GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751: Carbonate PetrographyUniversity of South Carolina

Spring 2005

Professor Chris KendallProfessor Chris KendallEWS 304 EWS 304

kendall@sc.edu kendall@sc.edu 777.2410777.2410

Precipitated Cements & Diagenesis of CarbonatesPrecipitated Cements &

Diagenesis of Carbonates

Limestones & DolomitesLimestones & Dolomites

Tango!Tango!

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Carbonate Cement Fabrics Carbonate Cement Fabrics

Crust or rims coat grains Syntaxial overgrowth – optical continuity with

skeletal fabricEchinoid single crystalsBrachiopod multiple crystals

Blocky equant - final void fill

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

Carbonate Cement Fabrics Carbonate Cement Fabrics

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall after RL Folk

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Botryoidal AragoniteBotryoidal AragoniteMarine CementMarine Cement

Belize Reef - Belize Reef - CementationCementationBelize Reef - Belize Reef - CementationCementation

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Belize Reef - Belize Reef - CementationCementationBelize Reef - Belize Reef - CementationCementation

Botryoidal AragoniteBotryoidal AragoniteMarine CementMarine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

EniwetokAtoll

–Pleistocene

EniwetokAtoll

–Pleistocene

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine Isopachus Marine Aragonite CementAragonite Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

Eniwetok Atoll – PleistoceneEniwetok Atoll – Pleistocene

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Marine Cement Fabrics

-Aragonite Needles

&Magnesium

Calcite Blades

Marine Cement Fabrics

-Aragonite Needles

&Magnesium

Calcite Blades

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Eniwetok – Marshal Eniwetok – Marshal IslandsIslandsEniwetok – Marshal Eniwetok – Marshal IslandsIslands

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Dry Canyon – Almagordo, Dry Canyon – Almagordo, NMxNMxDry Canyon – Almagordo, Dry Canyon – Almagordo, NMxNMx

Stromotacti

s Cavity

Stromotacti

s Cavity

Internal Sedim

ent

Internal Sedim

ent

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning

Basin–

Winjana

Gorge

Canning

Basin–

Winjana

Gorge

Encrusting RenalcisEncrusting Renalcis

Amphipora

Amphipora

Internal Sedim

ent

Internal Sedim

ent

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

Encrustin

g Renalcis

Encrusti

ng Renalcis

Amph

ipor

a

Amph

ipor

a

Internal Sedim

ent

Internal Sedim

ent

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

Renalcis Drape

Internal Sediment

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

Renalcis Drape

Amphipora CoreCement Fill

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

Renalcis Drape

Amphipora Core

Cement Fill

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Eniwetok – PleistoceneEniwetok – Pleistocene

Isopach

us

Isopach

us

Calcite C

ement

Calcite C

ement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Renalcis Drape

Brchiopod Core

Final Cement Fill

IsopachusMarine Cement

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

Canning Basin – Winjana GorgeCanning Basin – Winjana Gorge

Renalcis Drape

Internal Sediment

Spongue

IsopachusMarine Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

Final Cement FillRenalcis Drape

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After Phil Playford

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara

Sediment Fill

Final Cement Fill

IsopachusMarine Cement

Amphipora Core

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis After Phil Playford

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopachus Marine CementIsopachus Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Meniscus CementMeniscus Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Arab D – JurassicArab D – Jurassic

Pendent Cement

Pendent Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Eniwetok Atoll – PleistoceneEniwetok Atoll – Pleistocene

HalimedaHalimeda

Isopachus Cement

Isopachus Cement FW after Marine?

FW after Marine?

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Seven Rivers

-Permian

-Marine Cavity

Cements&

Sediment

Seven Rivers

-Permian

-Marine Cavity

Cements&

Sediment

Pendent Cement

Pendent Cement

Internal Sediment

Internal Sediment

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Seven Rivers

-Permian

-Marine Cavity

Cements&

Sediment

Seven Rivers

-Permian

-Marine Cavity

Cements&

Sediment

Pendent Cement

Pendent Cement

Internal Sediment

Internal Sediment

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

Settings Settings of of

Carbonate Carbonate DiagenesiDiagenesi

ss--

Flow Flow ChartChart

Settings Settings of of

Carbonate Carbonate DiagenesiDiagenesi

ss--

Flow Flow ChartChart

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Meniscus CementMeniscus Cement

Ooids - Calcite Fresh Water Ooids - Calcite Fresh Water CementCement

Ooids - Calcite Fresh Water Ooids - Calcite Fresh Water CementCement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Ooids – Aragonite DissolutionOoids – Aragonite DissolutionOoids – Aragonite DissolutionOoids – Aragonite Dissolution

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Radial Ooids – Marine CementRadial Ooids – Marine CementRadial Ooids – Marine CementRadial Ooids – Marine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Gastropod – Test Preserved Gastropod – Test Preserved Gastropod – Test Preserved Gastropod – Test Preserved

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Gastropod – Aragonite Marine Gastropod – Aragonite Marine CementCement

Gastropod – Aragonite Marine Gastropod – Aragonite Marine CementCement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Gastropod – Dissolution of Gastropod – Dissolution of Test StartsTest Starts

Gastropod – Dissolution of Gastropod – Dissolution of Test StartsTest Starts

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Gastropod – Solution Ghost of Gastropod – Solution Ghost of TestTest

Gastropod – Solution Ghost of Gastropod – Solution Ghost of TestTest

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Gastropod – Cement Fill of Gastropod – Cement Fill of TestTest

Gastropod – Cement Fill of Gastropod – Cement Fill of TestTest

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

DiagnesisC. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Pleistocene – Pleistocene – EniwetokEniwetok

Pleistocene – Pleistocene – EniwetokEniwetok

Isopachus CementIsopachus Cement

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Isopach

us

Isopach

us

Marine Cement

Marine Cement

Tertiary – FusilinidsTertiary – Fusilinids

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Guadalupian – West TexasGuadalupian – West Texas

Isopach

us

Isopach

us

Marine Cement

Marine Cement

Fusu

linid

Fusu

linid

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Influx of Influx of MagnesiumMagnesium

Rich Rich ContinentalContinental

Ground Ground WatersWaters

Influx of Influx of sea watersea water

Evaporation Evaporation of mixed of mixed WatersWaters

1. 1. AragoniteAragonite2. 2. GypsumGypsum3. 3. AnhydriteAnhydrite4. 4. DolomiteDolomite5. Halite5. Haliteaccumulaaccumulatetein this in this orderorder

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

SmackoverJurassic

SmackoverJurassic

Dolomitized Ooids

Dolomitized Ooids

Dissolve

d

Dissolve

dOoi

ds

Ooids

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

DiagnesisC. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

DiagnesisC. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Smackover – AlabamaSmackover – Alabama

Note Ghosts

Note Ghosts

Of Grains

Of Grains

Dolim

ite R

hom

bs

Dolim

ite R

hom

bs

C. G. St. C. C. G. St. C. KendallKendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

DiagnesisC. G. St. C. Kendall

Carbonate Porosity

-After

Choquette&

Pray

Carbonate Porosity

-After

Choquette&

Pray

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

DiagnesisC. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Smackover – AlabamaSmackover – Alabama

Blue Epoxy

Blue Epoxy

Ooid

Corte

x co

llaps

e

Ooid

Corte

x co

llaps

e

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Ooid Dissolution with Burial Ooid Dissolution with Burial

Ooid Dissolutio

n

Ooid Dissolutio

n

Ooid

Dissolut

ion

Ooid

Dissolut

ion

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Ooid Cortex Collapse with Burial

Ooid Cortex Collapse with Burial

Ooid

Colla

pse

Ooid

Colla

pse

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis C. G. St. C. Kendall

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

After James

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

StylolitesStylolites

Dissolution seam(A), Stylolite (B), Highly serrate stylolite (C) Deformed stylolite (D). A few grains are shown schematically to emphasize the change in scale from the previous figure (after Bruce Railsback)

Two-dimensional cross-sectonal views of

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

StylolitesStylolites

Tangential (A) flattened (B) concavo-convex (C) sutured (D) (after Bruce Railsback)

Intergranular contacts as seen in thin section

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

StylolitesStylolites

After Bruce Railsback

StylolitesStylolites

After Bruce Railsback

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation &

Diagnesis

Lecture ConclusionsLecture Conclusions Photosynthesis, warm temperatures & low pressures in shallow water

enhance carbonate distribution Carbonate cementation takes place in the depositional setting Carbonate cementation takes place from water pumped by tides, waves and

evaporation of sea water CCD controls dissolution of carbonate and its recirculation as a cement Most diagenesis, dolomitization, & cementation of carbonates takes place at

the near surface & trace elements can be used in this determination Carbonate cementation and diagenesis can take place through the burial

cycle Mineralogy & fabric of cements varies with setting and mineralogy of the

substrate Stylolites develop through burial & solution/compaction

End of the LectureEnd of the Lecture

Lets go for lunch!!!