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Spatial Analysis
• Space– Different than raw numbers, statistics– Distribution, distance, density, area,
autocorrelation, topography, topology, and more.
– Theories and techniques for Spatial Analysis have been present for centuries, but only lately have they been available (computers, GIS, remote sensing).
– Output/Results: MAPS
Spatial Analysis
Geographers use specialized tools including maps, geographical information systems (GIS), remote sensing, mathematical modeling and statistics to allow them to portray information that varies spatially on the Earth’s surface
Spatial Analysis
• The Visual Nature of Spatial Analysis– Viewing maps is a integrative action – Compare to reading (linear)– Information is absorbed as a whole– Spatial information shown differently– Spatial information is processed differently by
your brain
Geography
Geography looks at the world from the viewpoint of geographic space by synthesizing ideas from different disciplines and developing special techniques to represent and manipulate spatial information
Introducing Geography
Geography can be subdivided into human geography and physical geography
human geography examines economic, social and behavioral processes
physical geography examines natural processes, and is generally composed of biogeography, climatology and geomorphology.
Introducing Physical Geography
• Introducing Geography
• Spheres, Systems and Cycles
• Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change
Introducing Physical Geography
• Introducing Geography
• Spheres, Systems and Cycles
• Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change
Physical Geography
• Spheres, Systems and Cycles
• Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change
Introducing Physical Geography
• Introducing Geography
• Spheres, Systems and Cycles
• Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
The natural systems and processes involved in physical geography are considered to operate within four great spheres (or realms): the atmosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
The life layer is the shallow Earth surface layer where the four realms (or spheres) interact and where most life forms are found
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
Scale, pattern and process are three interrelated geographic themes
Scale: the level of structure or organization at which a phenomenon is studied
Pattern: variation in phenomenon observed at a particular scale
Process: how the factors that affect a phenomenon act to produce a pattern at a particular scale
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
processes operating in the four spheres are studied at different spatial scales or levels of detail (global, continental, regional, local, individual)
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
a system is a collection of physical processes that are linked and act together in an organized way
a systems approach to physical geography looks for linkages and interactions between processes
Spheres, Systems and Cycles
Time cycles are periodic changes in system flow rates that occur over periods ranging from hours to millions of years
Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change
Physical geography is also concerned with the relationships between humans and their environments Environmental change is caused by both natural processes and human interference
Some important topics of global change that physical geographers are investigating are global climate change, the carbon cycle, biodiversity, pollution, and extreme events
Why Physical Geography?
• Non-human processes that formed landscape fall into this realm
• Understanding of how life forms developed and arrived in our landscape
Biosphere
Spheres of Interest:
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Pedosphere
global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance
Geomorphology • Study of the structure and formation of
landforms (think patterns and processes)• Important in understanding internal earth
processes and structures, how the surface arrived at present and former states
• Sub areas of interest to us: – Plate Tectonics– Orogeny– Volcanism– Erosion and Mass Wasting– Glacial landforms– Deposition
Why do we have barrier islands on the Atlantic but not he Pacific Coast of N. America?
Pattern
Process
Landforms
Climatology
• The Study of the Earth’s Weather Systems and the Weather Patterns they create
• “Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get”– Regional Climates (deserts, polar, alpine)– Swing Climates (Hot dry then cold dry then cold
wet…)– Glaciation– Erosion events/floods– Storms
Climatology and Scale
• Climatology was one of the first sciences to struggle with scale
• Weather is affected by many variables at multiple spatial scales
• E.g. Lifting by Pressure systems, Frontal, Convective, Orographic
Climatic variables
• Some climatic variables affecting climate and weather operating at multiple spatio-temporal scales– Continental Arrangement– Air Currents/Jet Stream– Ocean Currents– Landforms– Water bodies
Biogeography
• Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns– Speciation – Extinction– Continental Drift– Glaciation