin (-nen) Friend (m) der Freund (-e)

Niece die Nichte (-n) Friend (f) die Freundin (-nen)

Nephew der Neffe (-n) Partner / Significant

Other (m) der Partner (-)

Cousin (m) der Vetter (-n) Partner / Significant

Other (f) die Partnerin (-nen)

Cousin (f) die Kusine (-n) Marital Status der Familienstand

Uncle der Onkel (-) Single ledig

Aunt die Tante (-n) Married verheiratet

Siblings die Geschwister Divorced geschieden

Baby das Baby (-s) Male männlich

Godfather der Pate (-n) Female weiblich

Godmother die Patin (-nen) Child das Kind (-er)

Step- der/die Stief- Toddler das Kleinkind (-er)

-in-law der/die Schwieger- Teenager der Teenager (-)

Brother-in-law der Schwager (ä) Adult der Erwachsene (-n)

42

Sister-in-law die Schwägerin (-nen) Twin der Zwilling (-e)

The letters in parentheses indicate the plural form of the noun. Notice that

sometimes an umlaut is placed over the main vowel of the word in the

plural. For example, der Mann is singular (the man) and die Männer is

plural (the men). For step- and -in-law relations, just add Stief- or

Schwieger- before the main person, except in the case of brother-in-law

and sister-in-law noted above. The plurals follow the pattern for the main

person, i.e. die Schwiegermutter (singular) and die Schwiegermütter

(plural)

43

19. To Know People & Facts kennen - to know people wissen - to know facts

ich kenne ken-nuh wir kennen ken-

nun ich weiß vise wir wissen vih-sun

du kennst kenst ihr kennt kent du weißt vist ihr wisst vihst

er/sie/es

kennt kent

sie/Sie

kennen

ken-

nun er/sie/es

weiß vise

sie/Sie

wissen vih-sun

Kennen is a regular, while wissen is irregular in the present tense.

You must use the subject pronouns (ich, du, er...); however, I will leave

them out of future conjugations.

44

20. Formation of Plural Nouns

Plural nouns in German are unpredictable, so it's best to memorize the

plural form with the singular. However, here are some rules that can help:

1. Feminine nouns usually add -n or -en. Nouns that end in -in (such as

the female equivalents of masculine nouns) add -nen.

eine Lampe zwei Lampen

eine Tür zwei Türen

eine Studentin zwei Studentinnen

eine Gabel zwei Gabeln

2. Masculine and neuter nouns usually add -e or -er. Many masculine

plural nouns ending in -e add an umlaut as well, but neuter plural nouns

ending in -e don't. Plurals that end in -er add an umlaut when the stem

vowel is a, o , u or au.

Masculine Neuter

ein Rock zwei Röcke ein Heft zwei Hefte

ein Mann zwei Männer ein Buch zwei Bücher

3. Masculine and neuter singular nouns that end in -er either add an

umlaut or change nothing at all. Many nouns with a stem vowel of a, o, u

or au add an umlaut. Masculine and neuter singular nouns that end in -el

also add nothing at all (with three exceptions: Pantoffel, Stachel, Muskel).

Masculine Neuter

45

ein Bruder zwei Brüder ein Fenster zwei Fenster

ein Kegel zwei Kegel ein Mittel zwei Mittel

4. Nouns that end in a vowel other than an unstressed -e and nouns of

foreign origin add -s.

ein Hobby zwei Hobbys

ein Hotel zwei Hotels

46

21. Possessive Adjectives Masc. Fem. Neu. Pl.

Nom. mein meine mein meine

Acc. meinen meine mein meine

Dat. meinem meiner meinem meinen

Gen. meines meiner meines meiner

Other words that are formed like mein (my) are: ein - a/an, dein-your (du

form), sein-his/its, ihr-her, unser-our, euer-your (ihr form), ihr-their,

Ihr-your (Sie form), and kein-no/not any.

47

22. Accusative Case

The accusative case corresponds to direct objects. Here are the accusative

forms of the definite and indefinite articles. Note that only the masculine

changes in this case.

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural

Definite den die das die

Indefinite einen eine ein keine

Some masculine nouns add an -(e)n to the accusative form, such as

international nouns ending in -t (Dirigent, Komponist, Patient, Polizist,

Soldat, Student, Tourist, Journalist); nouns ending in -e denoting male

persons or animals (Drache, Junge, Kunde, Löwe, Neffe, Riese, Vorfahre,

Zeuge); and the following nouns: Elefant, Herr, Mensch, Nachbar. And

wen (whom) is the accusative of wer (who).

Personal Pronouns - Nominative & Accusative

ich I mich me wir we uns us

du you dich you ihr you euch you

er he ihn him sie they sie them

sie she sie her Sie you Sie you

es it es it

German uses the case system to show the function of a word in a sentence,

whereas English relies mainly on word order. Take, for example, the

following sentences: Ich esse den Apfel translates into I eat the apple. In

48

German, you can switch the word order around without affecting the

meaning. Den Apfel esse ich is also I eat the apple, but in English, if you

were to change word order, you would have to say the apple eats me.

English does not accommodate for the direct object to be placed before

the subject and verb like German does. Usually, word order reflects

(subjective) focus: the noun having the speakers focus is usually put as

much as possible towards the beginning of a sentence.

49

23. Dative Case

The dative case corresponds to indirect objects. Usually in English, we

use the words to or for to indicate an indirect object. But German relies on

the endings of the dative case. Here are the dative forms of the definite

and indefinite articles.

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural

Definite dem der dem den

Indefinite einem einer einem keinen

Those same masculine nouns that added an -(e)n in the accusative form

also add an -(e)n in the dative form. And all plural nouns add an -(e)n

in the dative plural, unless they already end in an -n or -s. And wem

(to/for whom) is the dative of wer (who).

Personal Pronouns

mir me uns us

dir you euch you

ihm him ihnen they

ihr her Ihnen you

ihm it

In sentences with both a direct and indirect object, the noun in the dative

case precedes the accusative noun, unless the accusative case is a pronoun.

50

Ich schenke meinem Bruder eine Krawatte. I give (to) my brother a tie.

Ich schenke sie meinem Bruder. I give it to my brother.

51

24. Genitive Case

The genitive case is used to show possession, more often in writing than in

speech. When speaking, most people use von (of) plus the dative case to

show possession. For proper nouns, German only adds an -s to the noun,

whereas English would add an apostrophe and an -s. Feminine and Plural

nouns do not change in the Genitive case. Masculine and Neuter

nouns add an -s if the word is more than one syllable, or an -es if the

word is one syllable. Except the weak masculine nouns that added -(e)n

in the accusative and dative; they also add -(e)n in the genitive. There are

some irregular nouns that add -s after -en in the genitive case as well, for

example der Name becomes des Namens and das Herz becomes des

Herzens.

die Farbe des Vogels - the color of the bird

die Grösse des Hauses - the size of the house

die Tasche meiner Mutter - my mother's purse [the purse of my mother]

der Bleistift des Studenten - the student's pencil [the pencil of the student]

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Masc. Fem. Neu. Plural

Definite des der des der

Indefinite eines einer eines keiner

52

25. To Do or Make Machen - to do or make

mache mock-uh machen mock-en

machst mockst macht mockt

macht mockt machen mock-en

53

26. Work and School male female male female

worker Arbeiter Arbeiterin lawyer Anwalt (ä, e) Anwältin

architect Architekt (en) Architektin doctor Arzt (e) Ärztin

mechani

c Automechanike

r

Automechanikeri

n

bank

employee Bankangestellt

e (n)

Bankangestellte

(n)

librarian Bibliothekar Bibliothekarin conductor Dirigent Dirigentin

TV

reporter Fernsehreporter

Fernsehreporteri

n hairdresser Friseur Friseurin

engineer Ingenieur Ingenieurin custodian Hausmeister Hausmeisterin

cook Koch (ö, e) Köchin cashier Kassierer Kassiererin

pilot Pilot (en) Pilotin waiter Kellner Kellnerin

police

officer Polizist (en) Polizistin nurse

Krankenpflege

r

Krankenpflegeri

n

president Präsident (en) Präsidentin postal

worker Postangestellte

(n)

Postangestellte

(n)

priest Priester Priesterin judge Richter Richterin

secretary Sekretär Sekretärin writer Schriftsteller Schriftstellerin

flight

attendant Flugbegleiter Flugbegleiter (in)

salesperso

n Verkäufer Verkäuferin

taxi

driver Taxifahrer Taxifahrerin dentist Zahnarzt (ä, e) Zahnärztin

Besides the plural forms shown above, the rest of the male professions are

the same (they do not add anything) in the plural, while all the feminine

add -nen in the plural. Also, German does not use articles before

professions. You would only say Ich bin Kellner if you mean I am a

waiter.

Was sind Sie von Beruf? What do you do for a living?

Ich bin Arzt. I'm a doctor (male).

54

School die Schule (n) Elementary School die Grundschule (n)

University die Universität (en) Secondary School das Gymnasium

College / University die Hochschule (n) High School die Oberschule (n)

Subject das Fach (ä, er) Foreign languages Fremdsprachen

Literature Literatur Linguistics Linguistik

Social Studies Sozialkunde History Geschichte

Biology Biologie Natural Science Naturwissenschaft

Philosophy Philosophie Psychology Psychologie

Earth science Erdkunde Sociology Soziologie

Math Mathematik Geography Geographie

Geometry Geometrie Computer science Informatik

Mechanical

Engineering Maschinenbau Economics Wirtschaft

Management Betriebswirtschaft Chemistry Chemie

Marketing Marketing Media Studies Medienwissenschaft

Physics Physik Political Science Politik

Music Musik Art Kunst

Drawing Zeichnen Band Musikkapelle

Test die Prüfung (en) Class die Klasse (n)

Lunchtime die Mittagspause Lunch das Mittagessen

Cafeteria die Mensa School Supplies die Schulsachen

Dictionary das Wörterbuch (ü,

er) Stapler

die Heftmaschine

(n)

Scissors die Schere (n) Ruler das Lineal (e)

Eraser das Radiergummi (s) Chalk die Kreide

Book das Buch (ü, er) Notebook das Heft (e)

Pencil der Bleistift (e) Sheet of Paper das Blatt Papier

Schoolbag die Schultasche (n) Calculator der Taschenrechner

55

(-)

Pen der Kugelschreiber /

der Kuli Homework die Hausaufgaben

Girl das Mädchen (-) Boy der Junge (n)

Friend (m) der Freund (e) Friend (f) die Freundin (nen)

Pupil/Student (m) der Schüler (-) Pupil/Student (f) die Schülerin (nen)

Student (m) der Student (en) Student (f) die Studentin (nen)

Teacher (m) der Lehrer (-) Teacher (f) die Lehrerin (nen)

Professor (m) der Professor Professor (f) die Professorin

(nen)

Grades die Noten hard schwer

Course der Kurs (e) easy leicht

Semester das Semester (-) Vacation die Ferien (pl.)

Schedule der Stundenplan

(ä, e) Assignment die Aufgabe (n)

In Germany, students must pass das Abitur in order to graduate from high

school. In Austria, this final exam is called die Matura. Notice that there

are two words for student: Schüler is used for students in primary and

secondary schools, while Student is only used for university students.

The verb studieren is used for university study or to state your major. The

verb lernen should be used for studying in general, and especially for

learning a language.

Er studiert in Freiburg. He studies (goes to university) in Freiburg.

Ich studiere Französisch. I study French (in college). / French is my

major.

Ich lerne Spanisch und Italienisch. I'm studying/learning Spanish and

Italian.

56

27. Prepositions Prepositions that take the Accusative case

durch through

gegen against

um around / at

für for

ohne without

bis until

Preps. that take the Dative case

aus out (of), from (country, town or place)

mit with, by means of (transportation)

von from (person, open space, or direction), by

seit since, for

bei near, at, at home of or place of business

nach after, to (cities and countries)

zu to (mostly people and specifically named buildings)

gegenüber across from

außer except for, besides

Preps. that take the Genitive case

während during

trotz in spite of

(an)statt instead of

wegen because of

außerhalb outside of

57

innerhalb inside of

Preps. that may take Acc. or Dat. (two-way)

an at, to, on (vertical surfaces, denotes border or limiting area)

auf onto, on (horizontal surfaces), to (some public buildings)

hinter behind

in in, into, to (building, enclosed space, feminine or plural

countries)

neben beside, next to

über over, above, across, about

unter under, below, among, beneath

vor in front of, before

zwischen between

For the two-way prepositions: The accusative form indicates direction

and movement and answers the question where to? The dative form

indicates position and location and answers the question where? For

example: In die Schule means to school and uses the accusative form

because it is a direction. In der Schule means in school and uses the

dative form because it is a location. But one exception is zu Hause - at

home (dat.) and nach Hause - (to) home (acc.) Ich bin zu Hause is I am

at home, and Ich gehe nach Hause is I am going home.

Accusative: movement &

direction Dative: location & position

Er hängt das Bild über das Sofa.

He hangs the picture over the

sofa.

Das Bild hängt über dem Sofa.

The picture hangs over the sofa.

Stell es unter den Tisch.

Put it under the table.

Es ist unter dem Tisch.

It is under the table.

58

Fahren Sie den Wagen hinter

das Haus.

Drive the car behind the house.

Der Wagen steht hinter dem

Haus.

The car is behind the house.

Stellen Sie die Flaschen vor die

Tür.

Put the bottles in front of the

door.

Die Flaschen stehen vor der Tür.

The bottles are in front of the

door.

Stell es auf den Tisch.

Put it on the table.

Es liegt auf dem Tisch.

It's lying on the table.

Schreib es an die Tafel.

Write it on the board.

Es steht an der Tafel.

It is on the board.

Er geht in die Küche.

He goes into the kitchen.

Er ist in der Küche.

He is in the kitchen.

Stellen Sie es neben das Haus.

Put it beside the house.

Es ist neben dem Haus.

It is beside the house.

Stell die Lampe zwischen das

Sofa und den Tisch.

Put the lamp between the sofa

and the table.

Die Lampe steht zwischen dem

Sofa und dem Tisch.

The lamp is between the sofa

and the table.

Stellen, legen and setzen use the accusative case, while stehen, liegen and

sitzen use the dative case.

59

28. Prepositional Contractions

Contractions in Writing Contractions in Informal

Speech

an dem am an den an'n

auf das aufs auf den auf'n

für das fürs auf dem auf'm

in das ins aus den aus'n

zu dem zum für den für'n

an das ans gegen das gegen's

bei dem beim in den in'n

in dem im nach dem nach'm

von dem vom

zu der zur

durch das durchs

um das ums

60

29. Countries and Nationalities

Country Masc.

Nationality

Fem.

Nationality Adjective

Germany Deutschland Deutsche Deutsche deutsch

England England Engländer Engländerin englisch

France Frankreich Franzose Französin französisch

USA die USA Amerikaner Amerikanerin amerikanisch

Russia Russland Russe Russin russisch

Switzerlan

d die Schweiz Schweizer Schweizerin schweizerisch

Italy Italien Italiener Italienerin italienisch

Spain Spanien Spanier Spanierin spanisch

Japan Japan Japaner Japanerin japanisch

China China Chinese Chinesin chinesisch

Austria Österreich Österreicher Österreicherin österreichisch

Australia Australien Australier Australierin australisch

Belgium Belgien Belgier Belgierin belgisch

Canada Kanada Kanadier Kandierin kanadisch

Denmark Dänemark Däne Dänin dänisch

Finland Finnland Finnländer Finnländerin finnisch

Greece Griechenlan

d Grieche Griechin griechisch

Holland Holland Holländer Holländerin holländisch

Netherland

s die

Niederlande

Niederlände

r

Niederländeri

n

niederländisc

h

61

Ireland Irland Ire Irin irisch

Korea Korea Koreaner Koreanerin koreanisch

Mexico Mexiko Mexikaner Mexikanerin mexikanisch

Norway Norwegen Norweger Norwegerin norwegisch

Portugal Portugal Portugiese Portugiesin portugiesisch

Sweden Schweden Schwede Schwedin schwedisch

Poland Polen Pole Polin polnisch

Egypt Ägypten Ägypter Ägypterin ägyptisch,

arabisch

The adjectives can also refer to the language, but then the word must be

capitalized, i.e. deutsch is the adjective that is usually followed by a noun,

whereas Deutsch is the German language.

62

30. Negative Sentences

Nicht and kein are forms of negation, but nicht means not and kein means

no, not a, or not any. Kein is used to negate nouns that either have no

articles or are preceded by the indefinite article. Kein precedes the nouns

in sentences. It is declined as an ein-word.

Ist das eine Katze? Is that a cat?

Nein, das ist keine

Katze.

No, that's not a

cat.

Nicht negates nouns preceded by a definite article or a possessive

adjective; or it could negate any part (verb, noun, adjective) or all of a

sentence. Nicht always follows the verb, but usually precedes the part of

the sentence to be negated. It you want to negate an entire sentence, nicht

comes last. Nicht also follows expressions of time.

Das ist meine Frau. That's my wife.

Das ist nicht meine

Frau.

That's not my

wife.

Heute ist es kalt. It is cold today.

Heute ist es nicht

kalt.

It is not cold

today.

63

31. To and From Countries and Cities To nach

From aus

In in

In also means to when it is used before a country that has a definite article

(feminine and plural countries.)

Ich fliege in die Schweiz. I'm flying to Switzerland.

Ich fliege nach Deutschland. I'm flying to Germany.

And when aus is used with feminine or plural countries, the definite

article must also be used.

Ich bin aus den USA . I am from the US.

Ich bin aus Frankreich . I am from France.

64

32. To Come and to Go kommen - to come

komme koh-muh kommen koh-men

kommst kohmst kommt kohmt

kommt kohmt kommen koh-men

gehen - to go

gehe geh-uh gehen geh-in

gehst gehst geht gate

geht gate gehen geh-in

65

33. Modal Verbs

German has six modal verbs that you should memorize. They express an

attitude about an action or condition described by the main verb. The

modal auxiliary is conjugated and placed in the second position of the

sentence. The main verb is in the infinitive form and placed at the end of

the clause or sentence.

Ich kann eine Fahrkarte kaufen. (I can buy a ticket.) Kann is the

conjugated auxiliary verb and kaufen is the main verb in infinitive form.

können - to be able to, can

ich kann wir können

du kannst ihr könnt

er/sie/es kann sie/Sie können

müssen - to have to, must

ich muß wir müssen

du mußt ihr müsst

er/sie/es muß sie/Sie müssen

dürfen - to be allowed/permitted to

ich darf wir dürfen

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du darfst ihr dürft

er/sie/es darf sie/Sie dürfen

Nicht müssen translates to do not have to or do not need to. Nicht dürfen

translates to must not. Du mußt es nicht machen is you don't have to do

it. Du darfst es nicht machen is you must not (or are not allowed) to do

it.

sollen - to be supposed to

ich soll wir sollen

du sollst ihr sollt

er/sie/es soll sie/Sie sollen

wollen - to want (to)

ich will wir wollen

du willst ihr wollt

er/sie/es will sie/Sie wollen

mögen - to like

ich mag wir mögen

du magst ihr mögt

er/sie/es mag sie/Sie mögen

Subjunctive of mögen - would like

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ich möchte wir möchten

du möchtest ihr möchtet

er/sie/es möchte sie/Sie möchten

This subjunctive of mögen expresses would like to and is used more often

than the indicative of mögen. Ich möchte eine Fahrkarte kaufen means I

would like to buy a ticket.

Sometimes the infinitive is not required with modal verbs, if the meaning

is clear enough without them. For example, you can often omit sprechen

and tun after können and you can omit verbs of motion if there is an

adverb of place.

Ich kann Spanisch. I can/know how to speak Spanish.

Er will nach Hause. He wants to go home.

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34. Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Present Tense

To conjugate means to give the different forms of a verb depending on the

subject. English only has two regular conjugations in the present tense, no

ending and -s ending (I, you, we, they run vs. he/she/it runs). To form

regular verbs in German, remove the -en ending and add these endings:

-e -en

-st -t

-t -en

Regular Verbs in the Present Tense

antworten to answer gewinnen to win singen to sing

arbeiten to work glauben to believe/think sitzen to sit

beginnen to begin helfen to help sparen to save (money)

bekommen to get kaufen to buy stecken to put

benutzen to use kennen to know (people) stehen to stand

besuchen to visit kommen to come studieren to study

bezahlen to pay for laufen to run suchen to look for

bleiben to remain/stay lehren to teach tanzen to dance

brauchen to need lernen to learn treffen to meet

dauern to last lieben to love trennen to separate

denken to think liegen to lay trinken to drink

entdecken to discover machen to make verdienen to earn (money)

erfinden to invent passieren to happen vergessen to forget

ergänzen to complete rauchen to smoke verlieren to lose

erlauben to permit reisen to travel versprechen to promise

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erzählen to tell rennen to run verstehen to understand

essen to eat rufen to call warten to wait

finden to find sagen to say waschen to wash

fischen to fish schlafen to sleep winken to wave

fliegen to fly schreiben to write wischen to wipe

fragen to ask schwimmen to swim wünschen to wish/desire

gehen to go sehen to see ziehen to move

English has three ways of expressing the present tense, such as I run, I am

running, I do run. All three of these tenses are translated as one tense in

German (ich laufe.) However, you can add gerade after the verb to

indicate the progressive form. Ich mache meine Hausaufgaben can be

translated as I do my homework or I'm doing my homework. Ich mache

gerade meine Hausaufgaben is translated as I'm doing my homework.

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35. Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs express an action that reciprocates back to the subject. In

other words, whoever is speaking is doing an action to himself. Examples

in English would be: I wash myself, he hurts himself, we hate ourselves.

Usually the -self words are a clue in English; however, there are more

reflexive verbs in German than in English.

Reflexive Pronouns

Accusative Dative

mich uns mir uns

dich euch dir euch

sich sich sich sich

The reflexive pronoun follows the verb and agrees with the subject. When

a clause contains another object besides the reflexive pronoun, then the

reflexive pronoun is in the dative case since the other object is in the

accusative case. This is when you use the dative reflexive pronouns

instead of the accusative ones.

Accusative: Ich fühle mich nicht wohl - I don't feel well.

Dative: Ich ziehe mir den Mantel aus - I'm taking off my coat.

Also note that parts of the body and articles of clothing use the definite

article, not a possessive.

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Reflexive Verbs

sich ärgern to get

angry sich aufregen

to get

agitated

sich

ausruhen to rest sich erkälten

to catch a

cold

sich freuen to be

happy sich (wohl)

fühlen to feel (well)

sich

hinlegen

to lie

down sich anziehen to get dressed

sich

verletzen

to get

hurt sich ausziehen

to get

undressed

sich beeilen to hurry sich setzen to sit down

sich

erholen to relax sich vorstellen to imagine

Reflexive Verbs + Accusative:

sich ärgern über to get annoyed

about

sich erinnern an to remember

sich freuen über to be happy

about

sich freuen auf to look forward

to

sich gewöhnen an to get used to

sich kümmern

um to take care of

sich bewerben to apply for

72

um

sich interessieren

für

to be interested

in

sich

konzentrieren auf

to concentrate

on

sich vorbereiten

auf to prepare for

sich entscheiden

für to decide on

sich verlieben in to fall in love

with

Reflexive Verbs + Dative:

sich trennen von to break up

with

sich erkundigen

nach to ask about

sich fürchten vor to be afraid of

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36. Exceptions: Irregularities in Regular verbs

1) Some verbs require an umlaut over the a in the 2nd and 3rd person

singular.

Fahren-to travel

fahre fahren

fährst fahrt

fährt fahren

Examples: fallen-to fall, schlafen-to sleep, tragen-to carry, waschen-to

wash, laufen-to run

2) Some verbs change the e to ie in the 2nd and 3rd person singular.

Sehen-to see

sehe sehen

siehst seht

sieht sehen

Examples: lesen- to read, befehlen-to command, empfehlen-to

recommend, geschehen-to happen, stehlen-to steal

3) Some verbs change the e to an i in the 2nd and 3rd person singular.

Geben-to give

gebe geben

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gibst gebt

gibt geben

Examples: brechen-to break, essen-to eat, helfen-to help, sprechen-to

speak, sterben-to die, treffen-to meet, werfen-to throw

*nehmen has another irregularity: it doubles the m and drops the h*

nehme nehmen

nimmst nehmt

nimmt nehmen

4) Verb stems ending -d or -t, add an e before three endings.

Reden-to speak

rede reden

redest redet

redet reden

5) Verb stems ending in an s or z sound, have -t for du form ending

instead of -st.

Sitzen-to sit

sitze sitzen

sitzt sitzt

sitzt sitzen

6) Infinitives ending in -n (not -en) only have -n ending for wir and sie

forms. Infinitive stems ending in -el or -er can drop the e in the ich form.

75

Tun-to do / Segeln-to sail

tue tun segle segeln

tust tut segelst segelt

tut tun segelt segeln

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37. Verbs with Prepositions Accusative Dative

denken an to think about arbeiten an to work on

glauben an to believe in erkennen an to recognize something

by

kommen an to come to sterben an to die of

schreiben an to write to teilnehmen an to participate in

achten auf to pay attention to helfen bei to help with

ankommen auf to come down to/be

a question of anfangen mit to begin with

antworten auf to answer fahren mit to go/travel (by means

of)

böse sein auf to be angry at rechnen mit to count on, expect

gespannt sein auf to be excited about sprechen mit to talk to

hoffen auf to hope for fragen nach to ask about

warten auf to wait for riechen nach to smell of/like

danken für to thank for abhängen von to depend on

sorgen für to care for erzählen von to tell about

lachen über to laugh about halten von to think/feel about

lesen über to read about handeln von to deal with/be about

nachdenken über to think about sprechen von to talk about

reden über to talk about träumen von to dream about

schreiben über to write about verstehen von to know

about/understand

sprechen über to talk about wissen von to know of

bitten um to ask for/request Angst haben vor to be afraid of

kämpfen um to fight for retten vor to save from

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Fahren mit cannot be used with all forms of transportation, such as on

foot or by plane.

78

38. Separable Prefixes ab- auf- bei- los- mit- vor- weg- zurück-

an- aus- ein- fern- nach- vorbei- zu- zusammen-

These prefixes are added to the infinitive and change the meaning of the

verb. Kommen is to come, but ankommen is to arrive. When conjugated,

the prefix goes to the end of the sentence. Er kommt um fünf Uhr an

means "he is arriving at 5." But Er kommt um drei Uhr means "he is

coming at 3." With modals, the infinitive goes to the end of the sentence

as usual, but the prefix remains attached. Ich will jetzt ausgehen means

"I want to go out now."

Verbs with Separable Prefixes

abholen to pick up ausmachen to turn off

abräumen to clear (the table) aussehen to look like, appear

abtrocknen to dry (dishes) austragen to deliver

abwischen to wipe clean auswandern to emigrate

anfangen to begin ausziehen to take off clothes

ankommen to arrive einkaufen to shop

anmachen to turn on einladen to invite

anrufen to call up einpacken to pack up

anschauen to look at einschlafen to fall asleep

ansehen to look at, watch einsteigen to board

anziehen to put on clothes fernsehen to watch TV

anzünden to light (candles) mitkommen to come with

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aufhören to stop mitnehmen to take with

aufmachen to open vorbeikommen to come by

aufräumen to tidy up (clothes) vorschlagen to suggest

aufstehen to get up vorstellen to introduce

aufwachen to wake up weggehen to go away

aufwischen to mop up wegstellen to put away

ausfüllen to fill in (the blanks) zuhören to listen to

ausgeben to spend zumachen to close

ausgehen to go out zurückkommen to come back

ausleeren to empty zusehen to observe

Ausgehen can also mean to be on good/bad terms with someone.

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39. Inseparable Prefixes be- ent- ge- ver-

emp- er- miss- zer-

These prefixes always remain attached to their infinitives. The

inseparable prefixes are unstressed syllables, as compared to the separable

prefixes which can stand alone as different words. Some examples of

verbs with inseparable prefixes are besuchen - to visit, erzählen - to tell,

gewinnen - to win, and versprechen - to promise.

Unter and über can function as separable prefixes, but they are much

more commonly used as inseparable prefixes. When prefixes are stressed,

they are separable; when they are not stressed, they are inseparable. The

stress on the following verbs in not on the prefix, so they are all

inseparable: unterhalten - to entertain, unternehmen - to undertake,

überholen - to overtake, and übersetzen - to translate.

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The German National Anthem: Deutschland-Lied

by Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben

Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit für das deutsche Vaterland!

Danach lasst uns alle streben brüderlich mit Herz und Hand!

Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit sind des Glückes Unterpfand

Blüh im Glanze dieses Glückes blühe deutsches Vaterland!

Unity and right and freedom for the German fatherland;

Let us all pursue this purpose brotherly, with heart and hands.

Unity and right and freedom are the pawns of happiness.

Flourish in this blessing's glory, flourish, German fatherland.

The Austrian National Anthem: Österreichische Bundeshymne

by Paula von Preradovic

Land der Berge, Land am Strome,

Land der Äcker, Land der Dome,

Land der Hämmer, zukunftsreich!

Heimat bist du großer Söhne,

Volk, begnadet für das Schöne,

Vielgerühmtes Österreich.

Heiß umfehdet, wild umstritten

leigst dem Erdteil du inmitten

einem starken Herzen gleich.

Hast seit frühen Ahnentagen

Hoher Sendung Last getragen

Vielgeprüftes Österreich.

Mutig in die neuen Zeiten,

Frei und gläubig sich uns schreiten,

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Arbeitsfroh und hoffnungsreich.

Einig laß in Brüderchören,

Vaterland, dir Treue schwören,

Vielgeliebtes Österreich.

Land of mountains, land of streams,

Land of fields, land of spires,

Land of hammers, with a rich future.

You are the home of great sons,

A nation blessed by its sense of beauty,

Highly praised Austria.

Strongly fought for, fiercely contested,

You are in the centre of the Continent

Like a strong heart.

You have borne since the earliest days.

The burden of a high mission,

Much tried Austria.

Watch us striding free and believing,

With courage, into new eras,

Working cheerfully and full of hope.

In fraternal chorus let us take in unity

The oath of allegiance to you, our country,

Our much beloved Austria.

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The Swiss National Anthem: Schweizerpsalm

by Leonhard Widmer

Trittst im Morgenrot daher,

Seh' ich dich im Strahlenmeer,

Dich, du Hocherhabener, Herrlicher!

Wenn der Alpenfirn sich rötet,

Betet, freie Schweizer, betet!

Eure fromme Seele ahnt

Gott im hehren Vaterland,

Gott, den Herrn, im hehren Vaterland.

Kommst im Abendglühn daher,

Find' ich dich im Sternenheer,

Dich, du Menschenfreundlicher, Liebender!

In des Himmels lichten Räumen

Kann ich froh und selig träumen!

Denn die fromme Seele ahnt

Gott im hehren Vaterland,

Gott, den Herrn, im hehren Vaterland.

Ziehst im Nebelflor daher,

Such' ich dich im Wolkenmeer,

Dich, du Unergründlicher, Ewiger!

Aus dem grauen Luftgebilde

Tritt die Sonne klar und milde,

Und die fromme Seele ahnt

Gott im hehren Vaterland,

Gott, den Herrn, im hehren Vaterland.

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Fährst im wilden Sturm daher,

Bist Du selbst uns Hort und Wehr,

Du, allmächtig Waltender, Rettender!

In Gewitternacht und Grauen

Lasst uns kindlich ihm vertrauen!

Ja, die fromme Seele ahnt,

Ja, die fromme Seele ahnt

Gott im hehren Vaterland,

Gott, den Herrn, im hehren Vaterland !

85

40. Present Perfect or Past Indefinite Tense

This tense is used more often than the simple past, especially in

conversation, and is equivalent to I have asked or I asked. Regular verbs

use a form of haben or sein and a past participle. Past participles are made

by adding ge- to the beginning of the verb stem and -t (or -et, if stem ends

in -t or -d) to the end.

Sagen is to ask, and -sag- is the stem; therefore gesagt is the past

participle.

Arbeiten is to work, and -arbeit- is the stem; therefore gearbeitet is the

past participle.

Machen is to do/make, and -mach- is the stem; therefore gemacht is the

past participle.

Verbs ending in -ieren only add the -t ending. Studieren is to study and

studier- is the stem, so studiert is the past participle.

The form of haben or sein is placed where the verb should be, and the past

participle goes to the end of the sentence. Ex: Ich habe meinen Bruder

gefragt - I asked my brother.

Haben or Sein

Most verbs use haben, but a few use sein, if and only if, both of these

conditions are met:

1. The verb expresses motion or change of condition.

2. The verb is intransitive (i.e. cannot take a direct object.)

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Double Infinitive: When modals are used in the present perfect tense

with a dependent infinitive, the past participle is not used. The infinitive

of the modal acts as the past participle. Logically, I had to go home would

be translated as ich habe nach Hause gehen gemußt. However, it is

actually Ich habe nach Hause gehen müssen. When there is no other

infinitive in the sentence, then the past participles of the modals are used.

I had to would be translated as Ich habe gemußt.

All modals, as well as reflexive verbs, use haben in the present perfect

tense. The reflexive pronouns follow the auxiliary verb as in Ich habe mir

den Arm gebrochen. I broke my arm.

With separable prefixes, the prefix comes before the ge- in a past

participle, such as angekommen and aufgestanden. From the participle

of the base verb, and then add the prefix to the beginning. But note that

the prefix does change the entire meaning of the verb, and it may take a

different auxiliary verb than its base verb. For example, stehen takes

haben, but aufstehen takes sein.

With inseparable prefixes, whether the verb is regular or irregular, there is

no ge- prefix when forming the past participle, such as besucht and

verloren.

To express something that has been going on or happening for a period of

time, German using the present tense (rather than the past) and the word

schon. "I have been studying German for two years" translates to Ich

studiere Deutsch schon zwei Jahre.

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41. Irregular Past Participles with Haben

These irregular past participles end with -en, and some have vowel

changes in the stem. All of the following irregular past participles use

haben as the auxiliary verb.

anfangen begin angefangen raten advise geraten

aufstehen get up aufgestanden reißen tear gerissen

befehlen order, command befohlen riechen smell gerochen

beginnen begin begonnen rufen call gerufen

beißen bite gebissen scheinen shine geschienen

bekommen get, receive bekommen schieben push geschoben

bewerben apply beworben schlafen sleep geschlafen

binden tie gebunden schließen shut geschlossen

bitten ask gebeten schneiden cut geschnitten

brechen break gebrochen schreiben write geschrieben

einladen invite eingeladen schreien yell geschrieen

empfehlen recommend empfohlen schweigen be silent geschwiegen

essen eat gegessen schwingen swing geschwungen

finden find gefunden sehen see gesehen

fressen eat (of animals) gefressen singen sing gesungen

frieren freeze gefroren sitzen sit gesessen

geben give gegeben sprechen speak gesprochen

gewinnen win gewonnen stehen stand gestanden

gießen pour, water gegossen stehlen steal gestohlen

greifen reach gegriffen streiten quarrel gestritten

halten hold gehalten tragen wear getragen

hängen hang, suspend gehangen treffen meet getroffen

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heben lift gehoben trinken drink getrunken

heißen be called geheißen tun do getan

helfen help geholfen verbieten forbid verboten

klingen sound geklungen vergessen forget vergessen

lassen let, allow gelassen verlassen leave verlassen

leiden suffer gelitten verlieren lose verloren

leihen lend geliehen versprechen promise versprochen

lesen read gelesen verstehen understand verstanden

liegen recline gelegen verzeihen forgive verziehen

lügen lie, fib gelogen waschen wash gewaschen

nehmen take genommen werfen throw geworfen

pfeifen whistle gepfiffen ziehen pull gezogen

Some verbs change their stems, like all irregular verbs; but take the

endings for regular verbs instead of irregular verbs. They form their past

participles like regular verbs. (Ge-stem-t)

Infinitive Irregular Stem Past Participle

brennen-to burn brann- gebrannt

bringen-to bring brach- gebracht

denken-to think dach- gedacht

kennen-to know (people) kann- gekannt

nennen-to call, name nann- genannt

rennen-to run rann- gerannt

wenden-to turn wand- gewandt

wissen-to know (facts) wuß- gewußt

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90

42. Sein Verbs and Past Participles

The following verbs use sein as the auxiliary verb, and many have

irregular past participles.

aufwachen wake up aufgewacht laufen run gelaufen

bleiben remain geblieben passieren happen passiert

erscheinen appear erschienen reisen travel gereist

ertrinken drown ertrunken reiten ride (horseback) geritten

fahren drive, go, travel gefahren rennen run gerannt

fallen fall gefallen schwimmen swim geschwommen

fliegen fly geflogen sein be gewesen

folgen follow gefolgt sinken sink gesunken

gebren be born geboren springen jump gesprungen

gehen go gegangen steigen climb gestiegen

gelingen succeed gelungen sterben die gestorben

geschehen happen geschehen treten step getreten

joggen jog gejoggt wachsen grow gewachsen

klettern climb geklettert wandern hike gewandert

kommen come gekommen werden become geworden

kriechen creep gekrochen

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43. Food and Meals

breakfast das Frühstück bread das Brot (e)

lunch das Mittagessen pepper der Pfeffer

dinner das Abendessen salt das Salz

glass das Glas (ä, er) ice das Eis

fork die Gabel (n) vinegar der Essig

spoon der Löffel (-) oil das Öl

knife das Messer (-) sugar der Zucker

napkin die Serviette (n) butter die Butter

plate der Teller (-) table der Tisch (e)

silverware das Besteck dishes das Geschirr

tea der Tee juice der Saft (ä, e)

steak das Steak water das Wasser

cake der Kuchen wine der Wein

chicken das Huhn beer das Bier

coffee der Kaffee soft drink die Limonade

fish der Fisch milk die Milch

ham der Schinken egg das Ei (er)

ice cream das Eis honey der Honig

jam die Marmelade snack der Imbiss

rice der Reis cheese der Käse

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salad der Salat mustard der Senf

soup die Suppe pie die Torte (n)

93

44. Fruits, Vegetables and Meats fruit das Obst pumpkin der Kürbis (e)

pineapple die Ananas (-) olive die Olive (n)

apple der Apfel (ä) raddish der Rettich (e)

apricot die Aprikose (n) lettuce der Salat

banana die Banane (n) tomato die Tomate (n)

pear die Birne (n) onion die Zwiebel (n)

strawberry die Erdbeere (n) green

beans die grünen Bohnen

raspberry die Himbeere (n) corn der Mais

cherry die Kirsche (n) meat das Fleisch

lime die Limone (n) roast der Braten (-)

lemon die Zitrone (n) veal das Kalbfleisch

orange die Orange (n) lamb das Lammfleisch

peach der Pfirsisch (e) beef das Rindfleisch

grape die Traube (n) pork das Schweinefleisch

vegetable das Gemüse bacon der Speck

cauliflower der Blumenkohl sausage die Wurst (ü, e)

bean die Bohne (n) poultry das Geflügel

pea die Erbse (n) duck die Ente (n)

cucumber die Gurke (n) goose die Gans (ä, e)

carrot die Karotte (n) chicken das Huhn (ü, er)

potato die Kartoffel (n) turkey der Truthahn (ä, e)

cabbage der Kohl fish der Fisch (e)

In Austria, der Karfiol is cauliflower, die Fisolen is green beans, and der

Kukuruz is corn.

94

95

45. Genitive Partitive

The genitive partitive is mostly used when talking about quantities of

food. Both words are in the nominative case in German, and of is not

needed.

a glass of water - ein Glas Wasser

a piece of cake - ein Stück Kuchen

a slice of pizza - ein Stück Pizza

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46. Commands Gehen-to go

du form conjugated form, minus -(s)t Geh!

ihr form conjugated form Geht!

wir form conjugated form with wir following Gehen wir!

Sie form conjugated form with Sie following Gehen Sie!

Note: Verbs that take an umlaut in conjugations leave it off in commands.

Verbs that change their stem vowel from e to i use the changed stem in the

du form. All commands require an exclamation point. The wir forms

translate as Let's + verb in English.

Imperative of Sein

du form Sei!

ihr form Seid!

Sie form Seien Sie!

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47. Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect an independent and

dependent clause together, and they do affect word order. An independent

(or main) clause contains a subject and verb and can stand alone as its own

sentence. A dependent (or subordinate) clause also contains a subject and

verb, but is introduced with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand

alone as its own sentence.

There are also other conjunctions (called coordinating) that do not affect

word order. The easiest way to tell the two types of conjunctions apart is

to memorize the coordinating ones. Und, aber, denn - for/because,

sondern - but (on the contrary) and oder are the coordinating

conjunctions. The rest of the conjunctions act as subordinating, and

interrogative words can also act as subordinating conjunctions. Some

examples are als-when, bevor-before, bis-until, damit-so that, dass-that,

wenn-if/when, ob-whether, obwohl-although, nachdem-after, da-since,

während-while, weil-because, and wie-how.

1. In clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions, the conjugated

verb is forced to the end of the clause (not sentence) and a comma is

placed before the conjunction.

Ich bleibe zu Hause. Ich bin krank. I'm staying home. I am sick.

Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin. I'm staying home because I am

sick.

(weil is the subordinating conjunction, and bin must go to the end.)

Sie kommt nach zu dir. Sie hat gegessen. She's coming to your place.

She has eaten.

Sie kommt nach zu dir, nachdem sie gegessen hat. She's coming to your

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place after she has eaten.

(nachdem is the sub. conjunction, and hat must go to the end.)

However, when a double infinitive construction is involved, the

conjugated verb form precedes the two infinitives. (The double infinitive

always goes to the end of the clause or sentence.)

Ich weiß nicht, ob er hat mitkommen wollen. I don't know if he wanted to

come along.

2. When a sentence begins with a subordinating conjunction, the main

clause begins with the conjugated verb in keeping with the normal word

order of German that states verbs are always in the second position. The

subordinate clause becomes the first position, so the verb of the main

clause must occupy the second position.

Hans telefoniert mit Ihnen, während Sie in Berlin sind. Hans will call you

while you're in Berlin.

Während Sie in Berlin sind, telefoniert Hans mit Ihnen. While you are in

Berlin, Hans will call you.

(während is a subordinating conjunction, and the subordinating clause

occupies the first position of the sentence, so the second position must be

occupied by the verb of the main clause, telefoniert.)

3. If there is a separable prefix verb in a dependent clause, the prefix

remains attached to the verb, and the entire verb goes to the end of the

clause, whereas normally the prefix would go to the end.

Er ist immer müde, wenn er früh aufsteht. He is always tired when he

gets up early.

4. When there are two verbs in a dependent clause (such as a modal and

an infinitive), the modal goes last, following the infinitive.

99

Er ist müde, wenn er früh aufstehen muss. He is tired when he must get

up early.

100

48. Holiday Phrases Frohe Weihnachten! Merry Christmas!

Frohe Ostern! Happy Easter!

Glückliches Neues Jahr! Happy New Year!

Herzlichen Glückwunsch zum Geburtstag!

Alles Gute zum Geburtstag! Happy Birthday!

das Silvester New Year's Eve

das Neujahr New Year's Day

der Valentinstag Valentine's Day

der Fasching (S. Germany) / der Karneval

(Rhineland) Mardi Gras

das Ostern Easter

das Weihnachten Christmas

der Geburtstag birthday

die Hochzeit wedding

101

49. Helfen, lassen and the senses

Helfen, lassen and verbs indicating the senses (such as sehen and hören)

function like modal auxiliaries. Like the modals, these verbs require a

double infinitive construction when forming the present perfect tense if

there is a dependent infinitive involved. After verbs of this type, English

often uses a present participle, but German uses a dependent infinitive.

Ich sehe ihn kommen. I see him coming.

Ich habe ihn kommen hören. I heard him coming.

Lassen can have different meanings depending on how it is used in the

sentence. Usually, lassen means to let or allow, as in Laß den Jungen

spielen! Let the boy play! (Notice that lassen takes an accusative object)

But it can also mean to have something done or to have someone do

something.

Wir lassen uns ein Haus bauen. We're having a house built./We're

building a house.

Ich lasse meinen Sohn die Post abholen. I'm having my son pick up the

mail.

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50. Places street die Straße (n) strass-uh

bank die Bank (en) bahnk

hotel das Hotel (s) hoh-tel

restaurant das Restaurant (s) res-toh-rahn

theater das Theater (-) tay-ah-ter

store das Geschäft / der Laden (ä) lah-den

museum das Museum (Museen) moo-zay-um

church die Kirche (n) keer-kuh

square der Platz (ä, e) plahtz

monument das Denkmal (ä, er) denk-mall

building das Gebäude (-) guh-boy-duh

house das Haus (ä, er) house

grocery

store das Lebensmittel-

geschäft (e)

lay-buns-mit-

tel-geh-sheft

library die Bibliothek (en) beeb-lee-oh-tek

hospital das Krankenhaus (ä, er) krahnk-en-house

stadium das Stadion (Stadien) shtah-dee-on

movie

theater das Kino (s) kee-noh

hardware

store das Eisenwaren-

geschäft (e)

ise-en-war-en-

geh-sheft

stationery

store das Schreibwaren-

geschäft (e)

shribe-var-en-

geh-scheft

pharmacy die Apotheke (n) ah-poh-tek-uh

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drugstore die Drogerie (n) droh-ger-ee

factory die Fabrik (en) fah-breek

butcher

shop die Metzgerei (en) mets-geh-rie

dry

cleaner's die Reinigung (en) rien-ee-gunk

bookstore der Buchladen (ä) booch-lah-den

airport der Flughafen (ä) flook-hahf-en

garage die Garage (n) gah-rah-zhuh

town hall das Rathaus (ä) raht-house

castle das Schloss (ö, er) shlohss

school die Schule (n) shoo-luh

city die Stadt (ä, e) shtaht

bar die Kneipe (n) knigh-puh

cathedral der Dom (e) dome

village das Dorf (ö, er) dorf

cemetery der Friedhof (ö, e) freed-hoff

backery die Bäckerei (en) beck-er-ie

shoe store das Schuh-

geschäft (e) shoo-geh-sheft

In Austria and Southern Germany, die Buchhandlung is used for

bookstore.

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51. Transportation bus der Bus (se) boos

trolleybus der Obus oh-boos

subway die U-Bahn oo-bahn

train der Zug (ü, e) tsook

airplane das Flugzeug (e) flook-tsoyk

ship das Schiff (e) shiff

boat das Boot (e) boat

motorcycle das Motorrad (ä, er) moh-toh-raht

automobile das Auto (s) ow-toh

streetcar die Straßenbahn (en) shtrass-en-bahn

moped das Moped (s) mo-ped

bike das Fahrrad (ä, er) fah-raht

car der Wagen (-) vah-gen

on foot zu Fuss foos

Die U-Bahn is short for die Untergrundbahn and der Obus is short for der

Oberleitungsbus. To say by bus, train, etc., use mit dem + the noun for

masculine and neuter nouns; and mit der + the noun for feminine nouns.

105

52. Simple Past / Imperfect Tense

In English, this tense corresponds to I did, you saw, he cried, etc. and is

used less often in spoken German than the present perfect tense. It is used

more often in writing to tell a sequence of past events. Nevertheless, even

in conversational German, sein, haben, werden, wissen and the modal

verbs are preferred in the simple past tense than in the present perfect

tense. In addition, the simple past tense is commonly used in clauses that

begin with als (when).

All regular verbs add these endings to their original stems:

-te -ten

-test -tet

-te -ten

Verb stems ending in -d or -t, add an -e before all endings for ease of

pronunciation.

Simple Past of sein, haben & werden

sein haben werden

ich war hatte wurde

du warst hattest wurdest

er, sie, es war hatte wurde

wir waren hatten wurden

ihr wart hattet wurdet

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sie waren hatten wurden

For the modal verbs, drop the umlaut found in the infinitive before adding

the endings. Mögen changes the g to ch as well.

Simple Past of Modals

können müssen dürfen sollen wollen mögen

ich konnte mußte durfte sollte wollte mochte

du konntest mußtest durftest solltest wolltest mochtest

er, sie, es konnte mußte durfte sollte wollte mochte

wir konnten mußten durften sollten wollten mochten

ihr konntet mußtet durftet solltet wolltet mochtet

sie konnten mußten durften sollten wollten mochten

The following verbs are called mixed verbs because although they have an

irregular stem, they still use the imperfect endings for regular verbs.

These are the same stems that are used in the present perfect tense as well.

Simple Past of Mixed Verbs

wissen bringen denken kennen brennen nennen rennen wenden

ich wußte brachte dachte kannte brannte nannte rannte wandte

du wußtest brachtest dachtest kanntest branntest nanntest ranntest wandtest

er, sie, es wußte brachte dachte kannte brannte nannte rannte wandte

wir wußten brachten dachten kannten brannten nannten rannten wandten

ihr wußtet brachtet dachtet kanntet branntet nanntet ranntet wandtet

sie wußten brachten dachten kannten brannten nannten rannten wandten

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108

53. Irregular Stems in Simple Past / Imperfect Tense

Irregular verbs have a different stem for the past tense and add different

endings than those of the regular verbs. You will have to memorize these

stems, as they can be unpredictable (and unlike the past participles).

Remember the simple past forms given below are just the stems; you must

add different endings depending on the subject.

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation

anfangen fing ... an angefangen begin

aufstehen stand ... auf aufgestanden get up

befehlen befahl befohlen order, command

beginnen begann begonnen begin

beissen biss gebissen bite

begreifen begriff begriffen comprehend

bekommen bekam bekommen get, receive

bewerben bewarb beworben apply

binden band gebunden tie

biegen bog gebogen turn, bend

bieten bot geboten offer

bitten bat gebeten ask

blasen blies geblasen blow

bleiben blieb ist geblieben remain

brechen brach gebrochen break

einladen lud ... ein eingeladen invite

entscheiden entschied entschieden decide

empfehlen empfahl empfohlen recommend

erscheinen erschien ist erschienen appear

109

ertrinken ertrank ist ertrunken drown

essen aß gegessen eat

fahren fuhr ist gefahren drive, go, travel

fallen fiel ist gefallen fall

fangen fing gefangen catch

finden fand gefunden find

fliegen flog ist geflogen fly

fressen fraß gefressen eat (of animals)

frieren fror gefroren freeze

geben gab gegeben give

gebören gebar ist geboren be born

gehen ging ist gegangen go

gelingen gelang ist gelungen succeed

geschehen geschah ist geschehen happen

gewinnen gewann gewonnen win

gießen goss gegossen pour, water

greifen griff gegriffen reach

halten hielt gehalten hold

hngen hing gehangen hang, suspend

heben hob gehoben lift

heißen hieß geheißen be called

helfen half geholfen help

klingen klang geklungen sound

kommen kam ist gekommen come

kriechen kroch ist gekrochen creep

lassen liess gelassen let, allow

laufen lief ist gelaufen run

leiden litt gelitten suffer

leihen lieh geliehen lend

110

lesen las gelesen read

liegen lag gelegen recline

lügen log gelogen lie, fib

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation

nehmen nahm genommen take

pfeifen pfiff gepfiffen whistle

raten riet geraten advise

reissen riss gerissen tear

reiten ritt ist geritten ride (horseback)

riechen roch gerochen smell

rufen rief gerufen call

scheinen schien geschienen shine

schieben schob geschoben push

schiessen schoss geschossen shoot

schlafen schlief geschlafen sleep

schlagen schlug geschlagen hit

schließen schloss geschlossen shut

schneiden schnitt geschnitten cut

schreiben schrieb geschrieben write

schreien schrie geschrieen cry

schweigen schwieg geschwiegen be silent

schwimmen schwamm ist geschwommen swim

schwingen schwang geschwungen swing

sehen sah gesehen see

sein war ist gewesen be

singen sang gesungen sing

sinken sank ist gesunken sink

sitzen saß gesessen sit

111

spinnen span gesponnen spin

sprechen sprach gesprochen speak

springen sprang ist gesprungen jump

stehen stand gestanden stand

stehlen stahl gestohlen steal

steigen stieg ist gestiegen climb

sterben starb ist gestorben die

streiten stritt gestritten quarrel

tragen trug getragen wear

treffen traf getroffen meet

treiben trieb getrieben play sports

treten trat ist getreten step

trinken trank getrunken drink

tun tat getan do

verbieten verbot verboten forbid

vergessen vergaß vergessen forget

vergleichen verglich verglichen compare

verlassen verliess verlassen leave

verlieren verlor verloren lose

versprechen versprach versprochen promise

verstehen verstand verstanden understand

verzeihen verzieh verziehen forgive

vorschlagen schlug ... vor vorgeschlagen suggest

wachsen wuchs ist gewachsen grow

waschen wusch gewaschen wash

werfen warf geworfen throw

ziehen zog gezogen pull

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Irregular Endings

- -en

-st -t

- -en

There are no endings for the 1st and 3rd person singular. If the verb stem

ends in an s sound (such as aß-), the du form ending becomes -est (du

aßest.) If the verb stem ends in -t or -d, the ihr form ending becomes -et

while the du form ending sometimes becomes -est. Most verb stems do

add -est in the du form, but some do not. For example, finden is

conjugated without the -e- (du fandst) while sich befinden is conjugated

with the -e- (du befandest dich.) Similarly, stehen is conjugated without

the -e- (du standst) while verstehen is conjugated with the -e- (du

verstandest.) The other main verbs that are conjugated without the -e- are

braten (brietst; to roast), erfinden (erfandst, to invent), laden (ludst, to

invite), leiden (littst, to suffer), and schneiden (schnittst, to cut).

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54. House and Furniture window das Fenster (-) ground floor das Erdgeschoss

curtain der Vorhang (ä, e) 1st

floor/storey der erste Stock

clock die Uhr (en) floor/ground der Boden (ö)

bookcase das Bücherregal (e) roof das Dach (ä, er)

lamp die Lampe (n) shower die Dusche (n)

table der Tisch (e) bathtub die Badewanne (n)

sofa das Sofa (s) stairs/steps die Treppen

chair der Stuhl (ü, e) stove der Herd (e)

armchair der Sessel (-) oven der Backofen (ö)

mirror der Spiegel (-) refrigerator der Kühlschrank (e)

towel das Handtuch (ü, er) dishwasher die Geschirrspülmaschine

(n)

toilet die Toilette (n) faucet der Wasserhahn (ä, e)

wastebasket der Papierkorb (ö, e) pot, pan der Topf (ö, e)

bathroom sink das Waschbecken (-) drawer die Schublade (n)

(clothes) closet der (Kleider)schrank

(ä, e) silverware das Besteck

picture das Bild (er) dishes das Geschirr

nightstand der Nachttisch (e) kitchen sink das Spülbecken (-)

vase die Vase (n) desk der Schreibtisch (e)

dresser die Kommode (n) alarm clock der Wecker (-)

bed das Bett (en) shelf das Regal (e)

rug der Teppich (e) television der Fernseher (-)

room das Zimmer (-) telephone das Telefon (e)

bathroom das Badezimmer (-) VCR der Videorekorder (-)

bedroom das Schlafzimmer (-) CD Player der CD-Spieler (-)

114

living room das Wohnzimmer (-) computer der Computer (-)

kitchen die Küche (n) radio das Radio (s)

hallway/corridor der Flur (e) pillow das Kopfkissen (-)

balcony der Balkon (e) cupboard der Schrank (ä, e)

furniture die Möbel blanket,

ceiling die Decke (n)

wall die Wand (ä, e) door die Tür (en)

lawn der Rasen garden, yard der Garten (ä)

Remember that in Europe, buildings always start with the ground floor,

and then the next floor up is the first floor. Many Americans would refer

to these floors as the first floor and second floor, respectively, and not

even use ground floor.

115

55. Location vs. Direction

Location: the prepositions in, an, auf and bei (followed by the dative

case) are used with fixed locations, while aus and von (also followed by

the dative case) are used to signify origin.

in enclosed spaces

Ich bin in der

Kirche.

Wir sind in der

Schule.

I'm at church.

We are at school.

an denotes border or

limiting area

Er ist am See.

Das Bild ist an der

Wand.

He is at the lake.

The picture is on the

wall.

auf on surfaces, or at public

buildings

Es ist auf dem

Tisch.

Sie sind auf der

Bank.

It's on the table.

They are at the bank.

bei

before name of place or

business

where someone lives or

works

Ich arbeite bei

McDonald's.

Ich wohne bei

meiner Tante.

I work at

McDonald's.

I live at my Aunt's

(house).

aus

comes from enclosed or

defined space,

such as country, town

or building

Sie kommt aus dem

Zimmer.

Ich komme aus den

USA.

She comes from the

bedroom.

I come from the

USA.

von

comes from open space,

particular direction or

person

Das Auto kommt

von rechts.

Ich weiß es von ihm.

The car comes from

the right.

I know it from him.

116

Direction: the prepositions in and auf (followed by the accusative case)

or zu and nach (followed by the dative case) are used.

in

building or enclosed

space; countries

and cities that have

definite articles*

Ich gehe in die

Kirche.

Ich fliege in die

USA.

I'm going to church.

I'm flying to the

USA.

auf open spaces or public

buildings

Er geht auf den

Markt.

He's going to the

market.

zu

specifically named

buildings or places,

and people

Sie geht zum

Strand.

Sie gehen zu

McDonald's.

Ich gehe zur Bank.

She's going to the

beach.

They're going to

McDonald's

I'm going to the

bank.

nach countries and cities that

have no articles

Ich fliege nach

Österreich.

Ich fliege nach

Paris.

I'm flying to

Austria.

I'm flying to Paris.

Only a few countries include the articles, such as der Iran (m.), die

Niederlande (pl.), die Schweiz (f.), die Türkei (f.), and die USA (pl.),

because they are not neuter.

Remember the two idioms with Haus: zu Hause is a location and means

at home, while nach Hause is a direction and means (to) home.

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56. Clothing

jacket die Jacke (n) ring der Ring (e)

dress das Kleid (er) necklace die Halskette (n)

blouse die Bluse (n) bracelet das Armband (ä, er)

shirt das Hemd (en) earring der Ohrring (e)

T-shirt das T-Shirt (s) glove der Handschuh (e)

skirt der Rock (ö, e) jeans die Jeans

sweater der Pullover (-) watch die Armbanduhr (en)

pullover der Pulli (s) glasses die Brille

tie die Krawatte (n) man's suit der Anzug (ü, e)

sock die Socke (n) woman's suit das Kostüm (e)

shoe der Schuh (e) sports jacket das Sakko (s)

boot der Stiefel (-) bag, pocket die Tasche (n)

sandal die Sandale (n) underwear die Unterwäsche

purse die Handtasche (n) pants die Hose (n)

belt der Gürtel (-) raincoat der Regenmantel (ä)

scarf der Schal (s) coat der Mantel (ä)

swimsuit der Badeanzug (ü, e) hat der Hut (ü, e)

A few words to describe patterns are: kariert - plaid, gepunktet - polka-

dotted, gestreift - striped, geblümt - flowered, gemustert - patterned.

118

A few verbs that require dative objects can be used with clothing: gefallen

- to like, passen - to fit, stehen - to look (good/bad)

Gefällt dir dieses Hemd? Do you like this shirt?

Die Farbe steht mir nicht. The color doesn't look good on me.

Größe 48 paßt ihr bestimmt. Size 48 fits her well.

119

57. Future Tense

The future tense is simple to form in German. Just use the present tense

forms of werden and put the infinitive to the end of the sentence.

However, German usually relies on the present tense to indicate the future

(implied future) and uses time expressions, such as tonight, tomorrow, etc.

so the actual future tense is not quite as common in German as it is in

English. Wir gehen morgen nach Deutschland is translated as We are

going to Germany tomorrow, and implies a future action, yet it uses the

present tense, in both German and English. To express present or future

probability, use wohl (probably) with the future tense.

Werden

werde werden

wirst werdet

wird werden

I will fly to Germany. Ich werde nach Deutschland fliegen.

You will help me! Du wirst mir helfen!

We will learn Latin. Wir werden Latein lernen.

My friend should be home now. Mein Freund wird jetzt wohl zu Hause

sein. (Expresses probability)

120

121

58. Asking Questions

1. Simply add a question mark

2. Invert the verb and subject

3. Use a question word + verb + subject

4. Add nicht wahr? to the end of the statement

122

59. Declensions of Adjectives

There are three types of declensions for adjectives: adjectives used with

der words, adjectives used with ein words, and independent adjectives.

Predicate adjectives (Das brot ist frisch. The bread is fresh.) are not

declined and usually follow a form of sein.

Adjectives used after der words (Weak Endings)

Masc. Fem. Neu. Plural

Nom. der gute Wein die gute Milch das gute Brot die guten Freunde

Acc. den guten Wein die gute Milch das gute Brot die guten Freunde

Dat. dem guten

Wein

der guten

Milch

dem guten

Brot

den guten

Freunden

Gen. des guten

Weines

der guten

Milch

des guten

Brotes der guten Freunde

Adjectives used after ein words (Weak Endings)

Masc. Fem. Neu. Plural

Nom. kein guter

Wein

keine

gute Milch kein gutes Brot

keine guten

Freunde

Acc. keinen guten

Wein

keine gute

Milch kein gutes Brot

keine guten

Freunde

Dat. keinem guten

Wein

keiner guten

Milch

keinem guten

Brot

keinen guten

Freunden

Gen. keines guten

Weines

keiner guten

Milch

keines guten

Brotes

keiner guten

Freunde

123

The only difference between the adjectives used after der words and the

adjectives used after ein words are the masculine and neuter nominative,

and neuter accusative. The rest of the endings are the same. These types

of attributive adjectives are the weak endings. The strong endings (below)

are used on adjectives that have no preceding article. They are the same

as the endings for the der words (with the exception of the masculine and

neuter genitive.)

Independent Adjectives (Strong Endings)

Masc. Fem. Neu. Plural

Nom. guter Wein gute Milch gutes Brot gute Freunde

Acc. guten Wein gute Milch gutes Brot gute Freunde

Dat. gutem Wein guter Milch gutem Brot guten Freunden

Gen. guten Weines guter Milch guten Brotes guter Freunde

Viele (many), wenige (few), andere (other), einige (some), and mehrere

(several) are all plural expressions that do not act as limiting words.

Adjectives that follow them take strong endings. In the singular,

mancher (many a) and solcher (such) also use strong endings (when

used with another adjective in the singular, they turn into manch ein and

so ein), but in the plural they function as normal limiting words.

124

60. Adjectives

short kurz high, tall hoch light hell

long lang wide breit dark dunkel

loud laut fat, thick dick terrible furchtbar

quiet ruhig thin dünn sweet süß

cute niedlich narrow eng in love verliebt

perfect perfekt weak schwach serious ernsthaft

sad traurig strong stark clean sauber

happy glücklich deep tief dirty schmutzig

dear lieb lazy faul shy schüchtern

famous berühmt cheap billig nervous nervös

different unterschiedli

ch dumb dumm

comfortab

le bequem

easy leicht early früh worried besorgt

difficult schwierig near nah right richtig

pretty hübsch nice nett wrong falsch

ugly häßlich inexpensi

ve preiswer

t jealous eifersüchtig

small klein expensive teuer drunk betrunken

large groß crazy verrückt popular beliebt

125

good gut far weit excellent ausgezeich

net

bad schlecht beautiful schön valuable wertvoll

new neu curious neugieri

g alone allein

tired müde old alt important wichtig

angry wütend young jung busy beschäftigt

annoyin

g ärgerlich

interestin

g interessa

nt sick krank

wonderf

ul wunderbar fantastic

fantastis

ch ready fertig

126

61. Comparative and Superlative

For comparisons of equality, use the construction so + adjective or adverb

+ wie to mean as + adjective or adverb + as. You can also add nicht in

front of the so for a comparison of inequality.

Die Küche ist so gross wie das Wohnzimmer. The kitchen is as big as the

living room.

Eine Waschmaschine ist nicht so schwer wie ein Kühlschrank. A

washing machine is not as heavy as a refrigerator.

Comparative

1. For comparisons of superiority and inferiority, add -er to the adjective

or adverb, followed by als (than). German always uses the -er ending,

although English sometimes uses the word more before the adjective

instead of the ending.

Ein radio is billiger als ein Fernseher. A radio is cheaper than a TV.

Jens läuft schneller als Ernst. Jens runs faster than Ernst.

Lydia ist intelligenter als ihr Bruder. Lydia is more intelligent than her

brother.

2. Adjectives that end in -el, -en or -er, drop the -e in the comparative

form. Teuer becomes teurer instead of teuerer, and dunkel becomes

dunkler instead of dunkeler. Some one-syllable adjectives and adverbs

whose stem vowel is a, o, or u add an umlaut in the comparative, such as

alt, arm, dumm, grob, groß, hart, jung, kalt, klug, krank, kurz, lang,

oft, scharf, schwach, stark, warm. Adjectives that never add an umlaut

are flach, froh, klar, rasch, roh, schlank, stolz, toll, voll and zart.

127

Superlative

1. To form the superlative, add -(e)st to the adjective. The ending -est is

used when the word ends in -d, -t, or an s sound. The adjectives that end

in -el, -en, or -er retain the -s in the superlative form. The same adjectives

that took an umlaut in the comparative take an umlaut in the superlative as

well.

2. The superlative also has an alternative form: am + adjective or adverb

+ sten. When the adjective or adverb ends in a d, t or s sound, an e is

inserted between the stem and ending (am grössten is an exception.) This

is the only form of the superlative of adverbs, but either forms of the

superlative can be used for adjectives.

Hans is am jüngsten. Hans is the youngest.

Sie ist am intelligentesten. She is the most intelligent.

Irregular Forms

Adj. / Adv. Comparative Superlative

gern lieber am liebsten

gut besser am besten

hoch höher am höchsten

nah näher am nächsten

viel mehr am meisten

Common forms of the comparative

Je mehr, desto besser. The more, the better.

Je mehr Geld er hat, desto glücklicher ist er. The more money he has, the

happier he is.

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Die preise werden immer höher. The prices are getting higher and higher.

Julia wird immer hübscher. Julia is getting prettier and prettier.

Keep in mind that the comparative and superlative forms take normal

adjective endings when they precede a noun. And the adjective form of

the superlative must always take an adjective ending because it is

preceded by the definite article.

Haben Sie billigere Anzüge? Do you have less expensive suits?

Diese Anzüge sind die billigsten. These suits are the least expensive.

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62. Sports & Hobbies to do sports Sport treiben hang-gliding Drachen fliegen

golf Golf spielen windsurfing Windsurfing gehen

soccer Fußball

spielen water-skiing Wasserski fahren

volleyball Volleyball

spielen fishing angeln

football Football

spielen aerobics Aerobic machen

basketball Basketball

spielen bungee-jumping

Bungee-jumping

gehen

baseball Baseball

spielen gymnastics turnen

hockey Eishockey

spielen mountaineering bergsteigen gehen

tennis Tennis

spielen climbing klettern

table tennis Tischtennis

spielen judo Judo machen

bowling kegeln weight training Body-building

machen

sailing segeln wrestling ringen

horseback riding reiten diving tauchen

boxing boxen to tinker, build

things basteln

roller-skating Rollschuh to listen to Musik hören

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laufen music

ice-skating Schlittschuh

laufen to play cards Karten spielen

skiing Ski fahren to collect

coins/stamps Münzen/Briefmarken

sammeln

bicycling Radfahren to play video

games Videospiele spielen

swimming Schwimmen

gehen photography fotografieren

jogging joggen to do ceramics töpfern

hiking wandern to draw zeichnen

camping Camping

gehen to play chess Schach spielen

gardening im Garten

arbeiten to knit stricken

go out with

friends

mit

Freunden

ausgehen

to watch TV fernsehen

to lie around, be

lazy faulenzen

go to the

movies ins Kino gehen

A lot of sports/hobbies exist as nouns and as verbs, so just as in English,

you can say either I like to fish or I like to go fishing. If it's capitalized, it's

a noun and if it's not capitalized, it's a verb.

kegeln - to bowl

das Kegeln - bowling

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132

63. Nature

barn die Scheune (n) stream der Bach (ä, e)

bridge die Brücke (n) sky der Himmel

hill der Hügel (-) island der Insel (n)

mountain der Berg (e) air die Luft

beach der Strand (ä, e) meadow die Wiese (n)

lake der See (n) desert die Wüste (n)

river die Fluss (ü, e) pond der Teich (e)

street die Straße (n) grass das Gras

farm der Bauernhof (ö, e) leaf das Blatt (ä, er)

field das Feld (er) flower die Blume (n)

forest der Wald (ä, er) ocean der Ozean (e)

plant die Pflanze (n) tree der Baum (ä, e)

city die Stadt (ä, e) country das Land (ä, er)

sea die See / das Meer (e) valley das Tal (ä, er)

bay die Bucht (en) coast die Küste (n)

mountain

range das Gebirge jungle der Dschungel (-)

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64. Object Pronouns Subject (Nom.) Direct Objects (Acc.) Indirect Objects (Dat.)

ich I mich me mir (to) me

du you (fam.) dich you dir (to) you

er he ihn him ihm (to) him

sie she sie her ihr (to) her

es it es it ihm (to) it

wir we uns us uns (to) us

ihr you (pl.) euch you euch (to) you

sie they sie them ihnen (to) them

Sie you (pol.) Sie you Ihnen (to) you

Note about word order: If there are two nouns in a sentence, one

accusative and one dative, then the dative noun will be first. However, if

there are two pronouns, one accusative and one dative, then the accusative

pronoun will be first. In sentences with one noun and one pronoun

(regardless of which is accusative or dative), the pronoun will be first.

Some verbs always take indirect objects, even if they take direct objects in

English. For verbs that can take two objects, the direct object will usually

be a thing, and the indirect object will usually refer to a person.

antworten to answer (a

person)

The following four need an object as a

subject:

schenken to give schaden to be harmful to

bringen to bring schmecken to taste good to

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danken to thank stehen to suit

zuhören to listen to passen to fit

gehören to belong to The following two need the subject and

object

inverted from the original English

construction:

glauben to believe

helfen to help

gratulieren to congratulate fehlen to be missing to

begegnen to meet gefallen to be pleasing to

vertrauen to trust

empfehlen to recommend

geben to give

kaufen to buy

leihen to lend, borrow

sagen to tell, say

schicken to give as a gift

schreiben to write

wünschen to wish

zeigen to show

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65. Parts of the Body body der Körper (-) chin das Kinn (e)

arm der Arm (e) knee das Knie (-)

eye das Auge (n) bone der Knochen (-)

cheek die Backe (n) head der Kopf (ö, e)

belly der Bauch (ä, e) lip die Lippe (n)

leg das Bein (e) stomach der Magen (ä)

chest die Brust (ü, e) nail der Nagel (ä)

finger der Finger mouth der Mund (ü, er)

foot der Fuss (ü, e) nose die Nase (n)

ankle das Fussgelenk (e) ear das Ohr (en)

brain das Gehirn back der Rücken (-)

hair das Haar (e) shoulder die Schulter (n)

neck der Hals (ä, e) forehead die Stirn (en)

hand die Hand (ä, e) tooth der Zahn (ä, e)

wrist das Handgelenk (e) toe die Zehe (n)

skin die Haut (ä, e) tongue die Zunge (n)

heart das Herz (en) face das Gesicht (er)

jaw der Kiefer (-) cheek die Wange (n)

Ich fühle mich nicht wohl. I don't feel well.

Mir ist schlecht. I feel sick.

Mir ist kalt/warm. I'm cold/hot.

Was fehlt dir? What's the matter?

Der Hals tut mir weh. My throat hurts.

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The separable verb wehtun is used to say that something hurts. Remember

when the noun is plural, the verb needs to be plural as well and that parts

of the body do not use possessive articles.

Die Füße tun ihm weh. His feet hurt. (The feet are hurting to him.)

Other health expressions:

Ich habe

Kopfschmerzen. I have a headache.

Ich habe

Halsschmerzen. I have a sore throat.

Ich habe

Rückenschmerzen. I have a backache.

Ich habe

Bauchschmerzen. I have a stomachache.

Ich habe eine

Erkältung. I have a cold.

Ich habe Fieber. I have a fever.

Ich habe die Grippe. I have the flu.

Ich habe Husten. I have a cough.

Ich habe Schnupfen. I have a head cold.

Ich habe zu viel

gegessen. I ate too much.

Gute Besserung! Get well soon!

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66. Relative Pronouns

Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns - words that correspond to

who, whom, that and which in English. These may be omitted in English,

but must be included in German. A comma always precedes the relative

pronoun, which is put into the correct gender depending on the noun it

refers to, and the correct case depending on its function in the clause. (In

the following example, the relative pronoun is in the masculine accusative

case because Mantel is masculine, and is a direct object of the verb "to

buy", therefore, it is accusative.) The conjugated verb goes to the end of

the sentence as well.

That's the coat (that) I bought yesterday.

Das is der Mantel, den ich gestern gekauft habe.

Relative pronouns have the same gender and number as the nouns they

refer to, and the forms closely resemble those of the definite articles:

Masc. Fem. Neu. Plural

Nom. der die das die

Acc. den die das die

Dat. dem der dem denen

Gen. dessen deren dessen deren

Examples

Nominative Der Fluss, der durch Wien fliesst, heißt Donau.

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The river, that through Vienna flows, is called the Danube.

The river that flows through Vienna is called the Danube.

Accusative

Der Hund, den ich letzte Woche gesehen habe, war

Julias.

The dog, that I last week seen have, was Julia's.

The dog that I saw last week was Julia's.

Dative

Mein Vater ist der einzige Mensch, dem ich nichts davon

erzählt habe.

My father is the only person, to whom I nothing about it told

have.

My father is the only person (to) whom I have told nothing

about it.

When a relative pronoun follows a preposition, the preposition determines

the case, while the gender and number are determined by the noun. The

preposition and pronoun always stay together as one unit as well.

Wer war die Frau, mit der ich dich gesehen habe? Who was the woman, with whom I you seen have?

Who was the woman (whom) I saw you with?

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67. Da and Wo Compounds

Personal pronouns are used after prepositions when referring to people.

However, when you need to refer to a thing, a compound using da- (or

dar- if the preposition begins with a vowel) plus the preposition is used.

auf dem Tisch (on the table) becomes darauf (on it)

in der Tasche (in the pocket) becomes darin (in it)

vor der Schule (in front of the school) becomes davor (in front of it)

hinter den Häusern (behind the houses) becomes dahinter (behind them)

zwischen dem Haus und der Schule (between the house and the school)

becomes dazwischen (between them)

Da(r) Compounds

daraus out of

it/them dagegen

against

it/them darüber over it/them

damit with

it/them darin

in

it/them darunter

underneath

it/them

davon from

it/them daran

in

it/them daneben

next to

it/them

dazu to

it/them darauf

on top of

it/them dazwischen

between

it/them

dadurch through dahinter behind dabei on me/you

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it/them it/them

dafür for

it/them davor

in front

of

it/them

darum that's why

Dahin is commonly used with verbs of motion to show location,

regardless of the preposition used. The English translation is usually there.

Dahin can be shortened to hin in everyday speech, and sometimes da is

placed at the beginning of the sentence and hin is placed at the end.

Ich muß heute zur Bank. I have to go to the bank.

Ich muß auch dahin. I have to go there too.

Note: Dabei and darum are idioms. Hast du Geld dabei? Do you have

any money on you? Darum hast du kein Glück. That's why you have

no luck.

Not all prepositions + pronouns can be replaced by the da(r) compounds.

Ohne, ausser, and seit can never form a da(r) compound, and here are

others that cannot:

ohnedies without it stattdessen instead

bis dahin until then trotzdem nevertheless

ausserdem besides währenddessen in the meanwhile

seit dem since deswegen for that reason

There are also corresponding questions word that use wo(r)- as the prefix.

Wo(r) can be substituted in all of the above da(r) compounds. When

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asking about people, use a preposition and wen/wem, and use a

preposition and the corresponding personal pronoun to answer.

Worüber sprechen Sie? Ich spreche darüber.

What are you talking about? I'm talking about it.

Woran denkst du? Ich denke daran.

What are you thinking about? I'm thinking about it.

Mit wem gehst du ins Theater? Mit ihr!

Who are you going to the Theater with? With her!

Wo compounds can also be used as shortcuts for the relative pronouns

because you do not need to the know the gender or case to form the

relative pronoun. This shortcut can only be used with things and not

people.

Die Uhr, mit der er reist, hat viel gekostet. = Die Uhr, womit er reist, hat

viel gekostet.

The watch, with which he travels, cost a lot.

Die Stadt, in der wir wohnen, hat ein großes Konzerthaus. = Die Stadt,

worin wir wohnen, hat ein großes Konzerthaus.

The city, in which we live, has a large concert hall.

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68. Animals animal das Tier (e) bull der Stier (e)

bear der Bär (en) wolf der Wolf (ö, e)

squirrel das Eichhörnchen (-) worm der Wurm (ü, er)

fox der Fuchs (ü, e) bird der Vogel (ö)

hare die Hase (n) rooster der Hahn (ä, e)

dog der Hund (e) hen die Henne (n)

calf das Kalb (ä, er) eagle der Adler (-)

rabbit das Kaninchen (-) chick das Küken (-)

cat die Katze (n) ant die Ameise (n)

kitten das Kätzchen (-) bee die Biene (n)

cow die Kuh (ü, e) fly die Fliege (n)

lion der Löwe (n) grasshopper die Heuschrecke (n)

mouse die Maus (ä, e) moth die Motte(n)

horse das Pferd (e) mosquito die Mücke (n)

rat die Ratte (n) butterfly der Schmetterling (e)

turtle die Schildkröte (n) spider die Spinne (n)

snake die Schlange (n) chicken das Huhn

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69. Likes and Dislikes

Use the words gern, nicht gern, lieber, and am liebsten after a verb to

express preferences.

Ich spiele gern Fussball. I like to play soccer.

Ich spiele lieber Hockey I prefer to play hockey.

Ich spiele am liebsten Tennis. I like to play tennis most of all.

Ich spiele nicht gern Basketball. I don't like to play Basketball.

Or just use haben with any of the four phrases for general likes/dislikes.

Ich habe Fussball gern. I like soccer.

Ich habe Julia am liebsten. I like Julia most of all.

Ich habe das Restaurant nicht gern. I don't like the restaurant.

Gefallen is another verb used for expressing likes. It literally means to

please. To use it correctly, you must switch the object in English with the

subject in German. Das Zimmer is the object in English, but it becomes

the subject in German. And the object in German (mir) would become the

subject in English (I). It is always in the dative case in German.

German sentence Literally Translated

Das Zimmer gefällt mir. The room pleases me. I like the room.

You could always just use the verb mögen to express likes and dislikes,

but another common way of saying that you like (doing) something is

macht spaß.

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Was macht dir spaß? What do you like (to do)?

Fußball macht mir spaß. I like soccer.

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70. Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense or Pluperfect corresponds to the English had + past

participle and refers to something that had already happened when

something else happened. It consists of the imperfect of haben or sein and

a past participle and is comparable to the present perfect tense.

Present perfect: Ich habe in Wiesbaden gewohnt. I (have) lived in

Wiesbaden.

Past perfect: Ich hatte in Wiesbaden gewohnt. I had lived in Wiesbaden.

Present perfect: Was ist passiert? What (has) happened?

Past perfect: Was war passiert? What had happened?

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71. Als, wenn and wann

All three words correspond to when and act as subordinating conjunctions

(therefore, the conjugated verb goes to the end of the sentence.) Als is

used in past time contexts for a single event, wenn is used to mean

whenever or if, as well as in future time, and wann is an adverb of time or

a question word and can be used in declarative sentences.

Als ich ihn fand... When I found him.. (followed

by simple past tense)

Wenn er kommt...

Whenever he comes...

If he comes...

When he comes... (followed by

future tense)

Ich weiß nicht, wann er

kommt.

I don't know when (or at what

time) he's coming.

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72. Review of Word Order

1. In most sentences, the order is subject - verb - time - manner - place.

Ich gehe morgen mit dem Bus in die Schule. I'm going to school

tomorrow by bus.

2. Sometimes another element begins a sentence instead of a subject.

Then the verb is still in the second position, but the subject follows it.

Morgen gehe ich mit dem Bus in die Schule. Tomorrow I'm going to

school by bus.

3. In sentences with more than one verb or with past participles, the

conjugated verb remains in the normal position and the infinitive or past

participle goes to the end of the sentence.

Ich will nach Hause gehen. I want to go home.

Ich habe dir geglaubt. I believed you.

4. When asking questions, you can usually just invert the subject and verb.

Kann ich jetzt gehen? Can I go now?

5. In sentences with dependent clauses (phrases that have a subject and

verb but cannot stand alone as sentences), the verb in the dependent clause

is last. Dependent clauses are introduced with a comma and certain

conjunctions, such as als-when, bevor-before, bis-until, damit-so that,

dass-that, wenn-if/when, ob-whether, obwohl-although, nachdem-after,

da-since, während-while, weil-because, and wie-how. However, these

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conjunctions use normal word order: und-and, oder-or, aber-but, denn-

for/because.

Ich bleibe im Bett, wenn ich krank bin. I stay in bed when I am sick.

6. If there is a separable prefix verb in a dependent clause, the prefix

remains attached to the verb, and the entire verb goes to the end of the

sentence, whereas normally the prefix would go to the end.

Er ist immer müde, wenn er früh aufsteht. He is always tired when he

gets up early.

7. When there are two verbs in a dependent clause (such as a modal and

an infinitive), the modal goes last, following the infinitive.

Er ist müde, wenn er früh aufstehen muss. He is tired when he must

get up early.

8. And when a dependent clause begins a sentence, it acts as an element,

therefore the subject and verb in the following clause are inverted.

Wenn ich krank bin, bleibe ich im Bett. When I am sick, I stay in bed.

9. If you have both direct and indirect pronouns in your sentence,

remember that if the direct object is a noun it is placed after the indirect

object. If the direct object is a pronoun, it goes before the indirect object.

So basically the only time the accusative is placed before the dative is

when the accusative is a pronoun.

Ich schenke meinem Bruder eine Krawatte. I give my brother a tie.

Ich schenke sie meinem Bruder. I give it to my brother.

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150

73. Flavoring Particles

German has many words that cannot be translated literally into English.

These words are mostly for emphasis.

doch yes, of course

counteracts negative statement,

used for persuasion,

or implies something is obvious

ja really emphasis

aber is it ever emphasis

denn well then indicates impatience,

or adds emphasis to question

gerade right now immediacy

nur, bloß only, just

mal sometime, someday used in suggestions,

or softens commands

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74. Colloquial Expressions and Idioms

In informal speech and writing, es is commonly contracted with the

preceding word by 's. Geht es = geht's

Es is also used as an impersonal pronoun (es regnet, it's raining), but it can

also be used as an introductory word for emphasis or stylistic reasons. Es

begins the sentence, and the true subject follows the verb.

Es ist niemand zu Hause. No one is at home.

Es kommen heute drei Kinder. Three children are coming today.

Es can also be used to anticipate a dependent clause or infinitive phrase.

This is almost like in English when we say I hate it when that happens

instead of I hate when that happens. "It" has no real meaning in the first

sentence, but it is not incorrect to say it.

Ich kann es nicht glauben, daß er sich vor nichts fürchtet. I can't

believe that he's not afraid of anything.

Er haßt es, nichts davon zu wissen. He hates not knowing anything

about it.

Other idioms:

Sie ist mit ihrem Urteil immer sehr schnell bei der Hand. She makes

her judgments rather quickly. (Literally: She is quick at hand with her

judgments.)

Alles ist in Butter. Everything is fine. (Literally: Everything is in

butter.)

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Er geht mit dem Kopf durch die Wand. He does as he pleases.

(Literally: He goes with his head through the wall.)

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75. Word Formation

Noun compounds

German uses compounds more often than English and they are formed by

simply putting the two words together (sometimes adding an -n or -s in

between), and using the gender of the last word. Die Woche (week) + der

Tag (day) = der Wochentag (Days of the week)

The prefix un- As in English, the prefix un- gives a word a negative or opposite meaning.

klar (clear) - unklar (unclear)

The suffix -los This suffix is often the equivalent of the English suffix -less, and is used to

form adjectives and adverbs from nouns. das Ende (the end) - endlos

(endless)

The suffix -haft The suffix -haft is used to form adjectives from nouns so as to designate

related qualities. das Kind (the child) - kindhaft (childlike)

The suffix -ung This suffix may be added to the stem of a verb to form a noun. All nouns

ending in -ung are feminine. wandern (to hike) - die Wanderung (the

hike)

The suffix -er This suffix designates a person is from a certain place. Frankfurt (a city)

- Frankfurter (a person from Frankfurt)

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The suffix -in This suffix designates a female person and is added to the male

counterpart. Architekt (male architect) - Architektin (female architect)

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76. Adjectival Nouns

When referring to people, adjectives can sometimes be used as nouns.

The definite article precedes the adjective, which is now capitalized

because it is functioning as a noun. The adjectival nouns take the regular

adjective endings for adjectives preceded by a der word as well.

der Alte - the old man

die Alte - the old woman

das Alte - everything that is old

die Alten - the old people

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77. Ordinal Numbers

To form the ordinal numbers, just add -te to the cardinal numbers for 1-19,

and -ste for 20 and up. The exceptions are erste, dritte, siebte, and achte.

first erste eleventh elfte

second zweite twelfth zwölfte

third dritte thirteenth dreizehnte

fourth vierte fourteenth vierzehnte

fifth fünfte fifteenth fünfzehnte

sixth sechste sixteenth sechzehnte

seventh siebte seventeenth siebzehnte

eighth achte eighteenth achtzehnte

ninth neunte nineteenth neunzehnte

tenth zehnte twentieth zwanzigste

In writing dates, German uses the number followed by a period. On

February 2nd would be am 2. Februar. However, when saying this out

loud, you would say am zweiten Februar. You must use the construction

am + -en to answer a question beginning with Wann? But you use the

construction der + -e to answer the question Welches Datum?

Wann sind Sie geboren? When were you born?

Am achzehnten Mai. On May 18th.

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Welches Datum is heute? What is today's date?

Heute ist der neunte Oktober. Today is October ninth.

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78. Passive Voice

To change a sentence from the active to the passive, change three things:

1. accusative object of active sentence to nominative subject of passive

sentence

2. active verb to a tense of werden (same tense!) plus the past participle of

verb in active sentence

3. subject to von + dative object in the passive sentence, if agent is

mentioned

Present Tense

Viele Studenten lesen diesen Roman. = Dieser Roman wird von vielen

Studenten gelesen.

Many students read this novel. = This novel is read by many students.

Imperfect Tense

Viele Studenten lasen diesen Roman. = Dieser Roman wurde von vielen

Studenten gelesen.

Many students read this novel. = This novel was read by many students.

Future Tense

Viele Studenten werden diesen Roman lesen. = Dieser Roman wird von

vielen Studenten gelesen werden.

Many students will read this novel. = This novel will be read by many

students.

Present Perfect Tense

Viele Studenten haben diesen Roman gelesen. = Dieser Roman ist von

vielen Studenten gelesen worden.

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Many students have read this novel. = This novel has been read by many

students.

Past Perfect Tense

Viele Studenten hatten diesen Roman gelesen. = Dieser Roman war von

vielen Studenten gelesen worden.

Many students had read this novel. = This novel had been read by many

students.

*Notice that in the passive voice, the past participle of werden is worden

and not geworden.

Durch can replace von when the agent is an impersonal force (fire, wind,

etc.); but it cannot be used if preceded by a limiting word (such as an

article or adjective.)

Passive with modals Shifts in tense will only affect the modal part of the sentence. The

infinitive forms of the past participles are used with modals in the passive

voice as well. And where you might expect something like Das Haus hat

werden müssen verkauft, the actual construction is Das Haus hat

verkauft werden müssen because of the double infinitive construction.

Double infinitives always go to the end of the sentence, but you only need

to worry about these in the present perfect and past perfect tenses.

Passive Infinitives To be + past participle in English is translated as the past participle +

werden in German. With a passive infinitive, usually only the present or

simple past of modals is used.

Die Tiere konnten gerettet werden. The animals were able to be saved.

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161

79. Problems with the Passive

False Passive Grammatically, the false passive is the same as sein + an adjective. This

construction describes a condition rather than an action. Das Haus ist

verkauft is the false passive, while das Haus wird verkauft is the true

passive. The false passive sentence indicates that the house is already sold

(condition), while the true passive indicates the house is in the process of

being sold (action).

Passive with Absentee Subjects Passive forms may have a definite or indefinite subject, or no apparent

subject at all. The accusative object of an active sentence becomes the

nominative subject of the passive sentence. But sometimes there is no

accusative object. Since a verb cannot be in the first position of sentence

without turning the sentence into a question, es is used as the subject.

Man antwortet ihnen nicht is an active sentence, but if it were turned into

the passive, there would be no accusative object. The passive would have

to be es wird ihnen nicht geantwortet. (Here werden agrees with the

apparent subject, es.)

But if another element, such as a dative object or time expression, can be

put in the first position, then es is omitted. Ihnen wird nicht geantwortet

can also be used as the passive. There is no apparent subject, only an

implied es, so the form of werden remains wird to agree with es.

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80. Avoiding the Passive

1. The construction man + an active verb can be used instead of the

passive voice. Man translates to one, you, we, they, people and constitutes

the subject.

Diese Bluse wird gereinigt. This blouse is being dry-cleaned

Man reinigt diese Bluse. They are dry-cleaning this blouse.

Der Dieb wurde gefunden. The thief was caught

Man fand den Dieb. They caught the thief.

2. Man + modal + an infinitive is frequently used with müssen or können.

Der Flecken kann nicht entfernt werden. The stain cannot be removed.

Den Flecken kann man nicht entfernen. We can't remove the stain.

3. Sein + zu + an infinitive can be used with können or müssen to express

the possibility or necessity of an action.

Das kann schnell gemacht werden. That can be done quickly.

Das ist schnell zu machen. That is quickly done.

4. Sich lassen + an infinitive can replace können and a passive infinitive.

Das kann gemacht werden. That can be done.

Das läßt sich machen. That can be done.

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Die Lorelei Heinrich Heine

Ich weiß nicht, was soll es bedeuten I know not, what it is portending

Daß ich so traurig bin; that I am so depressed;

Ein Märchen aus alten Zeiten a legend from olden days past

Das kommt mir nicht aus dem Sinn. will not leave my mind alone.

Die Luft ist kühl und es dunkelt, The breeze is cool and it darkens,

Und ruhig fließt der Rhein; and peaceful flows the Rhine;

Der Gipfel des Berges funkelt the peak of the mountain sparkles

Im Abendsonnenschein. with evening's setting sun.

Die schönste Jungfrau sitzet The fairest maiden sits perched

Dort oben wunderbar, right up there wondrously,

Ihr gold'nes Geschmeide blitzet her golden jewelry flashes

Sie kämmt ihr gold'nes Haar. she combs her golden hair.

Sie kämmt es mit gold'nem Kamme She combs with a comb all golden

Und singt ein Lied dabei; and thus she sings a song;

Das hat eine wundersame that has a mysteriously

Gewaltige Melodei. tyrannical melody.

Den Schiffer im kleinen Schiffe The sailor in tiny vessel

ergreift es mit wildem Weh, is seized with a savage woe,

164

Er schaut nicht die Felsenriffe, he sees not the rocky reef edge,

Er schaut nur hinauf in die Höh'. he looks only up toward the height.

Ich glaube, die Wellen verschlingen I think that the waves have devoured

Am Ende Schiffer und Kahn; at last the sailor and boat;

Und das hat mit ihrem Singen and that's the deed, by her singing

Die Lorelei getan. the Lorelei has done.

165

81. Showing Purpose

Weil (because) + a dependent clause shows the reason for an action;

however, damit and um…zu (so that, in order to) show the goal of an

action. Damit is also followed by a dependent clause, whereas um…zu

introduces an infinitive.

Sie macht das Fenster zu, damit sie nicht friert. = Sie macht das

Fenster zu, um nicht zu frieren. She closes the window, so that she won't freeze . = She closes the window,

in order to not freeze.

Commonly, you use damit when the subject of the main clause is different

from the subject of the dependent clause, and um…zu when the

understood subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the main

clause.

166

82. Shopping box die Schachtel

VCR der Videorecorder

camera die Kamera

video camera die Videokamera

film der Film

wristwatch die Armbanduhr

handkerchief das Taschentuch

perfume das Parfüm

wallet der Geldbeutel, die Geldbörse

radio das Radio

razor das Rasiermesser

size die Größe

department (in store) die Abteilung

greeting card die Glückwunschkarte

167

83. Post Office and Bank letter der Brief teller der Kassierer (in)

postcard die Postkarte bill der Schein

stamp die Briefmarke check der Scheck

phone booth die Telefonzelle checkbook das Scheckbuch

mailbox der Briefkasten ATM der Geldautomat

mail slot der Briefeinwurf key die Schlüssel

address die Adresse lock das Schloß

sender/return

address der Absender

filing

cabinet der Aktenschrank

label das Etikett safety

deposit box das Bankschließfach

packing tape das

Paketklebeband notepad der Notizblock

package das Paket credit card die Kreditkarte

postmark der Poststempel security

camera die

Überwachungsanlage

rubber band das Gummiband security

guard die Wache

ink pad das

Stempelkissen

drive-thru

window der Autoschalter

string die Schnur safe der Tresor

168

84. Zu with Infinitives

Infinitives are usually preceded by zu (except when modals are used)

when they act as complements of verbs, adjectives or nouns. Zu +

infinitive is always the last element in a sentence. If a separable prefix is

used in the infinitive, the zu is inserted between the prefix and the stem.

Hast du Lust, den Dom zu besichtigen? Do you feel like visiting the

cathedral?

Es dauert lange, durch die Stadt zu fahren. It takes a long time to drive

through the city.

Es ist zu früh um aufzustehen. It is too early to get up.

Um, ohne and anstatt can be used with zu as well. They introduce

infinitival clauses. Um.. zu is used to indicate purpose, while ohne...zu

and anstatt...zu are used with infinitives, and translated as present

participles in English. (Um...zu must be used instead of just zu when the

English equivalent "in order to" can be used sensibly.)

Er kam, um das Buch abzuholen. He came in order to pick up the book.

Sie sagte es, ohne mich anzusehen. She said it, without looking at me.

Statt hier zu sitzen, sollten wir ihn suchen. Instead of sitting here, we

should look for him.

Sein + zu + an infinitive is used the same way in English and German, but

the construction is far more common in German.

Das ist nicht zu machen. That can't be done.

Das ist in jedem Laden zu finden. That can be found in any store.

169

The verbs brauchen (to need) and scheinen (to seem, appear) are often

used with zu + an infinitive. Brauchen in the negative is usually translated

as to not have to, and is the opposite of müssen.

Es scheint kaputt zu sein. It seems to be broken.

Ich brauche heute nicht zu arbeiten. I don't have to work today.

170

85. Office / School Supplies compact

disc die

Compact Disc calculator

der

Taschenrechner

floppy

disk die Diskette eraser der Radiergummi

document das Dokument notebook das Heft

computer der Computer folder das Prospekt

monitor der Monitor colored

pencil der Buntstift

keyboard die Tastatur ruler das Lineal

mouse die Maus pencil

sharpener der Anspitzer (or

Spitzer)

printer der Drucker pencil der Bleistift

memo die Mitteilung pen der Kuli

paper das Papier scissors die Schere

photocopier das Fotokopierer glue der Klebstoff

typewriter die

Schreibmaschine binder der Ordner

software die Software chalk die Kreide

file /

computer

file

die Akten / die

Datei chalkboard die Tafel

cabinet der Schrank backpack der Rucksack

briefcase die Aktentasche stapler die Heftmaschine

171

86. Expressions of Time

The accusative case is used to indicate definite time when no preposition

is used.

Letzten Sonntag blieb ich zu Hause. Last Sunday I stayed home.

Sie fährt nächste Woche nach Deutschland. She's going to Germany next

week.

Er hat uns voriges Jahr besucht. He visited us last year.

Time expressions with the prepositions an, in and vor are in the dative

case.

Wir müssen am Sonntag zurück. We must return on Sunday.

In der Nacht wird es kalt. It gets cold at night.

Vor drei Jahren war es hier genau so kalt. Three years ago it was just as

cold here.

The genitive case is used to express indefinite time, and may refer to the

future or past.

Eines Tages war er krank. One day he was sick.

Eines Morgens wird er zu spät kommen. One morning he'll be late.

172

87. Travelling / Airport Customs Office das Zollamt

Airline Office das Büro der Fluglinie

Travel Agency das Reisebüro

Information Office das Auskunftsbüro

Train Station der Bahnhof (ö, e)

departure die Abfahrt (en)

arrival die Ankunft (ü, e)

flight tickets die Flugkarten

baggage das Gepäck

bag die Tasche (-n)

suitcase der Koffer (-)

passport der Pass (ä, e)

left links

right rechts

next (to) neben

near bei

straight ahead geradeaus

along the (noun) (acc. noun +) entlang

over the (noun) über (+ acc. noun)

past the (noun) an (noun) vorbei

up to, as far as the (noun) bis zu (noun)

across from the (noun) gegenüber von (noun)

173

174

88. Another

Ein(e) ander- and noch ein- both mean another, but they cannot be used

interchangeably. Ein(e) ander- means a different one, and ander- takes

the adjective endings for adjectives preceded by ein words. Noch ein

means one more.

Sollen wir ein anderes Mal wiederkommen? Should we come again at

another (a different) time?

Möchtest du noch einen Raum anschauen? Would you like to look at

another (one more) room?

175

89. Cosmetics / Toiletries

toothbrush die Zahnbürste hair spray der Haarfestiger

toothpaste die Zahnpasta hair dryer der Fön

dental floss die Zahnseide nail polish der Nagellack

hair brush die Bürste mascara die Wimperntusche

comb der Kamm lipstick der Lippenstift

shampoo das Shampoo powder der Puder

curling iron der Lockenstab soap die Seife

shaving cream die Rasiercreme makeup die Schminke

razor das Rasiermesser perfume das Parfüm

mousse der Schaum cologne das Kölnisch Wasser

176

90. Subjunctive II or General Subjunctive (Conditional)

This subjunctive mood is used to make statements that are contrary to fact,

instead of factual statements that are made in the indicative mood. There

are two forms of the German subjunctive: Subjunctive II and Subjunctive

I. Subjunctive II or the general subjunctive is used with if...then (wenn...

dann) statements and conditional sentences. Subjunctive I or special

subjunctive is a less common mood that is used with indirect discourse. (If

you study other languages with a subjunctive mood, please don't confuse it

with the German subjunctive. They are not the same!)

The present tense of Subjunctive II is derived from the simple past /

imperfect tense of the indicative. For weak (regular) verbs, the

subjunctive II is the same as the simple past tense. For strong (irregular)

verbs, the present tense of the subjunctive II uses the stem of the simple

past, adds an umlaut where possible, and then adds the following endings:

-e

-est

-e

-en

-et

-en

Strong verbs in the subjunctive II

gehen fahren fliegen

ginge

gingest

ginge

gingen

ginget

gingen

führe

führest

führe

führen

führet

führen

flöge

flögest

flöge

flögen

flöget

flögen

Sein, haben and werden in the subjunctive II

177

sein haben werden

wäre

wärest

wäre

wären

wäret

wären

hätte

hättest

hätte

hätten

hättet

hätten

würde

würdest

würde

würden

würdet

würden

Some exceptions include the mixed verbs, modals and wissen which use

the same endings as the simple past:

Imperfekt Subjunctive II

brachte

dachte

durfte

konnte

mochte

sollte

wollte

mußte

wußte

brächte

dächte

dürfte

könnte

möchte

sollte

wollte

müßte

wüßte

The past tense of Subjunctive II is simply the subjunctive II of sein or

haben (whichever auxiliary the verb takes in the indicative) and a past

participle. The future tense of Subjunctive II is the subjunctive II of

werden and an infinitive.

Conditional sentences These sentences are based on an if... then (wenn... dann) pattern in both

English and German. Dann can be omitted in these sentences also.

Remember that wenn is a subordinating conjunction, and forces the

conjugated verb to the end of the clause.

178

Present Subj. II: Wenn ich Zeit hätte, (dann) ginge ich ins Kino. If I had

time, (then) I would go to the movies.

Past Subj. II: Wenn ich Zeit gehabt hätte, dann wäre ich ins Kino

gegangen. If I had had time, (then) I would have gone to the movies.

Wenn clauses may be introduced by a verb, and in this case, wenn

disappears and dann may be replaced by so:

Kommt er heute nicht, (so) kommt er morgen. If he's not coming

today, then he'll come tomorrow.

A conditional sentence may begin with the dann clause as well; but in this

case, dann is not actually used and the clause uses normal word order:

Wir trinken den Kaffee nicht, wenn er zu heiß ist. We don't drink

coffee if it is too hot.

Forms of würden + an infinitive Würde and an infinitive translates to would + infinitive and is more

common than the one word form in the dann clause. Wenn clauses tend to

avoid the würde construction, except with these eight verbs: helfen,

stehen, sterben, werfen, brennen, kennen, nennen, and rennen. These

eight verbs use the würde construction in the wenn clause because the one

word forms are archaic. Moreover, conversational German tends to

replace many subjunctive II forms of strong verbs with the würde

construction. However, this construction is generally not used with the

modal auxiliaries, wissen, haben or sein.

Wenn ich Zeit

hätte,

dann ginge ich ins Kino.

dann würde ich ins Kino

gehen.

If I had time, I would go to

the movies.

Wenn ich

Geld hätte,

dann flöge ich nach

Deutschland.

If I had money, I would fly

to Germany.

179

dann würde ich nach

Deutschland fliegen.

180

91. Other uses of Subjunctive II

1. Being Polite To be more polite, use the subjunctive II form of the modals.

Subjunctive II forms of modals

können müssen dürfen sollen wollen mögen

ich könnte müsste dürfte sollte wollte möchte

du könntest müsstest dürftest solltest wolltest möchtest

er, sie, es könnte müsste dürfte sollte wollte möchte

wir könnten müssten dürften sollten wollten möchten

ihr könntet müsstet dürftet solltet wolltet möchtet

sie könnten müssten dürften sollten wollten möchten

Könnten sie mir bitte helfen? Could you please help me?

Dürfte ich Ihr Telefon benutzen? Could I use your phone?

In modern German, the subjunctive forms of mögen has become almost a

synonym of wollen. Was willst du? = What do you want? Was möchtest

du? = What would you like?

Hätte gern is also becoming common as a synonym for "would like"

especially when ordering food. Wir hätten gern zwei Colas, bitte. = We

would like two colas, please.

181

Note that these polite forms are only limited to the modal verbs, sein,

haben and werden. For this reason, you may hear Würden Sie mir helfen?

but never Hülfen Sie mir?

2. Expressing Wishes The subjunctive II is also used to express wishes. These phrases generally

begin with "I wish" or "If only" in English. Wenn (if) can be omitted from

these statements, but then you must move the conjugated verb in the

subjunctive II to the place of wenn at the beginning of the phrase. When

expressing wishes, the present and past tenses of the subjunctive II can be

used.

Wenn ich nur noch jung wäre! = Wäre ich nur noch jung! I wish I

were still young! / If only I were still young!

Wenn er nur früher gekommen wäre! = Wäre er nur früher

gekommen! If only he had come earlier!

Wenn sie doch mehr Zeit gehabt hätten! = Hätten sie doch mehr Zeit

gehabt! If only they had had more time!

Ich wünschte and ich wollte (I wish) are fixed expressions followed by

the subjunctive II or würde + infinitive. Another expression always

followed by the subjunctive is an deiner Stelle (in your place / If I were

you) when giving advice.

182

92. Subjunctive I or Special Subjunctive (Indirect Discourse)

The Subjunctive I form is used with indirect discourse when reporting

what someone says in a formal, impartial way. The indicative can also be

used to imply a statement of fact, while the subjunctive II can be used to

imply the statement is open to question (since subjunctive II is used with

contrary to fact statements.) These three distinctions are quite subtle,

although they are important. In everyday conversation, the tendency is to

avoid the subjunctive I and to choose instead between the indicative and

subjunctive II.

The present tense of Subjunctive I is derived from the present tense of

the indicative and formed by adding the following endings to the stem of

the verb. Note that the subjunctive I forms never have the stem vowel

change found in their present indicative counterparts (a does not become ä,

e does not become ie, etc.)

-e

-est

-e

-en

-et

-en

Haben, werden and wissen in the subjunctive I

haben werden wissen

habe

habest

habe

haben

habet

haben

werde

werdest

werde

werden

werdet

werden

wisse

wissest

wisse

wissen

wisset

wissen

183

Notice that sein has no endings in the ich and er forms:

sei

seiest

sei

seien

seiet

seien

The past tense of Subjunctive I is derived from the present perfect tense

of the indicative. It is composed of the subjunctive I form of haben or sein

and a past participle. The future tense of Subjunctive I is simply the

subjunctive I form of werden and an infinitive.

Tenses The tense used in an indirect quotation is dependent upon the tense used in

the direct quotation that underlies it. If the direct quotation is in the

present tense of the indicative, then the indirect quotation must be in the

present tense of the subjunctive I. If the direct quotation is in any tense

referring to past time in the indicative (simple past, present perfect, or past

perfect), then the indirect quotation is in the past tense of the subjunctive I.

Subjunctive I only has one tense when referring to past time, as compared

to the three tenses of the indicative. If the direct quotation is in the future

tense, then the future tense of subjunctive I is used. If the original

quotation is in subjunctive II, then the indirect quotation will also be in

subjunctive II.

Tense in direct quotation Tense in indirect

quotation

present indicative present subjunctive I

simple past, present perfect, past

perfect indicative past subjunctive I

future indicative future subjunctive I

subjunctive II subjunctive II

184

In certain cases, the subjunctive I forms and the indicative forms are

identical, so the subjunctive II forms must be used instead. Overall, you

can use subjunctive I solely for the third person singular form, and use

subjunctive II forms for all other persons.

185

93. Parts of a Car brake die Bremse (n) wheel das Rad (ä, er)

horn die Hupe (n) car der Wagen (-) / der

PKW

hood die Motorhaube (n) traffic light die Ampel (n)

flat tire die Reifenpanne (n) highway die Autobahn (en)

gear der Gang (ä, e) intersection die Kreuzung (en)

trunk der Kofferraum (ä, e) (one-way)

street die (Einbahn)straße

(n)

tire der Reifen (-) pedestrian der Fussgänger (-)

windshield

wiper der

Scheibenwischer (-) sidewalk der Fussgängerweg (e)

seat belt der Sicherheitsgurt

(e) traffic jam der Stau (s)

seat der Sitz (e) ticket der Strafzettel (-)

steering wheel das Lenkrad (ä, er) (traffic) sign das (Verkehrs)schild

(er)

parking space die Parklücke (n) license plate das Nummernschild

(er)

Der PKW is short for der Personenkraftwagen. Der LKW is also

commonly used to mean truck. It is short for der Lastkraftwagen.

186

94. Present Participle

To form the present participle, simply add -d to the infinitive. It usually

functions as an adjective and takes the normal adjective endings. It can

also function as an adverb, but then of course, it does not add any endings.

kochendes Wasser - boiling water

die führenden Kritiker - the leading critics

im kommenden Sommer - in the coming summer

Sie spricht fließend Deutsch. She speaks German fluently.

187

95. In the Ocean

scuba diver

wet suit

flipper

oxygen tank

snorkel

mask

starfish

jellyfish

sea urchin

sea horse

seaweed

fishing line

fish hook

der Taucher

der Wasseranzug

die Schwimmflosse

der Lufttank

der Schnorchel

die Tauchermaske

(or Tauchmask)

der Seestern

die Qualle

der Seeigel

das Seepferdchen

der Seetang

die Angelschnur

der Angelhaken

shipwreck

helm

anchor

treasure

chest

barnacle

coral

seashell

wave

sand

bubble

clam

crab

der

Schiffbruch

der Helm

der Anker

die

Schatzkiste

die

Entenmuschel

die Koralle

die Muschel

die Welle

der Sand

die Blase

die Muschel

die Krabbe

188

96. Als ob / Als wenn

The conjunctions als wenn and als ob are interchangeable; they both

mean "as if" or "as though." Both introduce a dependent clause, so the

conjugated verb must go to the end. In addition, both require the

subjunctive II.

Als ob ich das nicht wüßte! As if I didn't know that!

Er tut, als wenn er nichts Besseres zu tun hätte. He acts as though he had

nothing better to do.

189

97. In Space

astronaut

space shuttle

control panel

satellite

spaceship

alien

asteroid

space suit

lunar rover

landing capsule

space station

solar panel

meteor shower

constellation

solar system

der Astronaut

die Raumfähre

die Kontrolltafel

der Satellit

das Raumschiff

der Ausserirdische

der Asteroid

der Raumanzug

das Mondfahrzeug

das Landungsgerät

die Raumstation

die Sonnenzellen

der Meteorschwarm

das Sternbild

das Sonnensystem

beaker

test tube

galaxy

Earth

moon

sun

planet

rings

crater

stars

comet

rocket

robot

nebula

laboratory

das Becherglas

das Reagenzglas

die Milchstraße

die Erde

der Mond

die Sonne

der Planet

die Höfe

der Krater

die Sterne

der Komet

die Rakete

der Roboter

der Nebelfleck

das Labor

190

98. Future Perfect

The future perfect tense is comparable to the other perfect tenses. It is

formed with the future of haben or sein, and the past participle. The future

perfect deals with the future as if it were already past time (he will have

done it), or it is used to imply probability (that was probably him.) The

latter case commonly uses the past tense in English though.

Er wird gegangen sein. He will have gone.

Ich werde es genommen haben. I will have taken it.

Es wird dunkel geworden sein. It will have become dark.

Das wird Rudi gewesen sein. That will have been Rudi. / That was

probably Rudi.

When using modals, the future perfect tense can create the double

infinitive construction, so make sure to put the double infinitive at the very

end.

Die Uhr wird sehr viel gekostet haben müssen.

191

99. Make Believe Stuff dragon

fairy

elf

giant

tower

knight

squire

court jester

minstrel

armor

dungeon

moat

castle

der Drache

die Fee

der Elf / die Elfe

der Riese

der Turm

der Ritter

der Edelknabe

der Hofnarr

der Minnesänger

die Rüstung

der Kerker

der Burggraben

das Schloß

unicorn

shield

sword

lance

ax

drawbridge

crown

king

queen

princess

prince

throne

das Einhorn

der Schild

das Schwert

die Lanze

die Axt

die Zugbrücke

die Krone

der König

die Königin

die Prinzessin

der Prinz

der Thron

192

100. Spelling Reform

Recently, there has been a spelling reform of the German language. The

following are a few points that have changed:

1. Write ss after a short vowel, and ß after a long vowel or diphthong.

Please note that ß is not used in Switzerland or Liechtenstein and a lot of

people don't pay attention to this rule anyway. Also, there is no capital

letter that corresponds to the lower case ß, so it must be written as SS.

2. Words that are now capitalized: (auf) Deutsch, Mittag, Abend, Morgen,

Recht haben, Leid tun…

3. The forms of Du (familiar you) are no longer capitalized in letters.

4. A comma is not necessary when two independent clauses are joined by

und.

193

101. Review of Declensions of Nouns

1) Feminine Singular nouns remain unchanged in all Singular cases.

Singular: Typewriter Street

Nom. die Schreibmaschine die Straße

Acc. die Schreibmaschine die Straße

Dat. der Schreibmaschine der Straße

Gen. der Schreibmaschine der Straße

2) All Neuter and most Masculine Singular add -s or -es (if one

syllable) to Genitive Singular.

Singular: Shoe Shirt

Nom. der Schuh das Hemd

Acc. den Schuh das Hemd

Dat. dem Schuh dem Hemd

Gen. des Schuhes des Hemdes

Note: The genitive singular of shoe is generally written des Schuhs in

colloquial German.

3) Masculine nouns that end in -e in Nom. Sing. and designate living

things add -n to form both Singular and Plural for all cases.

194

Lion(s)

Singular Plural

Nom. der Löwe die Löwen

Acc. den Löwen die Löwen

Dat. dem Löwen den Löwen

Gen. des Löwen der Löwen

4) All Dative Plural either adds -n or -en.

Man Woman Child

Nom. Sing. der Mann die Frau das Kind

Dat. Pl. den Männern den Frauen den Kindern

5) In Plurals of all declensions of all genders, the Nominative,

Genitive, and Accusative Plural are the same.

Forest Pear

Nom. Sing. der Wald die Birne

Nom. Pl. die Wälder die Birnen

Acc. Pl. die Wälder die Birnen

Dat. Pl. den Wäldern den Birnen

Gen. Pl. der Wälder der Birnen

Note: To form the Dative Plural, add -n or -en to the Nominative Plural,

unless it already ends in -s or -n, then add nothing.

195

Most singular declensions can be formed from the first three rules above,

but plural nouns are more complex and irregular. Some may add -n, -en, -

r, -er, -e, or an umlaut over the stem vowel with a final -e, and some nouns

do not change from singular to plural.

Group 1

-Singular follows rules

-Plural adds umlaut to stem vowel and -n to all datives

Father(s) (masc.)

Sing. Plural

Nom. der Vater die Väter

Acc. den Vater die Väter

Dat. dem Vater den Vätern

Gen. des Vaters der Väter

Nouns belonging to this group: Most nouns whose Nom. Sing. end in -el,

-en, -er; and neuter nouns that begin with Ge- and end with -e

Group 2

-Singular follows rules

-Plural sometimes adds umlaut to stem vowel and -e to Nominative,

Genitive, and Accusative; -en to Dative

Fruit (fem.)

Sing. Plural

Nom. die Frucht die Früchte

Acc. die Frucht die Früchte

Dat. der Frucht den Früchten

Gen. der Frucht der Früchte

196

Nouns belonging to this group: Masculine that are one syllable; half of

feminine and neuter that are one syllable

Group 3

-Singular follow rules

-Plural adds umlaut to stem vowel and -er to Nominative, Genitive, and

Accusative; -ern to Dative

Man/men (masc.)

Sing. Plural

Nom. der Mann die Männer

Acc. den Mann die Männer

Dat. dem Mann den Männern

Gen. des Mannes der Männer

Nouns belonging to this group: Many neuter that are one syllable; no

feminine nouns

Group 4

-Singular adds -en to all Masculine Dative, Accusative, and Genitive;

Feminine follows rule

-Plural adds -n or -en to all forms

Student (s) Woman/Women

Sing. Plural Sing. Plural

Nom. der Student die Studenten die Frau die Frauen

Acc. den Studenten die Studenten die Frau die Frauen

Dat. dem Studenten den Studenten der Frau den Frauen

Gen. des Studenten der Studenten der Frau der Frauen

197

Nouns belonging to this group: Most feminine that are more than one

syllable, most masculine that denote living things; no neuter nouns

Group 5

-Add -s to Genitive Singular

-Add -s to all plural forms

Auto(s) (neu.)

Sing. Plural

Nom. das Auto die Autos

Acc. das Auto die Autos

Dat. dem Auto den Autos

Gen. des Autos der Autos

Nouns belonging to this group: Foreign origin words, such as das Radio,

das Restaurant, and das Hotel.

Group 6 - Irregular

-Add -ns or -ens to Genitive Singular

-Add -en to Dative Singular, may add -en to Accusative Singular

-All plural add -en

Heart(s) Name(s)

Sing. Plural Sing. Plural

Nom. das Herz die Herzen der Name die Namen

Acc. das Herz die Herzen den Namen die Namen

Dat. dem Herzen den Herzen dem Namen den Namen

Gen. des Herzens der Herzen des Namens der Namen

198

Group 7 - Mixed

-Add -s or -es for Genitive Singular

-Add -n or -en for all plural

Bed(s) (neu.)

Sing. Plural

Nom. das Bett die Betten

Acc. das Bett die Betten

Dat. dem Bett den Betten

Gen. des Bettes der Betten

199

German States / Bundesländer German States English Translation

Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg

Berlin Berlin

Brandenburg Brandenburg

Bremen Bremen

Hamburg Hamburg

Bayern Bavaria

Sachsen Saxony

Thüringen Thuringia

Hessen Hesse

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Niedersachsen Lower Saxony

Nordrhein-Westfalen North Rhine-Westphalia

Rheinland-Pfalz Rhineland-Palatinate

Saarland Saarland

Sachsen-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt

Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein

Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are cities as well as states.

200

Austrian States / Bundesländer

Austrian States English

Translation

Burgenland Burgenland

Kämten Carinthia

Niederösterreich Lower

Austria

Oberösterreich Upper

Austria

Salzburg Salzburg

Steiermark Styria

Tirol Tyrol

Vorarlberg Vorarlberg

Wien Vienna