Geologic Time Scale

GeologicTimeScale

Era Age (Myrs) Epoch

0.01Holocene

1.8Pleistocene

5.3Pliocene

23.8Miocene

33.6Oligocene

54.8Eocene

65Paleocene

144

206

248

290

323

354

417

443

490

543

2500

3800

Precambrian

Phanerozoic

Eon

Proterozoic

Archean

Hadean

Period

Quaternary

Tertiary

Neogene

Paleocene

Mississippian

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

Paleozoic

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs)Source: Geological Society of America (1999)

Geologic Time Scale

Devonian

Silurian

Ordivician

Cambrian

Triassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Scientific Method

• Raise question• Gather data

Scientific Method

• Raise question

• Gather data

• Form hypothesis

• Test and modify hypothesis

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Peer-Reviewed Journals









Science “Magazines”











Scientific Method

• Scientific Theory

• Scientific LawQuickTime™ and a

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“Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

“Stuff” of the Universe

The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks

and Life



Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Determined by temperature and pressure



Rock

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)

Rocks

Earth

Living Things

Biosphere

Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?

Particle ChargeWeight (amu)

Proton (p)

+ 1

Electron (e)

- ~0

Neutron (n)

0 1

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number

=Number of

Protons

Importanceof Protons

Elements

Iron

Carbon

Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant

element in the universe:





Hydrogen

Large Magellanic Cloud



CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth

•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth

Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things

HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfa BacteriaBacteria

•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

AtomicWeight

= number of protons + neutrons

Importanceof Neutrons

Quiz - Lithium

Atomic Number =

Atomic Weight =

3

7

Isotopes

Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions

(atomic weight = 23)

Charge = 0X

Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions


Charge = +1

Sodium Ion

10e

Importanceof ElectronsIons


Charge = 0

Chlorine

9e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)

Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions


Charge = -1

Chlorine Ion

10e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)


Rocks

Earth

Living Things

Biosphere

Determine how atoms

bond to form

Compounds

Importanceof Electrons

Carbon is found in all organic compounds

Organic Compounds



Minerals - Inorganic

Compounds

Minerals andCrystalline Structure

Graphite

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)


Rocks

Earth

Living Things

Biosphere



Energy

Types

Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat

Potential•Chemical

Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006



Electromagnetic Spectrum



Energy:Quality

Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)

Rules of the Universe

• Conservation of Matter

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)

• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy)

• “You can’t thrown anything away”

• “You can’t get something for nothing”

• “In fact, you can’t even break even”

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Earth:Matter does not come and go

Earth is aClosedSystem

to Matter

So…matter is

constantly recycled on

Earth

Biogeochemical Cycles:Reservoirs & Pathways

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

Some Major Cycles of Matter

•Water Cycle•Rock Cycle•Chemical Cycles

•Carbon•Nitrogen•Phosphorous•Sulfur

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere


Biosphere

Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs

Atmosphere


Biosphere

1x(= 7.3x1017 grams

carbon)

3x

55x35,000x

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere


Biosphere

Photosynthesis

Respiration& Decay

Carbon Transfer:Biosphere Atmosphere

Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere)

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen

Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere)

Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere


Biosphere

Photosynthesis

Respiration& Decay

Burial &Lithification

Weathering& Volcanism

Dissolution

PhotosynthesisBurial &Lithification

Exsolution

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere


Biosphere

HumanImpacts

Burning fossil fuels:Increased combustion

Deforestation:Decrease Photosynthesis

Increase Respiration

Net Effect:Increase in Carbonin Atmosphere

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide



northernsummer

northernwinter

Impact



Earth:Earth constantly gains & loses energy

Earth is aOpen

Systemto Energy

Heat

Sunlight

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Mostly Open to Energy

Mostly Closed to Matter

Documents

Geologic Time Scale