Index

Agent(s)

Action-at-a-distance, 161

adaptative, 156–158, 199–205

as automata, 154, 156–168

autonomous, 7, 154, 156–158

beliefs, desires and intentions (BDI), 233

coadaptation, 155

communicative, 156–158

cooperative, 154

decision-maker, 155

definition of, 154

distant migration, 195, 198

goal-oriented, 156–158

heterogeneity, 157

influence field, 186

learning, 156–158

mobile, 156–158

multidimensional identity, 201–205

pedestrian, 159, 206, 208–213

perception, 157–158, 162, 228

proactive, 156–158

rational, 163–164

reactive, 154, 156–158

strong, 157

weak, 157, 161

Amherst model, see Model(s) of

Amsterdam housing model, 86

Artificial life, 11

Asynchronous updating, 37–38

Automata

asynchronous, 34, 105–106

encapsulation of properties, 9

finite, 4–5

heterogeneity, 10

spatially related, 2

state(s), 4

synchronous, 34

transition rule(s), 4–5

Automata system

decentralization, 9

Autoregression, 113

Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, see Model(s) of

Bifurcation(s), see Dynamic system(s)

Black-box, see Dynamic system(s)

Boston model, see Model(s) of

Bounded rationality, see Choice behavior

Brusseville model, see Model(s) of

Cellular automata

3D, 104, 120

as a framework for urban modeling, xv

as a model of computer, 95

asynchronous, 106

computational universality, 97, 99–100

constrained, 116–120

definition of, 5–6, 93–95

extended neighborhood, 116

fuzzy, 121–122

grid geometry, 105

interaction field, 129, 132

invention of, 93

limit patterns, classes I–IV, 102–103, 106

limitation(s) of, 21–24

linear transition function, 114

Markov field, integration, 149–150

monocentric, 123–126

neighborhood relationships, 105

polycentric, 123–126

potential-based, 116–117, 122–123, 126–131

self-reproducing, 97, 99–100

space-time pattern(s), 101–102

spread of urban spatial pattern(s), 132–133

transition rule(s), 4–5

undecidable, 104

Census GIS, 13–16

Central places hierarchy, 73

Chaos, 68–69

Choice

heuristics, 162–170

ordered, 166, 168

random, 165

Choice behavior, 160, 162

bounded rationality, 158, 164–170

deliberation, 188–189

imitation, 188–189

# 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84349-7Geosimulation: Automata-based Modeling of Urban Phenomena. I. Benenson and P. M. To r r e n s

Choice behavior (Continued)

optimizing, 163–164

repetition, 188–189

satisfier, 166–168

social comparison, 188–189

Choice probabilities, 162–170

Cincinnati model, see Model(s) of

CityDev, 246–247

Compartment model, 73–74

Complex adaptive systems, 18

Comprehensive modeling

complicatedness, 87

critics of, 87–88

expensiveness, 88

grossness, 87

hungriness, 87

hyper-comprehensiveness, 87

list of sins, 87–88

mechanicalness, 88

tuningness, 88

wrong-headedness, 87

Consumer lock-in, see Model(s) of

Control parameter(s), see Dynamic system(s)

Customer agent(s), 205, 207–208, 221–224

Data, synthetic, 16

DBMS, entity-relationship data model (ERM), 34

Decision-making, 70–71, 163, 170–171, 188, 220

Deltatron, 136

Deterministic chaos, see Dynamic system(s)

Developers’ efforts, see Model(s) of

Diffusion equation, 54–57

black ghettos in Chicago, 82–83

Brownian motion, 54

coefficient of diffusion, 55

muskrat in Europe, 56

Diffusion-limited aggregation, see Model(s) of

Direct georeferencing, 28–30

Discrete logistic equation, 63–68

bifurcation diagram, 68

cycles, 64–66

Dissipative structures, 72

Disutility, 162, 241

Dongguan model, see Model(s) of

Dynamic system(s)

attractor, 60–61

autonomous (closed), 49

bifurcation, 63–68

black-box approach, 10

bottom-up, 32, 89, 157

boundary conditions, 41–42

characteristic time, 159

complex behavior, 57

control parameter(s), 62

deterministic chaos, 68–69

equilibrium solution, 51–52

far-from-equilibrium, 100

fast variable(s), 53

human-driven, 154

irreversibility, 71

negative feedback(s), 69–70, 97–98

nonlinearity, 58–62, 160

openness, 62

oscillating solution, 58–60

period doubling, 64–66

phase space, 58

positive feedback(s), 69–70, 97–98, 194

quadratic, 73

self-organization in space, 32

skeptical or systemic view on, 256

slow variable(s), 53, 73

steady-state, 52

stocks and flows model, 73

strange attractors, 60–61

synergetic behavior, 71–72

top-down, 18, 255

Ecological fallacy, 11, 89

Emergent system, 18

ENIAC, 96, 107

Equilibrium

globally stable, 52

locally stable, 52

Evacuation from rooms, see Model(s) of

Excitable media, 97–98

Feigenbaum, universal constant, 68

Forrester, Jay, 77, 79–81

Fractal urban pattern(s), 177, 180, 182

Fuzzy set theory, 121

membership function, 121–122

Game of Life, 100–101, 115

General system theory, xv, 48, 72, 77, 89–90, 100

Geographic automata

fixed, 26

non-fixed, 26

Geographic automata system

as complex adaptive system, 32

as temporally enabled OODBMS, 34

definition of, 21–26, 31–32

event-driven, 106

management of time, 34

movement (migration) rule(s), 25–26, 28

neighborhood rule(s), 25–26, 30

raster GIS, 32

simulation language, 47–48

spatial entity(s), 25–26

time-driven, 106

universality of, 44–45

284 Index

vector GIS, 31

verification of, 40–44

Georeferencing

direct, 28–30

indirect, 28–30

rules, 25–26

Geosimulation

definition of, 8–11, 21, 23

direct modeling, 4

epistemology of, 251

future of, 255–257

language, 257

management of time, 3, 252

simplicity and intuition, 10

Gravity model, 74, 84

Greensboro model, see Model(s) of

Hagerstrand, Tortsen, 73, 77–78, 131

Hierarchy of models, 256–257

Householder agent, 170–175

choice behavior, 172

preferences, 170–171

Householders’ residential behavior

factors of, 171–172, 174

pull-push hypothesis, 173

stress-resistance hypothesis, 172–175

Industrial dynamics, see Model(s) of

Information theory, 48

Infrastructure GIS, 13

Innovation diffusion, 77–78, 183

Integration of cellular automata and regional models

flat, 146–148

hierarchical, 146–148

Intermittency, see Model(s) of

Ising model, 184–185

Israeli census of population and housing, 15–16,

175–176

Kappa criterion, see Model validation

L-systems, 105

Laplace’s demon, 68

Linear difference equation(s), 50–51

Linear differential equation(s), 50–51

Linear dynamic system(s), 49–51

eigenvalue(s), 51

exponential growth, 51

Logistic equation, 53–54

Logit model, 162–163, 169

Lorenz attractor, 60–61

Lowry, Ira, 74–76

Malthusian population growth, 50–51

Markov

fields, 99

fields and cellular automata, 142–146

processes, transition probabilities, 98

MAS modeling environment

Ascape, 17

EVO, 33

MAML, 33

MULTSIM, 217

RePast, 17, 33

SimBuilder, 17

SWARM, 17, 33

Microsimulation, 11

Migration, long-distance, 195

Mimetic code, 199

Model

evaluation, 243

sensitivity, 44

sharing, 257

time-scale, 11

transferability, 45

verification, 41–44

Model validation

chi-square criterion, 42–43

kappa criterion, 42–43

Model(s) of

Amherst, 132–133

Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, 59–60

Boston, 111–113

Brusseville, 85–86

Buffalo, 113

Cincinnati, 118–119

competition between two social groups, 82

consumer lock-in, 188–190

developers’ efforts, 224–227

diffusion-limited aggregation, 177–178

Dongguan, 126–128

evacuation from rooms, 213–215

Greensboro, 108–111

industrial dynamics, 79

intermittency of local development, 181–182

land-use voters, 234–235

patterns of firms and customers, 205, 207–208,

221–224

pedestrians on the sidewalk, 227–230

percolation of developers’ efforts, 178–180

Petakh-Tikva, 224–227

Pittsburgh, 74–77

random walker, 193–195

residential dynamics, 195–205

residential segregation (Schelling-Sakoda), 190–192

spatiodemographic processes, 182–184

voting, 184–190

Yaffo, 237–244

Model(s) of traffic, 215–220

car-following theories, 216

driver reaction time as a delay, 216

Index 285

lane-changing behavior, 220

multi-lane flow, 220

MULTSIM, 217–218

traffic jams, 216

TRANSIM, 231

TRANSIM population synthesizer, 16, 231

Modifiable areal unit problem, 11

Multiagent system(s)

above-neighborhood factors, 186

agents’ collective behavior, 160

externalization of agent’s influence, 193–194

framework for urban modeling, xv

limitation(s) of, 21–24

planning and assessment tools, 243

Negative feedback, see Dynamic system(s)

Neighborhood

definitions of, 22–23

Moore, 5–6, 94

relationship, degree of, 38

von Neumann, 5–6, 94

Neuron network, 96–97

OBEUS (object-based environment for urban

simulation), 35–40

agent, abstract class, 35

estate, abstract class, 35

geoautomata, abstract class, 37

geodomain, abstract class, 39

management of time, 37–38

relationship pattern, 38

self-organizing patterns, 39–40

Object(s)

spatial, 3, 137–138

spatially modifiable, 3

spatially non-modifiable, 3

cells versus spatial objects, 137–138

Object-oriented programming approach (OOP), xiv

as a framework for urban modeling, xv, 2, 17,

32–33

encapsulation, 17

methods, 17

software pattern(s), 34, 38–39

Optimizing behavior, see Choice behavior

Patterns of firms see Model(s) of

Pedestrian dynamics, see Model(s) of

Pedestrians, see Agent(s)

Perception, see Agent(s)

Percolation, see Model(s) of

Period doubling, see Dynamic system(s)

Petakh-Tikva model, see Model(s) of

Pittsburgh model, see Model(s) of

Planning support system, 248

Positive feedback, see Dynamic system(s)

Power distribution, 72–73, 185

Power law, 177, 187, 190, 195

Predator-prey model, 58

application for urban dynamics, 82

Random walker model, see Model(s) of

Recursive function, 95–97

Regional models, 81–85

spatial interaction(s), 74

Relationships

leader-follower pattern, 38–39

spatial, 3

Remote sensing and geosimulation, xv, 13

Requiem for large-scale models, 1–2

Residential behavior

pull-push hypothesis, 173–175

stress-resistance hypothesis, 173–175, 241–242

Residential dissonance, 173, 191, 196, 239–241

Residential preferences

revealed, 170–172

stated, 170–172

RIKS (Research Institute for Knowledge Systems),

121, 150

Satisfier behavior, see Choice behavior

Schelling-Sakoda model, 190–192

Self-organization, 32, 39, 71–72, 193–194, 200–202

Self-organized criticality, 72

Self-replicated cellular automata, 98

Self-reproducing machine(s), 97

SimCity, xiv

Simulation language, 257

SLEUTH model, 133–137

Software patterns, see OOP

Spatial constraints, 41, 118–119

Spatiodemographic processes, see Model(s) of

Stock and flow model, see Dynamic system(s)

Synchronous updating, 37–38

Synergetics, 72, 89–90

System

adaptive, 18

emergent, 18

self-organizing, 18

theory, 18

Tel-Aviv municipal GIS, 13–18

Tobler, Waldo, 92, 113, 115, 150

Traffic, see Model(s) of traffic

Turing, Alan, 24, 48, 96

Turing criteria for distinguishing human and machine,

97

Turing machine, 96

Urban data, revolution in, 89–90

Urban dynamics, object-based view of, xiv

Urban partition, 139–140

286 Index

UrbanSim, 248

Utility function, 162–163

von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 48, 57

von Neumann, John, 48, 93, 95–97, 99

Voronoi tessellation(s), 22, 239

Voting, see Model(s) of

Wiener, Norbert, 24, 48

Yaffo, 40

demography, 237–238

factors of residential choice, 238

model of residential dynamics,

237–244

Index 287