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Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Product Life Cycle(s)Product Life Cycle(s)
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Module ObjectiveModule Objective
Having read this, you should know the following:
1. Basic product life-cycle stages
2. Different terminology used by different organizations and stakeholders
3. Be able to draw a product life-cycle diagram
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Our Linear Production SystemOur Linear Production System
MaterialProcessing
ProductManufacture Distribution
DisposalUse
Materials Extracted from Biosphere
Materials Mined from Lithosphere
Resources are mined, wastes are generated, products are disposed
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Cyclical Production SystemCyclical Production System
aaa
MaterialProcessing
ProductManufacture Distribution
ProductTake-Back
ProductDemanufacture
MaterialDemanufacture
Disposal
Manufacture
Demanufacture
Energy recoverywith incineration
Clean fuelproduction viapyrolysis
1= Direct reuse2= Remanufacture of reusable components3= Reprocessing of recycled material4= Monomer/raw material generation
1234 Use
Materials ExtractedFrom Biosphere
Materials MinedFrom Lithosphere
Engineering decisions in design and manufacturing can have profound implications throughout the entire product life cycle, from raw materials production, through the use phase of the product and into it’s end of life treatment.
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Stages of the Product Life Cycle (Office of Technology Assessment)Stages of the Product Life Cycle
(Office of Technology Assessment)
Environmental impacts occur at all stages of a product’s life cycle. Design can be employed to reduce these impacts by changing the amount and type of materials used in the product, by creating more efficient manufacturing operations, by reducing the energy and materials consumed during use, and by recovery of energy and materials during waste management. (OTA)
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
A Product’s Life Cycle – From Cradle to Re-IncarnationA Product’s Life Cycle – From Cradle to Re-Incarnation
The term “demanufacture” is used to characterize the process opposite to manufacturing involved in recycling materials and products.
Disposal
MiningMaterial
processingProduct
manufactureDistribution
Product take-back
Material de-manufacture
Energy recovery with incineration
Use +
Service
Product demanufacture
Environment: air, sea, land 1234
Clean fuel production via pyrolysis
2 = Remanufacture of reusable components
3 = Reprocessing of recycled material
4 = Monomer / raw material regeneration
1 = Direct recycling / reuse
Manufacture
Demanufacture
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
OEM
Assembly Plant(s)
Dealer Consumer
Vehicle Platform
Tier 1 Part Molder/Suppliers
Tier 2 Part Molder/Suppliers
Tier 2 Part Molder/Suppliers
Tier 3 Part Molder/Suppliers
Material Supplier
Material Supplier
partsmaterials vehicles
parts
parts
materials
material and parts specifications
Supplier Base
vehicles
Recycler(s)
Vehicle Dismantler
Auto Shredder
junked vehicles
scrap parts
scrap vehicles
reusable parts
Parts Re-manufacturer
cores
coresremanufact. parts
recyclable non-metallic materials
Millsmetals
Automobile Life-CycleAutomobile Life-Cycle
• Many modern products like automobiles are assembled by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) from components manufactured by numerous suppliers, creating a complicated network of interactions.
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Examples of undesired releases and consumptionsExamples of undesired releases and consumptions
Product life cycle stage Some examples of harmful energy and matter
consumption and emissions
Manufacturing Energy inefficient manufacturing processes.
Manufacturing waste material.
Hazardous chemicals.
Waste heat.
Large energy consumption.
Deployment Packaging materials.
Transportation energy.
Operation and service Increased emissions and energy consumption due to loss
of peak performance.
Worn components which are replaced and discarded.
Retirement Energy for (garbage) collection.
Scrap products.The above names for life cycle stages are often used in Defense related industries and products.
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Generic High Level Life-Cycle ActivitiesGeneric High Level Life-Cycle Activities
Materials Manufacture
Product Fabrication
Filling/ Packaging/ Distribution
Manufacturing
Raw Materials Acquisition
Use / Reuse / Maintenance
Recycle / Waste Management
Life-cycle StagesInputs Outputs
Atmospheric Emissions
Waterborne Wastes
Solid Wastes
Coproducts
Other Releases
Energy
Raw Materials
For a mechanical product. (Source: EPA)
Georgia Institute of TechnologySystems Realization Laboratory
Some Aspects of an Environmentally Benign ProductSome Aspects of an Environmentally Benign Product
Product Life Cycle
UseProduction and Distribution
Post Use
low energy and material consumption few and environmentally benign emissions
long product life = easy to: inspect, maintain, repair, update
usefulness
low energy and material consumption use of environmentally benign (e.g. recycled) material few and environmentally benign (recyclable) emissions / waste
Recycling Disposal
Material Recycling Product Recycling (Reuse of the product or its parts)
degradability
Incineration
high reuse value disassemblability
high recycling value of the materials separability or compa- tibility of materials
no hazardous emissions
The terms “material” and “product” recycling are used in Germany and the German engineering standard VDI 2243 – “Designing Technical Products for Ease of Recycling”
