Ger Bergkamp, IWA - ESI-Africa.comWater and Waste Systems : From Linear to Closed Loop ... Biofilm control biomimicry? Phosphorus controlling biomass Biocontrol detection, enhancement,

Africa - Cities of the Future

Ger Bergkamp, IWA

Development of World Cities

1950

Data source:

U.N. Population Division

World Cities exceeding 5

million residents

2000

Data source:


World Cities exceeding 5

million residents


2015 World Cities exceeding 5

million residents

Data source:



Present day with a ~1% increase per year in equivalent CO2

Source: The Met Office. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research

Water, Climate and Energy

Projected temperature increases by 2050

UNICEF Urban WASH workshop, October,

2009 Vörösmarty et al. 2000

• 80% of future stress frompopulation

& development, not climate change!

•Correct Priorities?(E.g. 85% US global changeresearch funding to climate and carbon)

Water Stress Changes to 2025

UNH

Water Availability Per Capita

1950 - 2050

1950 2025

2050

Note: BRIICS: Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa. RoW: Rest of the world.

Source: OECD 2012 - The Environmental Outlook Baseline

Global water demand:

Baseline scenario 2000 and 2050

Water-Energy-Food nexus

Water in EnergyEnergy in Water

Climate Change impacts on Energy

Energy impacts on Climate Change

Food/Fiber impacts on Climate Change

Climate Change impacts on Food/Fiber

Water in Food/Fiber

Food/Fiber in Water

Climate Change impacts on Water

Water impacts on Climate Change

Food/Fiber in Energy

Energy in Food/Fiber

CLIMATE

ENERGY

FOOD/FIBER

WATER

Water, Food Energy – Bonn Conference 2011

•Increase policy coherence

•Accelerate access

•Create more with less

•End waste and minimize losses

•Value natural infrastructure

•Mobilize consumer influence

SMALL AND LARGE SCALE OPTIMZATION SMALL AND LARGE SCALE OPTIMZATION

Water, Food and Energy Nexus

Water and Waste Systems : From Linear to Closed Loop

Conventional Linear Systems Future Cyclic Systems

Urban – rural connections

Bullet, statement

Bullet, statement

Image, graphs etc

a global network for water professionals

Centralized vs. Nodal System

Water Efficiency Both the Problem and the

SolutionThe good news

the highly inefficient use of water and associated

scarcity and pollution – can be substantially

remedied through more efficient water

production and management…

both within and between the food, energy,

urban and industrial water-using sub-sectors.

In the Future, Urban Water Systems

Will Need To…

• Use much less water (50-70% less)

• Facilitate the safe reuse of water

• Produce energy

• Recover nutrients

• Be modular in design

• Cost much less

Cities of the Future:

Using Water in a Truly Different Way

• Progressive closing of the loop of urban water and treatment � major increases in water use efficiency, energy and nutrient recovery

• Means that we need to consciously and systematically rethink how we construct the water systems supporting our cities

• Will necessitate joint city and water planning – rarely seen anywhere in the world

• Offer opportunities for joint optimization of city needs with the larger scale environment (agriculture, energy, watershed services)

Innovation in Water Production and Use

Efficiencies in Supply and Demand

Cascading Use of Water

Wastewater Reuse

Desalination

Stormwater Reuse

More water for people and the environment

Doing More with Less


2009

Membrane Bio-Reactors

a global network for water professionals

Desalination

Biotechnology Frontiers

� Biofilm control � biomimicry?

� Phosphorus � controlling biomas s

� Biocontrol� detection, enhancement, reduction

� bioremediation

� Rapid pathogen detection


2009

Green building/green

infrastructure

• City policies for LEED certified buildings

• Seattle Green Factor

• Urban Forest Initiative

From source to service-an illustration

Image: ActewAGL Education Website

Energy intensity






Water in Food/Fiber

Food/Fiber in Water





CLIMATE

ENERGY

FOOD/FIBER

WATER

Water-Energy nexus

Water-Energy nexus






Water in Food/Fiber

Food/Fiber in Water





CLIMATE

ENERGY

FOOD/FIBER

WATER

ENERGY AND WATER RELATIONSHIPS

WATER FOR ENERGY

ENERGY FOR WATER

Hydropower

Thermo electric Cooling

Fuel Production (Ethanol, hydrogen)

Extraction & Refining

Extraction and Transmission

Drinking Water Treatment

Waste Water Treatment

Energy Associated with Uses of Water

Distribution and Collection

Domestic

Water

use

Transport

to

waterworks

The urban water cycle – energy nexus

After: Olsson 2011

Drinking

water

Distribution

Waste

water

treatment

Transport

sewage

water

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 kWh/m3

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 ---- 10 10 10 10 kWh/m3

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 kWh/m3

> 50 > 50 > 50 > 50 kWh/m3

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 kWh/m3

Drinking

water

treatment

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 kWh/m3

Waste Water Drinking Water

Non Revenue Water in Asian Cities (2001)

Water Supply – Energy use, production and savings

Energy Savings:Energy Savings:

Hydropower

a) Dams (retrofit)

b) Micro pumps

Water transport to waterworks Drinking water treatment

Monitoring water distribution:

• Burst in a single pipe

• Leakage in a single pipe

• Leakage in a grid

Can be detected and localized (online)

Energy Use:Energy Use:

Pumping


Heat Savings:Heat Savings:

Groundwater useGroundwater use

Heat Use:Heat Use:

Groundwater use


Pumping

Aeration


Fine aeration

Avoiding high energy

use treatment

Water distribution

Non – revenue water:

• World: 25 – 50% of treated water is lost

• Chicago, London: up to 60 %

• Kampala: about 30 – 40 %

Water loss = Energy Loss

Variable pressure control :

• Pressure just above minimum at all times at

critical point

Less risk for leakage

• Less pressure variations

Less risk for bursts

• Remove pressure reduction valve

Less energy loss

Source: after Olsen 2011

What are the stakes? – managing NRW losses

Saving US$14 billion per year

Serve additional 90 million people

World Bank report 2006


Urban Sanitation is Our Biggest Challenge

and Opportunity in the Next DecadeChallenges

• Existing shortfall plus decades of impending growth in needs

• Lack of a common understanding of concepts, options and language for moving forward

• Need to invent new physical and institutional solutions to old problems

• Financial and capacity shortfalls that will need to be bridged to achieve sustainable solutions in the long term

Opportunities

Finding and implementing new and appropriate solutions to our urban sanitation problems will also help solve:

�our urban water supply needs

�joint optimization of water between urban, agricultural,industrial and energy uses

Creating a Portfolio of

Viable Sanitation Options

Wastewater Ponds

In-Situ Treatment, Nutrient Recovery and Reuse

Nodal Systems with Reuse

Conventional High-Water Use Systems

Dry Systems in Both Urban and Rural

Viable and Appropriate Sanitation Options

Low-Water Low-Cost Systems

WATER RE-USE

Water reWater re--use in Singaporeuse in Singapore

Ruhrverband, Essen (Germany): Water – energy optimization

Addition solid organic waste

General energy analysis

Detailed analysis per unit

Addition of solid organics

Fat seperation materials:

1,200 liter gas / kg dry material

Kitchen organics:

700 liter gas / kg dry material

Water – energy optimization analysis

Source: Ruhrverband 2009

ENERGY PRODUCTION

NSWC, Kampala (Uganda): NAKIVUBO WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT CONSTRUCTION

AfDB Loan - treatment:

• 45,000 m3/day water water

• 15,200 kg/day BOD

Energy production:

Biogas holding tank: 2,900 m3

Combined biogas and heat

power station: 2 x 280 kWh

Source: NSWC / AfDB 2010

Cooling from surface water

Degraded ‘natural swamp‘ area

Thermal energy from groundwater

ENERGY PRODUCTION

Evolving Urban Sanitation Options

On-Site

Semi-

Centralized

Highly

Centralized

+Cost,

+Water,

+Energy

Network

Costs

Density

-Cost,

-Water,

-Energy

-Land

The Gap HouseThe Gap House

Potable Water

Supply

Fire Hydrants

20kL Roof

water Tank

Tank

Overflow

Kitchen (8%)

Bathroom (15%)

Laundry (10%)

Toilets (12%)

Hot water (15%)

External use

Landscaping & lawn

(40%)

On-site

STP

Concept Applicable at Concept Applicable at

Household LevelHousehold Level

•Reduced water use from

Reticulation by 60%

•Zero wastewater discharge

Average annual investments in clean cooking (2010 – 2030)

Dalian-Xinghai (China) : Environment-friendly heating and cooling for a business district

Saving more than 30% of energy compared

with conventional solutions

Heat is reclaimed from treated sewage water of the adjacent sewage

treatment plant. During winter, the units work in heat pump mode and

the compressors operate in series. In summer, the units are used as AC-

chillers with the compressors operating in parallel. Excess heat is

rejected to sewage water.

Source: Friotherm AG, Switzerland

ENERGY SAVINGS

Forecasting energy consumption

Image from WssTP

MITIGATION


Gravity flow

Waste water transport in sewers Waste water treatmentEnergy Use:Energy Use:

Pumping

Waste Water – Energy use, production and savings


Heat exchange

Heat Use:Heat Use:

DissipationDissipation


Pumping

Aeration


Avoiding high energy

use treatment

Water re-use

• Most water re-used in agriculture

• Direct re-use for drinking water is hardly done

• High standard water quality re-use: High energy demand

• Singapore: 50% indirect re-use

• Industrial water re-use still small – significant opportunity

• Lack of coherent standard of re-use water quality – fit for purpose

Regaining water, energy and nutrients


Heat exchange

Heat Use:Heat Use:

Extra heat for Extra heat for

digestiondigestion

Post - Muelligen, Zurich (Switzerland): Waste water heated offices

Recovery of heat from waste water

in sewers (30 years of practice)

SFr 40 million

48.700 MWh / year

Heating and waste water – energy recovery

Heat exchanger in sewers

Office heating from waste water plant

MITIGATION

Waternet, Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Urban Water Cycle – Energy efficiency and recovery

Cooling from surface water

Co-locating: Waste Water – Solid Waste Incinerator

Thermal energy from groundwater

Waste

Inceneration

Plant

Waste

Water

Plant

Sludge and Biogas

Heat and Electricity

• Consumption

> drinking water 45.000 MWh/yr (49%)

> wastewater 39.000 MWh/yr (42%)

> watersystem 8.000 MWh/yr ( 9%)

• Production

biogas/sludge 25.000 MWh/yr

Source: Waternet 2011

MITIGATION

Our biggest asset = our blind spot??

Need for

• Analysis of consumer needs and

behaviour trends

• Invest in innovations to change the way

we use water and energy

• Inclusive approach to create awareness

with consumers

• Partnering within the water and energy

sector

MITIGATION

• ca. 75% of energy in urban water is used for heating

water within households, offices, public space, hotels,

etc

• Water users generally unaware of their own energy –

water consumption

• Leading edge governments and water companies are

looking into helping custumors to change energy

intensity

• Consumers form a big part of the change process

• Change will come from efficiency technology and

changing habits / patterns of behaviour

Water – Energy use by consumers

Findings:

Energy is 10 – 35% of utility operating costs / Savings from using bio-energy can be up to 80% = huge potential for creating financially viable water and waste-water

Increasing regulatory pressure to become energy and carbon neutral (ie. Europe 2020 – 20% reduction)

Energy efficiency in utility makes sound business sense – reduction energy costs, reduced environmental footprint

Patchy world of local initiatives, no easy access to experiences and expertise

BRIIC and LDC countries need specific attention to accelerate uptake

Institutional measures and awareness :– Strategy for reduction in energy use

– Water cycle utility (water, waste water and energy)

– Strategy on energy reductions in transport and raw materials

– Energy reduction/awareness programmes for clients

Demonstration sites (cities, utilities) for energy and carbon neutrality

IWA is to develop a clear description of the concepts and practices

IWA is to develop a framework for working at different levels: from appliance, client, technology, utility, urban area, region

IWA is to pro-actively engage to promote demonstrations in BRIIC and LDC countries

URBAN WATER - ENERGY

Do more with less

Close the loop

Cooperation between water, energy and food

Major opportunities for utilities and service providers

Need to involve citizens early on

Urgent need to build the capacity of our sectors to adjust and evolve

CONCLUSIONS

Documents

Ger Bergkamp, IWA - ESI-Africa.comWater and Waste Systems : From Linear to Closed Loop ... Biofilm control biomimicry? Phosphorus controlling biomass Biocontrol detection, enhancement,