Geothermal, Wave, and Geothermal, Wave, and Hydroelectric EnergyHydroelectric Energy

Katie LallaKatie Lalla

Calvin MendelCalvin Mendel

How do they all work?How do they all work?

• Geothermal:Geothermal:• http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_idwww.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id

=annotation_334575&feature==annotation_334575&feature=iv&src_vidiv&src_vid=-ajqiPe_9Ko&v=h1LMFyCgs14=-ajqiPe_9Ko&v=h1LMFyCgs14

• Wave Power: (just one of the systems)Wave Power: (just one of the systems)• http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=F0mzrbfzUpM=F0mzrbfzUpM

• Hydroelectric Power:Hydroelectric Power:• http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k=cEL7yc8R42k

• Geothermal:Geothermal:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

annotation_id=annotation_334575&feature=iv&srannotation_id=annotation_334575&feature=iv&src_vid=-ajqiPe_9Ko&v=h1LMFyCgs14 c_vid=-ajqiPe_9Ko&v=h1LMFyCgs14

• Wave Power: (just one of the systems)Wave Power: (just one of the systems)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0mzrbfzUpM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0mzrbfzUpM

• Hydroelectric Power:Hydroelectric Power:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k

History of Geothermal History of Geothermal EnergyEnergy• Paleolithic times- hot springs Paleolithic times- hot springs

used for bathingused for bathing• Roman times- space heating in Roman times- space heating in

homeshomes• Qin Dynasty 3Qin Dynasty 3rdrd century BC- stone century BC- stone

pool fed by hot spring, oldest spapool fed by hot spring, oldest spa• First century AD- Romans First century AD- Romans

conquered Bath, Somerset, conquered Bath, Somerset, England, and used hot springs to England, and used hot springs to feed public baths and make feed public baths and make under-floor heating. Admission under-floor heating. Admission paid for these public baths most paid for these public baths most likely represents the first likely represents the first commercial use of geothermal commercial use of geothermal power.power.

History ContinuedHistory Continued• 1414thth century- World’s oldest geothermal district century- World’s oldest geothermal district

heating system in France is still in operationheating system in France is still in operation• 1892, Boise, Idaho- USA’s first district heating system 1892, Boise, Idaho- USA’s first district heating system

powered entirely by geothermal energypowered entirely by geothermal energy• 1900, Oregon- copied Idaho’s heating plan1900, Oregon- copied Idaho’s heating plan• 1926ish- geysers used to heat greenhouses in 1926ish- geysers used to heat greenhouses in

Tuscany Tuscany • 1930- Charlie Lieb developed first down hole heat 1930- Charlie Lieb developed first down hole heat

exchanger to heat his houseexchanger to heat his house• July 4, 1904- Prince Piero Conti tested first geothermal July 4, 1904- Prince Piero Conti tested first geothermal

power generator…it successfully lit FOUR light bulbs!power generator…it successfully lit FOUR light bulbs!• 1911- world’s first geothermal power plant built in 1911- world’s first geothermal power plant built in

Laderello, ItalyLaderello, Italy• 1946-Kroeker developed first commercial heat pump 1946-Kroeker developed first commercial heat pump

to heat the Commonwealth Building in Oregon.to heat the Commonwealth Building in Oregon.

Heat PumpHeat Pump

History Continued (part 3!) History Continued (part 3!) • 1960- Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) 1960- Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E)

began first geothermal electrical power began first geothermal electrical power plant, the original turbine lasted 30 years plant, the original turbine lasted 30 years and produced 11 MW of net power.and produced 11 MW of net power.

• 1979- Development of polybutylene pipe 1979- Development of polybutylene pipe helped make heat pump economically helped make heat pump economically viable.viable.

• 1981- binary cycle power plant introduced 1981- binary cycle power plant introduced to the USto the US

• 2006- binary cycle power plant in Alaska 2006- binary cycle power plant in Alaska

Binary Cycle Power PlantBinary Cycle Power Plant

Advantages!Advantages!

• Cost per kWh ranges from $0.05 to $0.08Cost per kWh ranges from $0.05 to $0.08• Minimal environmental impacts and emissions.Minimal environmental impacts and emissions.• Generate economic development Generate economic development

opportunities, creating jobs in more rural areasopportunities, creating jobs in more rural areas• Can provide power at all times if necessary Can provide power at all times if necessary

(unlike solar, wind, etc), can operate (unlike solar, wind, etc), can operate approximately 98% of the timeapproximately 98% of the time

• Can help protect against volatile electricity Can help protect against volatile electricity prices prices

• Recent advances allow for maximum resource Recent advances allow for maximum resource use and minimal drillinguse and minimal drilling

MORE Advantages!MORE Advantages!• Very small amount of air emissions: low Very small amount of air emissions: low

amounts of CO2, particulate matter, sulfur amounts of CO2, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and most often, no nitrogen oxidesdioxide, and most often, no nitrogen oxides

• Geothermal plants are the largest taxpayers Geothermal plants are the largest taxpayers in nearly every country they existin nearly every country they exist

• Can be used directly in aquaculture, Can be used directly in aquaculture, greenhouses, and industrial and agricultural greenhouses, and industrial and agricultural processes, resorts and spas, heating, and processes, resorts and spas, heating, and cooling.cooling.

• Can be used to “cascade”, meaning to use Can be used to “cascade”, meaning to use the same source for two or more needs the same source for two or more needs simultaneously, saving energy in the processsimultaneously, saving energy in the process

Disadvantages…Disadvantages…• Best potential resources located on rural Best potential resources located on rural

or remote areasor remote areas• The process of developing government or The process of developing government or

state owned lands can be cumbersome state owned lands can be cumbersome and discouragingand discouraging

• The process of exploration and drilling can The process of exploration and drilling can be expensivebe expensive

• The success rate for finding new, The success rate for finding new, untapped areas is about 20% untapped areas is about 20%

• If managed ineffectively, geothermal If managed ineffectively, geothermal resources will decline in productivity over resources will decline in productivity over time time

Some Graphs…Some Graphs…• Nitrogen Oxide Emission for US Nitrogen Oxide Emission for US

Power PlantsPower Plants

Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Carbon Dioxide Emissions for US Power PlantsUS Power Plants

Sulfur Dioxide Emissions for US Sulfur Dioxide Emissions for US Power PlantsPower Plants

Just How Much? Some Just How Much? Some NumbersNumbers

• About 70 countries made use of About 70 countries made use of around 270 petajoules (A little over around 270 petajoules (A little over 50 tons of TNT) of geothermal 50 tons of TNT) of geothermal heating in 2004heating in 2004

• Residential heating, with a capability Residential heating, with a capability of around 10 kW, can cost around of around 10 kW, can cost around $1000-$3000 to install$1000-$3000 to install

Land Use? More NumbersLand Use? More Numbers

Geothermal Home SystemsGeothermal Home Systems

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVDBRQvBVso v=uVDBRQvBVso

• If this sounds like an advertisement, If this sounds like an advertisement, that’s because it is. But it makes that’s because it is. But it makes geothermal energy sound awesome!geothermal energy sound awesome!

How does a geothermal plant How does a geothermal plant work?work?

These guys explain it far better These guys explain it far better than I ever will.than I ever will.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjpp2MQffnw v=kjpp2MQffnw

CASE STUDY: The GeysersCASE STUDY: The Geysers

• Comprised of 45 sq. miles of steam Comprised of 45 sq. miles of steam field reservoirs, about 22 power field reservoirs, about 22 power plantsplants

• Net power of 725 MW, enough to Net power of 725 MW, enough to power around 725,000 homes (or a power around 725,000 homes (or a city the size of San Francisco)city the size of San Francisco)

• The largest possible (although not The largest possible (although not probable) seismic event is M5.0probable) seismic event is M5.0

Where is geothermal energy Where is geothermal energy most viable?most viable?

Map of Seismic PlatesMap of Seismic Plates

Iceland and Geothermal Iceland and Geothermal EnergyEnergy• Benefits from location along fault lineBenefits from location along fault line

• Many volcanoesMany volcanoes

• 26.2% of the nation’s energy comes from 26.2% of the nation’s energy comes from geothermal sourcesgeothermal sources

• In Iceland, 93% of the homes are In Iceland, 93% of the homes are geothermally heated, saving approximately geothermally heated, saving approximately $100 Million annually in avoided oil imports$100 Million annually in avoided oil imports

• Compare with the U.S.Compare with the U.S.

A lesson in IcelandicA lesson in Icelandic

• Everyone’s favorite volcano: Everyone’s favorite volcano: EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRnnJ45sCIw v=BRnnJ45sCIw

• Everyone’s favorite volcano: Everyone’s favorite volcano: EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRnnJ45sCIw v=BRnnJ45sCIw

The volcano with the ridiculous The volcano with the ridiculous namename

Volcanic activity in IcelandVolcanic activity in Iceland

Random FactoidsRandom Factoids• Any heat withdrawn from the earth is Any heat withdrawn from the earth is

infinitesimally small compared to the infinitesimally small compared to the heat of the earth’s core, making heat of the earth’s core, making geothermal energy a viable geothermal energy a viable renewable resource.renewable resource.

• 122 kg of CO2 is produced per 122 kg of CO2 is produced per megawatt-hour, a nearly negligible megawatt-hour, a nearly negligible amount compared to most fossil fuels.amount compared to most fossil fuels.

• By maintaining the resource, By maintaining the resource, environmental risk is decreased to a environmental risk is decreased to a trifling amount.trifling amount.

Random Factoids!Random Factoids!

• Heat pumps are the fastest growing way to Heat pumps are the fastest growing way to harness geothermal energy, growing at harness geothermal energy, growing at around 30% each year around the worldaround 30% each year around the world

• Reykjavik, Iceland used to be thought of as Reykjavik, Iceland used to be thought of as one of the most polluted cities in the world, one of the most polluted cities in the world, and is now considered one of the cleanest.and is now considered one of the cleanest.

• The largest seismic event related to The largest seismic event related to geothermal activities was M3.7 in Australia.geothermal activities was M3.7 in Australia.

Geothermal energy for the Geothermal energy for the futurefuture

• Relatively low environmental impact? Relatively low environmental impact? Check.Check.

• Massive amounts of untapped Massive amounts of untapped resources? Check.resources? Check.

• Like other forms of renewable energy Like other forms of renewable energy in thatin that– It is expensive nowIt is expensive now– Technology will gradually but inevitably Technology will gradually but inevitably

be upgradedbe upgraded

Wave Energy History Wave Energy History (yeah there’s history)(yeah there’s history)• 1799- first patent in Paris to Girard and his 1799- first patent in Paris to Girard and his

sonson• 1910- Bochaux-Praceique near Bordeaux to 1910- Bochaux-Praceique near Bordeaux to

light and power his house, it seems that this light and power his house, it seems that this was the first oscillating water-column type of was the first oscillating water-column type of wave-energy devicewave-energy device

• 1940’s and 50’s- Yoshio Masuda researched 1940’s and 50’s- Yoshio Masuda researched how to draw power from ocean waveshow to draw power from ocean waves

• 1973- oil spill caused many university 1973- oil spill caused many university researchers to rethink wave energy as a researchers to rethink wave energy as a power sourcepower source

• 1974- Salter invented Salter’s duck or 1974- Salter invented Salter’s duck or nodding duck that can stop 90% wave nodding duck that can stop 90% wave motion and convert 90% of it to energy, motion and convert 90% of it to energy, making it 81% efficientmaking it 81% efficient

Modern TechnologiesModern Technologies• PowerBuoyPowerBuoy• Offshore LocationOffshore Location• Captured via BuoyCaptured via Buoy• Originated in USOriginated in US• Built in 1997Built in 1997• A rack and pinion in the A rack and pinion in the

buoy spins a generator, buoy spins a generator, then electricity is then electricity is transmitted through a transmitted through a submerged power linesubmerged power line

• Installed only 5 miles Installed only 5 miles offshore, in 100-200 offshore, in 100-200 feet of waterfeet of water

• Generates around Generates around 150kW150kW

Pelamis Wave Energy Pelamis Wave Energy ConverterConverter• Offshore Offshore

LocationLocation

• Captured by Captured by surface following surface following attenuatorattenuator

• Originated in UK Originated in UK (Scotland)(Scotland)

• Built in 1998Built in 1998

• First tested in First tested in 20042004

• P2 tested in P2 tested in 20102010

Wave Dragon (yeah, for Wave Dragon (yeah, for real!)real!)• Offshore LocationOffshore Location

• Captured via surface Captured via surface following attenuatorfollowing attenuator

• Originated in Originated in DenmarkDenmark

• Created in 2003Created in 2003

• Large wing reflectors Large wing reflectors focus waves up a focus waves up a ramp into an offshore ramp into an offshore reservoir. Water reservoir. Water returns to the ocean returns to the ocean via gravity through via gravity through hydroelectric hydroelectric generatorsgenerators

Anaconda Wave Energy Anaconda Wave Energy ConverterConverter• Offshore LocationOffshore Location

• Captured via surface Captured via surface following attenuatorfollowing attenuator

• Originated in the UKOriginated in the UK

• Created in 2008Created in 2008

• 200m long tube that, 200m long tube that, as waves run through as waves run through it, waves are created it, waves are created inside the tube inside the tube propelling turbines at propelling turbines at the end of the tubethe end of the tube

FlanSeaFlanSea• Offshore LocationOffshore Location

• Captured via buoyCaptured via buoy

• Originated in Originated in BelgiumBelgium

• Created in 2010Created in 2010

• Developed for use Developed for use in southern North in southern North Sea conditions, Sea conditions, bobs and bobs and generates generates electricity that wayelectricity that way

SeaRaserSeaRaser• Nearshore LocationNearshore Location

• Captured by buoyCaptured by buoy

• Originated in UKOriginated in UK

• Created in 2008Created in 2008

• Pistons attached to Pistons attached to sea floor and to a sea floor and to a buoy, as buoy rises, buoy, as buoy rises, pressurized water is pressurized water is pumped off to drive pumped off to drive hydraulic hydraulic generatorsgenerators

CETO Wave PowerCETO Wave Power• Offshore LocationOffshore Location

• Captured by buoyCaptured by buoy

• Originated in Originated in AustraliaAustralia

• Created in 1999Created in 1999

• Buoy floats in the Buoy floats in the water, attached to a water, attached to a piston. Piston piston. Piston pumps as buoys pumps as buoys rise and fall due to rise and fall due to water rising and water rising and falling.falling.

Great Great News!News!

• The current usability of this resource is The current usability of this resource is estimated to be greater than 2 TW (that’s a estimated to be greater than 2 TW (that’s a lot)lot)

• Waves AREN’T GOING AWAY! As long as we Waves AREN’T GOING AWAY! As long as we have the moon and wind, we’re good to go! have the moon and wind, we’re good to go!

However…However…

• Noise pollution, if not monitored carefully, Noise pollution, if not monitored carefully, may cause damage to surrounding marine life may cause damage to surrounding marine life (other possible impacts are being studied)(other possible impacts are being studied)

• Current technologies can only catch about Current technologies can only catch about 18.5% of the current energy produced by a 18.5% of the current energy produced by a wave (but 500 gigawatts is still a decent wave (but 500 gigawatts is still a decent amount!)amount!)

• Wave farms may cause displacement of local Wave farms may cause displacement of local fisherman as well as contribute to unsafe fisherman as well as contribute to unsafe navigation in areas with these farms nearbynavigation in areas with these farms nearby

How do they herd the waves?...How do they herd the waves?...

• Nearly 15 different wave farms exist around the world, a Nearly 15 different wave farms exist around the world, a surprising majority of which are in the United Statessurprising majority of which are in the United States

• Ocean Power Technologies, a company based out of Ocean Power Technologies, a company based out of Pennsylvania, is involved in all five of the US wave farmsPennsylvania, is involved in all five of the US wave farms

Where are good wave farm Where are good wave farm areas?areas?• Western seaboard of EuropeWestern seaboard of Europe

• Northern UK coastNorthern UK coast

• Pacific coastlines of North and South Pacific coastlines of North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and America, South Africa, Australia, and New ZealandNew Zealand

• North and South temperate zones North and South temperate zones (prevailing westerlies blow the (prevailing westerlies blow the strongest in winter)strongest in winter)

Wave Farm Fun Facts!Wave Farm Fun Facts!

• Aguacadoura Wave Farm in Portugal was the Aguacadoura Wave Farm in Portugal was the world’s first wave farm, but went out of world’s first wave farm, but went out of business two months later due to the owners business two months later due to the owners going bankrupt. They created 2.25 MW going bankrupt. They created 2.25 MW

• Cornwall, a future wave hub in England, plans Cornwall, a future wave hub in England, plans to generate between 20 and 40 MW of power, to generate between 20 and 40 MW of power, which would power approximately 7,500 which would power approximately 7,500 homes. The savings are seen to be around homes. The savings are seen to be around 300,000 tons of CO2 in the next 25 years300,000 tons of CO2 in the next 25 years

The Big Kahuna…The Big Kahuna…• Coors Bay, Coors Bay,

Oregon: future Oregon: future home of the home of the largest wave largest wave power power generator (100 generator (100 MW)MW)

• Will have 200 Will have 200 PowerBuoys, 20 PowerBuoys, 20 undersea sub-undersea sub-stations, and an stations, and an undersea cable undersea cable to deliver the to deliver the power to the power to the power plantpower plant

Approximate Monthly Wave Approximate Monthly Wave Energy at project siteEnergy at project site

More Kahuna…More Kahuna…

• The power generated annually The power generated annually (approximately 275,000 KW/h) will be (approximately 275,000 KW/h) will be enough to power 24,900 homesenough to power 24,900 homes

• 140,250 tons of carbon dioxide will 140,250 tons of carbon dioxide will be displaced every year the plant is be displaced every year the plant is in production (like removing 29,000 in production (like removing 29,000 cars from the road each year!)cars from the road each year!)

But what drawbacks could But what drawbacks could there possibly be??there possibly be??• For starters, waves are unpredictable. May be For starters, waves are unpredictable. May be

consistently providing power, may not be, consistently providing power, may not be, thus cannot (obviously) be relied upon as a thus cannot (obviously) be relied upon as a sole source of energysole source of energy

• Although generators cause no pollution once Although generators cause no pollution once constructed, hydraulic fluid may leak into the constructed, hydraulic fluid may leak into the ocean water and cause environmental issuesocean water and cause environmental issues

• Can not only cause problems to marine life, Can not only cause problems to marine life, but anyone living too nearby may be annoyed but anyone living too nearby may be annoyed by the noise and sight of these bulky, ugly by the noise and sight of these bulky, ugly machinesmachines

• The harnessing of the energy is only as The harnessing of the energy is only as effective as the cables it is carried through, effective as the cables it is carried through, making transportation fairly ineffective, making transportation fairly ineffective, although possible since we are very well although possible since we are very well versed as a world in transporting electrical versed as a world in transporting electrical energyenergy

MORE WATER AHEAD!MORE WATER AHEAD!HistoryHistory• Has been used since ancient times to grind Has been used since ancient times to grind

flour (or steal years of life? Princess Bride flour (or steal years of life? Princess Bride reference?)reference?)

• Mid 1770’s- Bernard Forest de Belidor Mid 1770’s- Bernard Forest de Belidor published published Architecture HydrauliqueArchitecture Hydraulique describing vertical and horizontal axis describing vertical and horizontal axis hydraulicshydraulics

• 1878- first scheme for hydraulic power plant 1878- first scheme for hydraulic power plant by William George Armstrong in England. It by William George Armstrong in England. It powered a single lamp in his gallery.powered a single lamp in his gallery.

• 1881- Schoelkopf Power Station #1 near 1881- Schoelkopf Power Station #1 near Niagra Falls (on the US side) began Niagra Falls (on the US side) began producing electricityproducing electricity

• 1882- First Edison power plant in Wisconsin 1882- First Edison power plant in Wisconsin had an output of 12.5 kilowatts (not a lot…) had an output of 12.5 kilowatts (not a lot…)

Mmmm. More History.Mmmm. More History.• 1886- Approximately 45 1886- Approximately 45

hydraulic power plants hydraulic power plants in the US AND Canadain the US AND Canada

• 1889- over 200 1889- over 200 hydraulic power plants hydraulic power plants in the US alonein the US alone

• Turn of the 20Turn of the 20thth century- Grenoble, century- Grenoble, France held the France held the International Exhibition International Exhibition of Hydropower and of Hydropower and TourismTourism

Lots of History…Lots of History…• 1920’s- 40% of the US’s power came from 1920’s- 40% of the US’s power came from

hydroelectric plantshydroelectric plants

• 1920- Federal Power Act- created Federal 1920- Federal Power Act- created Federal Power Commission to oversee hydraulic Power Commission to oversee hydraulic power plants on government land and power plants on government land and waterwater

• 1928- Hoover Dam. Produced 1,345 MW of 1928- Hoover Dam. Produced 1,345 MW of powerpower

• Federal funding became available for Federal funding became available for larger scale projects, such as Tennessee larger scale projects, such as Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) and Bonneville Valley Authority (1933) and Bonneville Power Association (1937, created the Power Association (1937, created the Bonneville Dam)Bonneville Dam)

History…Last OneHistory…Last One

• 1942- Grand Coulee Dam replaced the 1942- Grand Coulee Dam replaced the Hoover Dam as the largest energy Hoover Dam as the largest energy producer, with over 6,000 MW of powerproducer, with over 6,000 MW of power

• 1984- Itapu Dam in South America 1984- Itapu Dam in South America topped charts with over 14,000 MW of topped charts with over 14,000 MW of powerpower

• 2008- Three Gorges Dam, in China, 2008- Three Gorges Dam, in China, sprinted past Itapu and came in at over sprinted past Itapu and came in at over 22,000 MW of power22,000 MW of power

For the USFor the US

For the Whole WorldFor the Whole World

Where do we stand?Where do we stand?

How do we get it?How do we get it?

• Dams (duh)Dams (duh)• Basically, water from high up pours through Basically, water from high up pours through

little tubes and past turbines, spinning the little tubes and past turbines, spinning the turbines and powering the generator. Bam. turbines and powering the generator. Bam. Power.Power.

More Good Things!More Good Things!

• These are pumped storage dam-things, meaning they These are pumped storage dam-things, meaning they reuse the water they’ve already let flow through. During reuse the water they’ve already let flow through. During the day, in most places (although some places are more or the day, in most places (although some places are more or less likely to fit this generalization, ie TEXAS in SUMMER) a less likely to fit this generalization, ie TEXAS in SUMMER) a fairly large amount of electricity is used. But at 3AM, much fairly large amount of electricity is used. But at 3AM, much less power is needed. Instead of just letting water continue less power is needed. Instead of just letting water continue to run and generate useless and hard-to-store power, that to run and generate useless and hard-to-store power, that excess is used to pull water back up to the top of the excess is used to pull water back up to the top of the reservoir to await another day of needed hydroelectric reservoir to await another day of needed hydroelectric power!power!

Run-of-the-River PlantsRun-of-the-River Plants

• Essentially, these have little or no Essentially, these have little or no reservoirs and must use any electricity reservoirs and must use any electricity immediately, or allow the water to bypass immediately, or allow the water to bypass the dam until electricity is neededthe dam until electricity is needed

Tidal Power (a brief Tidal Power (a brief description)description)• Basically, as the Basically, as the

tide comes in tide comes in and out, the and out, the turbines spin turbines spin and power the and power the generator. generator. Pretty basic Pretty basic stuff.stuff.

• Also very Also very predictable predictable since tides since tides come in and go come in and go out at particular out at particular times.times.

UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND

• Same general idea. Water flowing from Same general idea. Water flowing from one water source to the other turns a one water source to the other turns a turbine powering a generator. turbine powering a generator.

Advantages!Advantages!• Power is provided free and clear by nature, Power is provided free and clear by nature,

very little pollutants arise as a cause of very little pollutants arise as a cause of hydroelectric power plantshydroelectric power plants

• RELATIVELY low building and maintenance RELATIVELY low building and maintenance costscosts

• Renewable and reliable! Unless a massive Renewable and reliable! Unless a massive drought occurs out of thin air with absolutely drought occurs out of thin air with absolutely no warning, this source will continue to no warning, this source will continue to provideprovide

• We KNOW this works! Not to say it couldn’t We KNOW this works! Not to say it couldn’t ever be improved, but there’s hardly any ever be improved, but there’s hardly any guessing as to whether it’ll work or how it’ll guessing as to whether it’ll work or how it’ll end up working or the amount of power it’ll end up working or the amount of power it’ll supply, we already know!supply, we already know!

Some other great things!Some other great things!• Can actually contribute to improving the Can actually contribute to improving the

diversity of our energy sources by providing a diversity of our energy sources by providing a stable renewable source of energy to start us stable renewable source of energy to start us off, allowing us to go on and incorporate more off, allowing us to go on and incorporate more of other sources (like Aeolian -wind- energy, or of other sources (like Aeolian -wind- energy, or solar)solar)

• Reservoirs collect rainwater, which can be Reservoirs collect rainwater, which can be used as drinking water, and allows us to save used as drinking water, and allows us to save the water tablesthe water tables

• Hydroelectric plants can help under or Hydroelectric plants can help under or undeveloped countries become more undeveloped countries become more developed by providing jobs, electricity and developed by providing jobs, electricity and infrastructureinfrastructure

• Reservoirs can provide places for water sports, Reservoirs can provide places for water sports, agriculture, aquaculture (fish-growing), agriculture, aquaculture (fish-growing), irrigation, and may (like the Hoover Dam) irrigation, and may (like the Hoover Dam) become attractions in themselvesbecome attractions in themselves

Not so great things…Not so great things…• Depends on precipitation (hydrology), so if Depends on precipitation (hydrology), so if

there’s a drought or dry period of any sort, there’s a drought or dry period of any sort, it may not be able to function.it may not be able to function.

• Can harm the wildlife or environment, or Can harm the wildlife or environment, or aquatic life (fish entrapment)aquatic life (fish entrapment)

• May change the quality of the water May change the quality of the water sourcesource

• May, in some cases, displace populations May, in some cases, displace populations of PEOPLEof PEOPLE

• Hard to store this kind of energy for very Hard to store this kind of energy for very long. Possible, but not so easy. Again, long. Possible, but not so easy. Again, wires are not so great, but we do use themwires are not so great, but we do use them

Random, and watery, facts!Random, and watery, facts!

• China leads the world with its production China leads the world with its production of hydroelectric power, followed by of hydroelectric power, followed by Canada, Brazil, THEN the US.Canada, Brazil, THEN the US.

• Approximately 2/3 of potential Approximately 2/3 of potential hydroelectric power has been hydroelectric power has been developed. Sources to develop still exist developed. Sources to develop still exist in parts of South America, China, etc.in parts of South America, China, etc.

More (watery) Random More (watery) Random Facts!Facts!• Hydropower, in the 20Hydropower, in the 20thth century, was referred century, was referred

to as “white coal” due to its power and to as “white coal” due to its power and availabilityavailability

• Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Paraguay, and Brazil get around or more than Paraguay, and Brazil get around or more than 85% of their power from hydroelectric power85% of their power from hydroelectric power

• The US has around 2,000 hydroelectric power The US has around 2,000 hydroelectric power plants which account for around 49% of our plants which account for around 49% of our RENEWABLE power, AKA around 19% of our RENEWABLE power, AKA around 19% of our power in generalpower in general

SourcesSources• http://fineartamerica.com/featured/1-bath--somerset--england--roman-baths-and-abbey-internationahttp://fineartamerica.com/featured/1-bath--somerset--england--roman-baths-and-abbey-internationa

l-images.htmll-images.html

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