Georgia Institute of Technology Systems Realization Laboratory Recycling Guidelines

Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory

Recycling GuidelinesRecycling Guidelines


Design for Recycling GuidelinesDesign for Recycling Guidelines

• Most recycling guidelines are divided into three categories:

– Component design

– Material selection

– Fastener selection

• Most people agree that these issues, plus the choice of which processes are employed for recycling, have the largest impact on recyclability.

• Mechanical and manual separation techniques can be suggested for each of the above areas.

• Some also emphasize packaging.


Fundamental Lessons LearnedFundamental Lessons Learned

• As part of ongoing efforts in improving vehicle recyclability, a number of fundamental lessons have been learned from the disassembly of vehicles and studies by the Vehicle Recycling Partnership:

– The limiting factor in economic recycling of complex, integrated assemblies (such as instrument panels) is the separation into pure material streams.

– Both manual and mechanical separation have their advantages and disadvantages.

– Significant value must be retained in a part for manual separation to be economically feasible.

– Different design techniques should be employed depending on whether one wants to facilitate manual separation or mechanical separation.

• These fundamental lessons should be kept in mind when generating design alternatives.


Process Selection GuidelinesProcess Selection Guidelines


Metric for Selecting Separation TechniqueMetric for Selecting Separation Technique

• How do you know which process to design for?• The following flowchart provides a relatively simple metric for

design decision support.

High material removal rate (MRR)? (approx. 10 lbs/min for plastics)

Manual Separation Techniques applied

Repeat for components of assembly

Mid-value but improvable MRR? (approx. 5 lbs/min for plastics)

Mechanical Separation Techniques applied

No

Yes

No

Yes

candidate design

Material Removal Rate = Material [kg] / time [min]From: Coulter, S. L., Bras, B. A., Winslow, G. and Yester, S., 1996, “Designing for Material Separation: Lessons from the Automotive Recycling,” 1996 ASME Design for Manufacturing Symposium, ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference, Irvine, California, August 18-22, ASME, Paper no. 96-DETC/DFM-1270.


Detached Weight for Cost Neutral Recyling (g/min)Detached Weight for Cost Neutral Recyling (g/min)

• The amount of material (in grams) that has to be detached per minute if recycling is to be cost neutral for manual disassembly:

– Precious metals:

» gold 0.05

» palladium 0.14

» sliver 5.1

– Metals:

» copper 300

» aluminium 700

» iron 50,000

– Plastics:

» PEE 250

» PC, PM 350

» ABS 800

» PS 1000

» PVC 4000

– Glass 6000

Based on West-European hourly rates and material prices in Sept. 1995

(Philips Center for Manufacturing Technology)

Estimated total industrial labor rate: US$0.6/min


End-of-Life Destination Flowchart (from TNO Industry Delft, The Netherlands)

End-of-Life Destination Flowchart (from TNO Industry Delft, The Netherlands)

• General guidelines to determine end-of-life destinations

YES NO

rest

fra

ctio

ns

Is product disassembly part of the policy?

Is the product (or parts of it) fit for mechanical processing?

Which parts can be incinerated, dumped or treated as chemical waste?

Will the material cycles be closed?

Which parts can be recycled or reused?

Which parts will be suitable for high and low quality recycling?

rest

fra

ctio

ns

YES

NO

Reuse High quality recycling

Low quality recycling

Incineration Landfill Chemical waste


Material Selection GuidelinesMaterial Selection Guidelines


Recycling Two or More Materials(from GE Plastics)

Recycling Two or More Materials(from GE Plastics)

Rule of Thumb:

You want to take the shortest path for

material recycling

Rule of Thumb:

You want to take the shortest path for

material recyclingNOTE: Ideally, you just want

to have ONE material!

NOTE: Ideally, you just want to have ONE material!


Material CompatibilityMaterial Compatibility

• Compatibility matrices (or tables) list whether two materials are compatible, that is, they can be processed together.

• Most tables are for plastics, but some also exist for metal alloys. Most use a (rough) scale of 1-4 or 1-3.

• Typically, the information regarding compatibility (and especially detailed information) is buried in chemical handbooks.

Additive

Mat

rix

mat

eria

lcompatible compatible with limitations compatible only in small amounts not compatible

Important plastics

The table shown here is translated from VDI 2243.

In case of doubt, see your material expert.In case of doubt, see your material expert.

Question:

Are regular and galvanized steel compatible?


Glass and Ceramics CompatibilityGlass and Ceramics Compatibility

+ = good, 0 = moderate, - = poor/nil

The table shown here is from “Ecodesign: A Promising Approach to Sustainable Production and Consumption”, UNEP/IE, United Nations.

bottle glass window glass drinkingglass

drinking glass(crystal)

TV (screen) TV (cone) TV (neck) LCD (screen) ceramics

bottle glass + - - - - - - - -

window glass + + + - - - - - -

drinking glass + 0 + - - - - - -

drinkingglass(crystal)

- - + - 0 0 - -

TV (screen) 0 0 - - + 0 - - -

TV (cone) - - - 0 - + + - -

TV (neck) - - - 0 - - + - -

LCD (screen) 0 0 - - 0 - - + -

ceramics - - - - - - - - -/0


Compatibility of MetalsCompatibility of Metals

• In general, metal parts are easily recycled, but the following rules and guidelines apply:

– Unplated metals are more recyclable than plated ones.

– Low alloy metals are more recyclable than high alloy ones.

– Most cast irons are easily recycled.

– Aluminum alloys, steel, and magnesium alloys are readily separated and recycled from automotive shredder output.

– Contamination of iron or steel with copper, tin, zinc, lead, or aluminum reduces recyclability.

– Contamination of aluminum with iron, steel, chromium, zinc, lead, copper or magnesium reduces recyclability.

– Contamination of zinc with iron, steel, lead, tin, or cadmium reduces recyclability.

Metal(processed by wayof smeltingprocess)

Knock-outelements (decreases valueof the fraction tozero)

Penalty elements (seriouslydecrease value ofthe fraction)

Copper (Cu) Hg, Be, PCB(polychlorobezene)

As, Sb, Ni, Bi, Al

Aluminum (Al) Cu, Fe, polymers SiIron (Fe) Cu Sn, Zn

The table shown here is from “Ecodesign: A Promising Approach to Sustainable Production and Consumption”, UNEP/IE, United Nations.


A Well Known Laminate ExampleA Well Known Laminate Example

Look around and you will see a lot of room for improvement.

From:

“Green Products by Design – Choices for a Cleaner Environment”, Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress, Oct. 1992.


Material SelectionMaterial Selection

• “At the onset of a new program, the Design Office, Platform Engineering, Purchasing and Supply, and the component supplier should discuss recycling issues associated with a concept and determine the ‘best fit’ materials and processes for specific applications.”

• “Suppliers should be encouraged to demonstrate recyclability and to take materials back for recycling at the end of the vehicle’s useful life to be recycled in automotive and other applications.”

• “The use of materials which have been recycled, including from old vehicles, is desirable where it is economically viable.”

(from Chrysler Vehicle Recycling Design Guidelines)


Diversity of PlasticsDiversity of Plastics

• There is an incredible variety of plastics in modern vehicles.

• However, the top 7 used plastics are (in N-America)– Urethane; 1990 - 454 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 493 mill. lbs.

– Polypropylene (PP); 1990 - 437 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 522 mill. lbs.

– Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS); 1990 - 281 mill, 1995 - ± 289 mill. lbs.

– Polyvinylchloride (PVC); 1990 - 264 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 288 mill. lbs.

– Nylon; 1990 - 208 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 246 mill. lbs.

– Polyethylene (PE); 1990 - 191 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 248 mill. lbs.

– Polyester composite (SMC); 1990 - 173 mill. lbs, 1995 - ± 261 mill. lbs.

• Thus, if you have to choose a plastic, try picking one which is widely used.

• Minimizing material diversity is beneficial for acquisition, storage, manufacturing, recycling, etc.


Main Material ConcernsMain Material Concerns

• Meet environment, health, and occupational safety requirements for regulated or restricted substances or processes of concern.

– Do not, or limit, the use of materials which pose human or environmental risk.

• Mark materials according to standards.

• Generate minimal home and pre-consumer scrap during manufacturing.

• Make components of different recyclable materials easily separable, or use materials which can be recycled as a mixture.

• Standardize material types.

• Reduce painting.


Cathode Ray Tubes - ProblemCathode Ray Tubes - Problem

• Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) pose a major difficulty for recycling.

• The phosphor-based coating used to provide the necessary luminescence contains heavy metals and other toxins, while the glass itself is loaded with lead and barium.

• Recycling a specific design of CRT with known constituents is relatively straightforward, but finding a process that will handle very large quantities of CRTs of varying age and specification is not so easy.


Marking of PlasticsMarking of Plastics

• SAE J1344 – April 1993 contains the standards on marking of plastic parts.

• Based on standard symbols as published by ISO 1043.

• Allows for expansion and inclusion of new symbols for new material. (complete appropriate forms).

• See SAE J1344 for examples and specifics.

• European legislation will require the marking of all plastic parts with a weight greater than 100 grams.


Positions and Life of MarkingsPositions and Life of Markings

• No position of marking is prescribed, but:– Field service people should be informed regarding the material.

– If practicable, marking should be located where it may be observed while it is in use. May consider multiple markings.

– Marking on the outside is preferred for field service people.

• Also, markings should last:– Markings applied with inks, dyes, paints should not bleed, run, smudge, or

stain materials in contact with the marking.

– Markings should be designed to remain legible during the entire life of the part.

– Markings which are molded into the part are preferred since they are

permanent and do not require additional manufacturing operations. BUT, molded parts should not create a stress concentration.


Material Selection – SummarizingMaterial Selection – Summarizing

General:• Avoid regulated and/or restricted materials

– These often MUST be recycled, whatever the monetary cost of removal is.

• Use recyclable materials– Both technically as well as economically

• Use recycled materials, where possible– This increases recycled content

• Standardize material types– May involve corporate decision

• Reduce number of material types– Can be done at engineering level

• Use compatible materials, if different materials are needed.– Single material is preferred, however.

• Eliminate incompatible laminated/non-separable materials.– These are a major hassle.


Material Selection (cont.)Material Selection (cont.)

Manual Separation:• Avoid painting parts with incompatible paint

– Especially plastics can be contaminated by paint.

• Eliminate incompatible laminated/non-separable materials

Mechanical Separation:• Reduce number of materials as much as possible

– Probably two materials can be economically recovered

• Choose materials with different properties (e.g., magnetic vs non-magnetic; heavy vs light), thus enabling easy separation.

• Allow for density separation– Maintain at least 0.03 specific gravity difference between polymers

– Isolate polymers with largest mass by density

• Eliminate incompatible laminated/non-separable materials


Component Design GuidelinesComponent Design Guidelines


Component DesignComponent Design

• Apply Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) and Serviceability Guidelines as appropriate in component design.

– Facilitate ease of assembly removal and material separation.

– (There is a close correspondence between DFA, DFD, and Design for Service)

• Route wiring to facilitate removal.

Pins are easy to tap outDifficult to remove

Pressed alignment pins

Pressed bolts and studs

Complete holesPay attention to detail and

reduce the amount of frustration and special

equipment.

Label dangerous operations.

Pay attention to detail and reduce the amount of

frustration and special equipment.

Label dangerous operations.


Minimize Part and Material CountMinimize Part and Material Count

• To facilitate separation and collection:

– Minimize the number of components within an assembly.

– Minimize material types within an assembly.

– Build in planes of easy separation where this does not affect part function.

» Look under a hood for good and bad examples.

– (By the way, think also about modularity)

Question: What other (non-DFR) reasons exist for minimizing part and material count?


Classical Component Integration ExampleClassical Component Integration Example

• Springs and their support systems are always classical examples of component integration.

• Note the reduction in part and material count.

a) b)

a) Traditional design of springs in a doorlock: different materials, e.g., steel, aluminum b) Injection molded spring system made from POM (single material product)


Laminates and PaintsLaminates and Paints

• Avoid laminates which require separation prior to reuse.– Even though unique separation techniques exists, it increases the cost of the

recyclable material.

– When laminates are used, design them from compatible materials and adhesives.

Examples:– Dashboard cover:

» Old design: PVC top foil, PUR foam core, steel support plate

» New design: PP top foil, PP foam core, support layer of PP

– Bumper:

» Old design: PC skin, PUR foam core, steel support

» New design: Integral foam of PC, PP, support frame of PC, PP

• Avoid painting parts wherever possible.


Problems with PaintsProblems with Paints

• In general, paints contaminate plastics to be recycled.– Compatible paints exists, but the majority is non-compatible.

– One percent (!) of contamination can be enough to ruin a plastic batch for recycling.

• Many painting processes are subject to regulations.– For example, in case a city-wide smog alarm goes off, certain painting

processes (or other processes with volatile compounds) need to be stopped.

• Stripping paint is also a very nasty process.– Environmentally benign stripping processes exists, but the paint chips still

have to be disposed off.


Component Design - SummarizingComponent Design - Summarizing

General:• Integrate parts

– Reduce disassembly time

• Minimize scrap during production

Mechanical separation:• Avoid using incompatible materials

– E.g., stiffen sections rather than adding foam for noise-vibration-heat areas

Manual:• Use Design for Manufacturability/Assembly and Serviceability

guidelines

• Reduce number of steps to remove a recyclable part

• Reduce chance of contamination

• Route wiring to facilitate removal– Separate at bulkheads/interface areas


Fasteners–

Guidelines

Fasteners–

Guidelines


What about fasteners ?What about fasteners ?

• In VDI 2243, an example is given on the remanufacture of a four cylinder internal combustion engine.

• About 32.5% of all activities in the disassembly process consist of the loosening of screws. These activities consume 54% of the entire disassembly process time.

• According to VDI 2243, this is a typical example.

• The separation of staple, glue, press joints or joints made by deformation not only require more specialized equipment, but also embody a higher risk of damaging the component, if it is to be reused.

• Additional problems occur when contaminations such as oil, dirt and corrosion are present.


Assembly and DisassemblyAssembly and Disassembly

• Adhere to Design for Assembly guidelines– Good designs take ease of assembly as well as service and recycling into

account.

• Facilitate disassembly (Design for Disassembly)– Select fasteners which facilitate disassembly by any method including

destruction (by shredding) after a vehicle’s useful life.


Reduce and Commonize FastenersReduce and Commonize Fasteners

• Reduce the number and types of fasteners used.

• Select fasteners that do not require post-dismantling material separation for recycling.

– When practical, use fasteners of the same (or compatible) material as the attaching part.

– If this is not possible for plastic fasteners, use ferrous fasteners or inserts to allow for magnetic separation after shredding.

• Commonize fasteners– Try to design with minimum screw head types and sizes. (remember the

Volkswagen Bug’s 13 mm wrench standardization)

• DO NOT JEOPARDIZE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OR FUNCTION !!


Select Proper CoatingsSelect Proper Coatings

• Corroded fasteners cause severe problems for fast removal of parts

• Select coatings which minimize corrosion.– This may drive up the cost.

– Phospate & oil coatings have low corrosion resistance

– Better (but more costly) coatings may be warranted for recyclability (and servicability).

• Cadmium coatings should not be used because of potential health and environmental hazard.


Snap fitsSnap fits

• Use snap fits wherever possible to reduce the use of additional fasteners.

• Molded clips should be removable without breaking off.

IMPORTANT:

• Do not jeopardize product integrity.

• Also, consider long term effects (hardening of plastic, fatigue failure, frustration of broken snaps).


AdhesivesAdhesives

• Joining or bonding materials of the same type with compatible adhesives enhances recycling.

• But, non-compatible adhesives may cause contaminants to enter the material waste stream.

• Therefore, adhesive selection and the effect on part recyclability should be discussed with Materials Engineering as part of the development process at the onset of a program.


VDI 2243’s Fastener Selection TableVDI 2243’s Fastener Selection Table

• This table gives an overview of a German rating of fasteners.

• It will give you an idea of how different fasteners compare against each other.

• Caution: By no means is this a definite table!

characteristics of connection

principle of connection

Static Strength

Fatigue Strength

Joining Expenditure

Guidance Expenditure

Detaching Expenditure

Destructive Detaching Expenditure

Product Recycling

Material Recycling

Car

ryin

g

Cap

acity

Join

ing

Beh

avio

urD

etac

hing

B

ehav

iour

Rec

ycla

bilit

y

good average bad

plastic/metal adhesive bonding welding

magnetic connection

Velcro fastener

bolt/ nut

plastic bolt/ nut

spring connection

snap joint

bent-lever connection

1/4-turn fastener

press-turn fastener

press-press fastener

band with lock

Material Connection Frictional Connection Positive Connection


Fastener Selection – SummarizingFastener Selection – Summarizing

Clear distinction between manual vs mechanical separation guidelines

Manual Separation:• Reduce number of fasteners

• Commonize fastener types

• Use fasteners made of compatible materials

• Consider snap-fits (two-way, if necessary)

• Consider destructive fastener removal– Possible inclusion of break points in material


Fastener Selection: Mechanical SeparationFastener Selection: Mechanical Separation

IMPORTANT: Fasteners will not be unfastened!– Disassembly time is irrelevant!

Material properties are (again) key issue

In order of preference, use

1) Molded-in fasteners (same material)

2) Separate fasteners of same or compatible material

3) Ferrous metal fasteners (easy to remove due to magnetic properties)

4) Non-ferrous metal fasteners (can be removed using, e.g., Eddy-current)


Trade-offsTrade-offs

• Design for Recycling can negatively affect performance and cost issues.

– For example, required material substitution is not always possible or will cost more.

• However, in most cases, the trade-offs can be resolved and often converted in win-win situations.

• Often cited and studied and questioned are the trade-offs between design for disassembly and design for assembly.

• Take a look at the DFA guidelines and compare them not just with DFD, but also with DFR in general.

– Remember, a shredder does not care much about geometry and fasteners…


Product Design for Assembly GuidelinesProduct Design for Assembly Guidelines

Product Design for Assembly

1) Overall Component count should be minimized.

2) Minimum use of fasteners.

3) Design the product with a base for locating other components.

4) Do not require the base to be repositioned during assembly.

5) Design components to mate through straight-line assembly, all from the same direction.

6) Maximize component accessibility.

7) Make the assembly sequence efficient.

- Assembly with the fewest steps.

- Avoids risks of damaging components.

- Avoids awkward and unstable component, equipment, and personnel positions.

- Avoid creating many disconnected subassemblies to be joined later.


Component Design for Assembly GuidelinesComponent Design for Assembly Guidelines

Component Design for Assembly

8) Avoid component characteristics that complicate retrieval

(Tangling, nesting, and flexibility)

9) Design components for a specific type of retrieval, handling, and insertion.

10) Design components for end-to-end symmetry when possible.

11) Design components for symmetry about their axes of insertion.

12) Design components that are not symmetric about their axes of insertion to be clearly asymmetric.

13) Make use of chamfers, leads, and compliance to facilitate insertion.


DFR – Special IssuesDFR – Special Issues


Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors

• Identify the limiting factors and address these first!

• Look at a combination of the following component aspects:– Weight – If recyclability and recycled content are defined by weight, it makes sense to

look at the heaviest components first. Improving a 10 pound component’s recyclability rating from 4 to 3 has a larger impact on the overall system recyclability than improving a 1 pound component.

– Distance from target ratings – Components with recyclability ratings of 4 and lower should be improved. Pay special attention to components with a recyclability rating of 4 because they can often relatively easily be changed to obtain a (good) rating of 3. The same applies for material separation ratings, i.e., first focus on those components with a separability rating of 4.

– Risk – Those components with a high risk are also prime candidates for improvement.

– Violation of Design for Recycling guidelines – A component which clearly violates some of the Design for Recycling guidelines may also be a limiting factor and a prime candidate for improvement. Pay special attention to WHY one or more guidelines have been violated; it may have been done intentionally to, say, increase functionality or manufacturability.

• Often, upon careful inspection, the material or combination of materials is the limiting factor in most parts.


Risk AssessmentsRisk Assessments

• Some basic simple risk assessments with respect to achieving targets can be done

Risk Low Medium HighRecyclability % Recyclability

identified andmeets initialtargets. Plannedchanges will notdegrade it.

% Recyclabilitydoes not meetinitial targets, butplanned changesprovideimprovements.

1) % Recyclabilitydoes not meetinitial targetsand/or plannedchanges do notprovideimprovements. 2) % Recyclabilitymeets initialtargets, butplanned changesdegrade it belowtarget level.

Recycled Content Recycled content identified andmeets initialtargets. Plannedchanges will notdegrade it.

Recycled contentdoes not meetinitial targets, butplanned changesprovideimprovements.

1) % Recycledcontent does notmeet initial targetsand/or plannedchanges do notprovideimprovements. 2) % Recycledcontent meetsinitial targets, butplanned changesdegrade it belowtarget level.


Management Issue: Recyclability Target SettingManagement Issue: Recyclability Target Setting

• Goal of designer: Improve vehicle recyclability– 85% (by weight) required recyclability in 15 years

• Current recyclability (first revision) 75%

• Four (yearly) revisions of vehicle expected

• Data available on:– expected production for each year

– estimated reliability of vehicles

• Aim: Aid designer in setting appropriate targets for the recyclability of each revision of the vehicle


Target Setting: ParametersTarget Setting: Parameters

• Production Uncertainty: Normal, = 5,000

• Recyclability: Triangular, ± 3%

• Reliability, Weibull distribution

• Monte Carlo simulation used to explore effects of a given set of targets

Iteration Mean EstimatedProduction

Mean EstimatedRecyclability

EstimatedReliability

1 100,000 75% =7, =112 95,000 TBD =7, =113 95,000 TBD =7, =114 90,000 TBD =7, =115 90,000 TBD =7, =11


Target Setting: Constant ImprovementTarget Setting: Constant Improvement

Iteration 1 2 3 4 5Recyclability Target 75% 78% 81% 84% 87%

Recyclability of Vehicles Retired in a Given Year

Certainties Centered on Medians

0.700

0.750

0.800

0.850

0.900

90%

5%

Trend Chart


Target Setting: Achieving 85% RecyclabilityTarget Setting: Achieving 85% Recyclability

Iteration 1 2 3 4 5Recyclability Target 75% 80% 84% 87% 89%

Recyclability of Vehicles Retired in a Given Year

Certainties Centered on Medians

0.700

0.750

0.800

0.850

0.900

90%

5%

Trend Chart


Inclusion of UncertaintyInclusion of Uncertainty

• How will changes in technology and legislation affect the target definition and prioritization of limiting factors?

legislative limit

product’s mean environmental impact

Environmental Impact

Initial Product

Range of Expected Regulatory Limits at Iteration 5 (one-sided distribution)

Iteration 2

Iteration 3

Iteration 4Iteration 5

Reduction of mean environmental impact and variance over several iterations

Y

Xcompliance high

legislative mean


Computer-Based ToolsComputer-Based Tools


Computer-Aided Design for the Life Cycle System ArchitectureComputer-Aided Design for the Life Cycle System Architecture

Product Modeling

Synthesis & SelectionCAD

Evaluation Modules

Problem Formulation

Assembly Modeling

Manufacturing

RecyclingDisassembly

Robustness

Improvement Models

Parametric Assembly Model

Geometry Life-Cycle Information

Database of Product Representations

Service

Comparison Models

Graphics

Parametrics

Geometry

Features

Materials DB

Facilities DB

Features, Components, &

Mating Relationships DB Process DB

Designer

Design System

Process Modeling

Process Synthesis & Selection

Evaluation Modules

Simulation

Improvement Models

Comparison Models


Automotive Center ConsoleAutomotive Center Console

• Given are the geometric (solid) and assembly models of a center console design generated using a modern CAD package.

Rightbase

Leftbase

Endcap

BinFront bracket

Bezel Ashtray Latch Armrest

Hinge

Coverplate

Assembly ModelCenter Console

Base Armrest Ashtray &Lighter

Cupholder

BinLeftbase

Rightbase

Bezel

Endcap

Solid Model


Virtual DisassemblyVirtual Disassembly

• Disassembly in a Virtual Reality environment facilitates design for recycling as well as design for serviceability.

– Other assessments are also being added (e.g., demanufacture process cost assessments)

• The key is to use the existing product models and add functionality in existing and (for a designer) familiar software systems.

NSF grants:

–Virtual Design Studio for Servicing and Demanufacture (Rosen, Bras, Mistree, Goel, Baker) – DMI9420405

–CAD for De- and Remanufacturing (Bras and Rosen) – DMI9414715

–Enhancing Reusability by Design (Bras) – DMI9410005

–Integrated Product and De- and Remanufacture Process Design (Bras) – DMI9624787


Kodak Funsaver Virtual DisassmblyKodak Funsaver Virtual Disassmbly

Hand interface

Cameracomponents

• Virtual disassembly allows tracking of basic disassembly path based on user/designer experience.

• This path can be fine-tuned using other tools.


IGRIP Robotic Disassembly SimulationIGRIP Robotic Disassembly Simulation

Disassemblycycle times arecalculated.

Disassembly paths aresimulated and tested.

Different robots can besimulated and programmed

Detailed information about the kinematic anddynamic behavior of the robot can be obtained

Documents

Georgia Institute of Technology Systems Realization Laboratory Recycling Guidelines