Unit 5 DNA and Cell Cycle Test Review ANSWERS

1. What are somatic cells? What are gametes?

Somatic cells are body cells (i.e. skin, heart, stomach cells);

gametes are sex cells (i.e. egg and sperm)

2. What holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?

Weak hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together,

and are “unzipped” during replication

3. What is the monomer of DNA?

The monomers of DNA are nucleotides, which are made up of

a 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

4. DNA is what biomolecule?

DNA is a nucleic acid. DNA is a double helix structure (2

strands, twisted ladder)

5. What are the nitrogenous bases? What bases pair together?

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

6. What is haploid? What is diploid?

Haploid is one set or half the total number of chromosomes

Diploid is two sets of chromosomes, total number of

chromosomes, mitosis!

7. What is the difference between the cell cycle and cell

division?

The cell cycle is the entire process from start to finish

including cell preparation and cell division

Cell division is the division of the nucleus

Mitosis ends with two identical cells

8. What is the purpose of DNA?

Carry genetic information, the order is determined by the

sequence of the nucleotides

9. What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase: G1, S, G2

M-Phase: Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,

Telophase ) and Cytokinesis

10. Where is DNA located?

The nucleus of the cell

11. What is the difference between plant cells and animal

cells in cell division?

Animal cells pinch into two cells when the cytoplasm splits,

creating a cleavage furrow

Plant cells split into two cells creating a cell plate which will

become the cell wall

12. List, describe, and draw the phases of cell division.

Prophase- nuclear membrane breaks down and

chromosomes become visible

Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase- chromosomes pull apart

Telophase – two new nuclear membranes form around the

chromosomes

Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm

13. Draw and label a nucleotide.

14. What is Active transport? List and describe examples.

Active transport requires energy moving from low to high

concentration, against the concentration gradient

Protein pump- use energy and proteins embedded in the

membrane to move molecules

Endocytosis- the movement into the cell (Pinocytosis is cell

drinking, and phagocytosis is cell eating)

Exocytosis- the movement of molecules out of the cell

15. What is Passive transport? List and describe examples.

No energy is required, movement from high to low

concentration

Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low

concentration

Osmosis- movement of water from high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion- movement of molecules using the

embedded proteins from high to low concentration

16. What is Hypertonic? What is Hypotonic? What is

Isotonic?

Hypertonic is a high concentration of solutes causing the cell

the shrink

Hypotonic is a low concentration of solutes causing a cell to

well or even burst

Isotonic is the same concentration inside and outside the cell

17. What is Photosynthesis? Who uses this process? What is

the formula?

Process of using sunlight to make glucose; plants, bacteria

and some Protistas; 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

18. What is Cellular respiration? Who uses this process?

What is the formula?

Process of converting glucose into energy; all living things use

it; C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

19. What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate, energy

20. What is sexual reproduction? What is asexual

reproduction?

Sexual reproduction will produce NOT genetically identical offspring, gametesAsexual reproduction will produce genetically identical offspring, somatic cells, mitosis!

21. What happens in the G1 and G2 phase? What happens in S

phase?

G1 phase is cell growth and preparationS phase is chromosome replicationG2 phase is more cell growth

22. What is the cell cycle?

The birth and the death of a cell, time to grow and divide

23. In what phase do cells spend most of their time?

They spend most of their time in interphase, cell preparing

for cell division

24. What are the four biomolecules? What are their

monomers? What are the polymers? What are their

functions?

Carbohydrates- (M) gluclose (P) cellulose, glycogen, starch

(Function) energy

Lipids- no true monomer or polymer made up fatty acids and

glycerol, function is long term energy storage

Proteins- (M) amino acids (P) proteins (Function) cell

structure and function, build muscles

Nucleic Acids – (M) nucleotide (P) DNA and RNA (function)

genetic material

25. What makes up the rungs of DNA? What makes up the

backbone of DNA?

Rungs are made of nitrogenous basesBackbone is made up of sugar and phosphates

26. Who are the following people?

a. Griffith- used mice to discover that genes made up of

DNA

b. Franklin- photograph of the double helix shape

c. Chargaff- equal amounts of nitrogenous bases

d. Hershey and Chase- radioactive material was DNA not

proteins

e. Watson and Crick- DNA structure and model

27. What is Chargaff’s rule?

31% adenine, 31% thymine, 19% guanine, 19% cytosine

28. DNA, chromosomes, cell, nucleotides: list in order from

smallest to largest.

Nucleotide, DNA, chromosome, cell

29. What is the complementary strand of TACGGATATCGC?

ATGCCTATAGCG

30. What is the role of DNA in relation to the genetic code?

Sequence of nucleotides makes our genetic sequence for

DNA, making us unique

31. What insures proper cell division?

DNA replication

32. Refer to your cell cycle diagram. Know your phases!