Georgia StudiesChapter 11

Section 1—The Roaring Twenties

• Vocabulary– Jazz– The blues– Boll weevil– Great Migration

The New WomanThe New Woman• 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right

to vote• More women in the workforce• Flappers: name given to women who took on

the new fashion – known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking

• First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier

• Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate

MusicMusic

• Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal)

• Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington

• Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club

• Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith

• The Charleston was the popular dance

Singing the Blues Video

CrimeCrime

• Prohibition: laws made sale and distribution of alcohol illegal

• Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs

• Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson

• Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”

Life in the Roaring TwentiesLife in the Roaring Twenties

• Life in US after World War I was good• More modern conveniences freed

women from household chores• Electricity became more available• Other inventions included gas stoves,

toasters, sliced bread, baby food• Radio: WSB started in Atlanta• 1927: first talking motion picture• Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse

The Voice of the South Video

The Destruction of King CottonThe Destruction of King Cotton

• Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop

• Price of cotton also dropped

• 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia

• Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed

• Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related business to close

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

• Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in northern factories

• Chicago and Detroit were popular destinations

• Many African Americans moved north for better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting

• Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money

The Klan StrengthensThe Klan Strengthens

• Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants

• Number of members increased in every state

• 1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members

• Declining membership by the end of the decade as members were linked to racial terrorism

A Special DayA Special Day

• 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first person to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

• 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone

• No navigation or weather instruments

• Won $25,000 prize

• “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane

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Section 2—The Great Depression

• Vocabulary– Stock market– Great Depression– laissez-faire– relief

The Bottom Drops OutThe Bottom Drops Out• Stock Market: Place where shares of

ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold

• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth

• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion

• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share

• Some stocks worth less than 1¢

Causes of the DepressionCauses of the Depression• Many people had borrowed too much money• Factories produced more goods than they could

sell• As people and businesses had problems making

money, banks did not get paid for loans• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a

portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up

• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank

• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

Living Through the DepressionLiving Through the Depression• 1932: 13 million unemployed• 9,000 banks closed• 31 Georgia banks failed• Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover –

shacks where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and

governments to feed hungry• Schools were often forced to close or shorten

schedules• Georgians were already suffering from economic

problems before Black Tuesday

Easing the BurdenEasing the Burden• President Hoover’s plan: government would

buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price

• Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy

• Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government

• Plan did not employ enough people to really help

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The Great Depression Video

Depression Era Hobo Video

Section 3—The New Deal

• Vocabulary– New Deal– minimum wage– stretch out– collective bargaining– rural electrification– subsidy– integrate

• People to know– Franklin D. Roosevelt– Richard B. Russell– Ellis Arnall– Eugene Talmadge

The New DealThe New Deal• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected

president

• New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression– Examined banks for soundness– Give jobs to unemployed workers– Tried to improve American’s lives

• Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

Georgia and the New DealGeorgia and the New Deal• NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set

minimum wage• Textile mill owners did not like the minimum

wage• Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers

work longer, faster, or more tasks• TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge

Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many

parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc. • REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought

electric power to rural areas

African Americans During the African Americans During the New DealNew Deal

• Did not benefit from many New Deal programs

• WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans

• Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt:– Mary McLeod Bethune– Clark Foreman– Robert Weaver– William Hastie

Georgia’s New Deal GovernorsGeorgia’s New Deal Governors

• Richard B. Russell– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful

business– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years

• Eugene Talmadge– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia

• Eurith “Ed” Rivers– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in

Georgia– Began programs for public housing– Term ended with corruption problems

Georgia’s New Deal GovernorsGeorgia’s New Deal Governors

• Talmadge re-elected in 1940– Began to use some New Deal programs– Used his power as governor to remove state

officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges

• Ellis Arnall– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons– Removed poll tax– New state constitution

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The Rural Electrification Administration Video

Dreams Never Realized: The Strike of 1914-15

Section 4—World War II

• Vocabulary– isolationism– dictator– appeasement– World War II– Holocaust– ration– G.I. Bill

Increasing TensionsIncreasing Tensions• Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military

strength

Country Leader Quick FactsJapan Emporer

HirohitoAttacked China seeking raw materials

Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania

Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents

Soviet Union

Josef Stalin Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

The War BeginsThe War Begins• 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to

“take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)• Sent troops to take over Austria,

Czechoslovakia, and Poland• Great Britain and France declared war• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries

and agreed to split Poland with Germany• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark,

Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

A Neutral United StatesA Neutral United States• Most Americans did not want to get

involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain

• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union

• Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union

• American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

““A Day that Will Live in Infamy”A Day that Will Live in Infamy”

• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries

• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped

• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941

• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean

• The USA declared war on Japan• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

American Military ForcesAmerican Military Forces

• Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor

• 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles

• Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units

• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

The War in EuropeThe War in Europe

• 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa

• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies

• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe

• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France

• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet

and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

Georgia Loses a FriendGeorgia Loses a Friend• President Roosevelt visited Georgia often

at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs

• His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs

• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs

• Millions of Georgians and Americans mouned

• Vice President Harry Truman became president

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout

the Asian Pacific region• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese

controlled lands• Japan refused to surrender• President Truman authorized the use of atomic

bombs to force Japan’s surrender• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb

on Hiroshima, Japan• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb

dropped on Nagasaki• Over 50 million people died in the war

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

• The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people

• Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed

• 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

Georgia During World War IIGeorgia During World War II• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –

over 7,000 killed• Military bases were built in the state which

improved the economy• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for

the average farmer• Limits were put on the consumption of goods

such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)

• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war

• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food

• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

The War’s Effects on SocietyThe War’s Effects on Society• Everyone was expected to help in the war

effort• Women began working in jobs to replace

men who had gone to war• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers

adapt to civilian life– Low cost loans for homes or business– College education opportunities

• Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

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