Geography Snapshot Notes PPL

7/27/2019 Geography Snapshot Notes PPL

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Geography Snapshot notes (P&PL)

Population and Planet

Population Dynamics

The Demographic Transition Model

Shows the past, current and future population change

High stationary = Pre- Industrial society (Ethiopia, Bangladesh)

Early expanding = Early industrialisation (Peru, Sri Lanka)

Late Expanding = Later industrialisation (China, Australia)

Low Stationary = Developed country (Canada, USA, UK)

Population Pyramids

Natural Increase

To calculate natural increase you minus the crude death rate from the crude birth rate (CBR-CDR = Natural

increase)

o Crude Birth rate = number of people born per thousand per year

o Crude Death rate = number of people who die per thousand per year


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Reasons for variation in Birth and Death rates:

Age structure: - Youthful population = increasing population (in future) -Greying Population = lots of death

(in future: decreasing population)

Diet, housing and living conditions: -More food, good housing and living conditions = stable birth rate and

healthy children, low death rate -Poor housing, diet and living conditions = high birth and death rate

Medical/ health care: -Good healthcare = stable birth rate (healthy children) and low death rate Bad

healthcare = high death rate and high birth rate (high infant mortality

Contraception and family planning: Available = low birth rate Unavailable = high birth rates Economic conditions: MEDCs = low death rate and low birth rate LEDCs = high death and birth rate

Social and Religion: Catholic = no contraception or abortion so could have higher birth rate

Political reasons: War = low birth rate Policies: (E.g. one child policy) could discourage birth rate or

(benefits for children) encourage them

Population Management

Why Governments might want to control a population:

Because there is overcrowding

They have a strain on resources

They want enough people in workforce

How can they control population?

Through pro/anti natalist schemes e.g. one child policies, encouraging lots of children (family planning)

Increasing/ Decreasing migration e.g. quotas/stopping migration or a country opening its doors

Giving out free contraception or banning it

Financial incentives to have more/ less children

Example of Governments controlling their populations: (CASE STUDIES)

Country Pro/ Anti

Natalist

policy

Why they have put policy in

place

How they enforce/ encouraged

the policy

How effective it

was

Estonia Pro People were emigrating and

people having less children

Paid maternity leave, non-working

women go a mothers salary

Fertility rate has

risen

Singapore Pro Fertility too low and the

workforce at a declinedont

want immigrants

Tax rebates for 3rd

child, Cheap

nurseries, access to best schools

and apartments, also a Baby

bonus introduced later on

Had little impact

Iran Anti Have a very high fertility rate,

wants to improve status of

women

Family planning and free

contraception introduced, media

and religious leaders encourage

people to have less children

Fertility rate

dropped from 7 to

2 quite effective

China Anti Very high population,

overcrowding and strain on

resources

One Child policy, sterilized if you

have more than one child, nanny

police who check women to see if

they are pregnant - stigma and

pressure, women who are

pregnant and already have one

child are pressured to have an

abortion

Very Successful

Migration

Push and Pull factors

Push Factors

o War


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o High unemployment

o Climate

o Famine

o High living cost

Pull Factors

o Low living standards

o Better climate

o Low unemployment/ job opportunities

o Better economy

UK Immigration Policies (CASE STUDY)

Open doors after World War 1 EU migration 1992 Tiered System 2008

Migrants from colonies and farmer

colonies were given free entry into

the UK bringing 250,000 people to

the UK

As a EU member state the UK allows

people from other EU states to live

and work here. Many Eastern

European workers took this

opportunity when they joined the EU

in 2004.

Applicants from non-EU are placed

into tiers.

Tier 1 for highly skilled workers,

investors who do not need a job

offer

Tier 2 is for skilled workers with a

job offer

Tier 3 and below for low skilled

workers without job offers and

students

Positives: Met labour shortages after

the war, allowed Britain to rebuild

Positives: They often do low paid

jobs that are undesirable, they pay

taxes

Positives: Fills specific job shortages

in the job market, the highly skilled

workers can contribute greatly to our

economy

Negatives: Some ethnic tensions

developed, migrants added to

unemployment in the 1970s

recession

Negatives: Some have been

subjected to abuse and exploitation,

there is no control on EU migration

Negatives: Quotas on migration

might deny someone the

opportunity to come here,

encourages illegal immigration

Tensions associated with migration

Migrants feel excluded by residents

Sometimes there is a language barrier

Broader culture tensions

Residents fear migrants are taking jobs

Fear of racism/ discrimination

Consuming Resources

Consumption of Resources

MEDCs use more resources and less energy than LEDCs, this is because:

o Most people in MEDCs are richer so have cars that uses more energy and oil consuming more

resources

o MEDC people have more money, and therefore can buy a bigger place to live, which would need

more energy to run (e.g. heating and water) consuming more resources

However as LEDCs develop economically they use more energy as they start using more machinery and

technology (e.g. cars and machinery in factories) this consumes resources and will lead to a bigger

shortage of them


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Theories about consuming resources

Philosopher Theory Evidence

Boserup As population increases and

resources run out, we will think up

new ways to create more resources

Genetically Modified crops to get a

higher yield meaning more e.g. rice

to fix food crisis (India)

Malthus As the population grows

exponentially (2,4,8,16), resources

grow arithmetically (1,2,3,4) - so

will result in a shortage of resources

which could lead to famine and war

Population has exceeded resources

and food (people are dying of

starvation)

The Energy Gap

The richer countries use the most energy

Having a lack of affordable and reliable energy can hold back development because:

o They dont have enough money to create industrial goods to sell

o They dont, therefore, have enough money to create factories of their own

o They also dont have enough money to import energy from other countries

How humanity can deal with the increasing population growth and decreasing resources

Renewable Energy

o Pros:

They never run out

Environmentally Friendly

Reduces CO2

o Cons:

It is hard to find investors to create renewable energy sources

Some dont look very nice and can cut up the landscape (wind power)

Limited areas to put them in (wind needs to be in a windy area and solar needs to be in asunny area)

Biofuels Ethanol

o Pros:

Carbon dioxide is absorbed as the crops grow so carbon emissions offset

It is a renewable fuel as it comes from a crop sustainable

Doesnt produce pollutants cleaner air

Can create jobs and support a local economy ethanol comes from a sugar crop

o Cons:

Cars cannot run as long on a gallon of ethanol as with a gallon on petrol

OIL/Petrol

The spread of oil is not equal round the world and neither is its consumption MEDCs use more because

many more people can afford technology, like cars that run on oil they also have a higher living standard

meaning people want bigger houses and cars, increasing their carbon footprint.

America consumes a quarter of the worlds oil and hold 5% of its population!

Peak Oil

This is the point at which oil production reaches its maximum and then declines rapidly (forcing prices to

rise)

A decline in production has already occurred in 18 countries


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Living Spaces

Key Terms

Greenfield Site Area of land not built on before

Brownfield site Area of land that has been built on before and is now

derelict or unused

Rural Idyll A common perception that rural areas are quiet and

attractive places to live

Urban Sprawl Growth of an urban area

Regeneration Development in an area that has been rundown and

making it nicer and attractive to invest in

Expatriate community A community within a country where people go to live,

from a different country, where there are lots of people

from their place of origin or country (e.g. Brits in Spain)

Redevelopment The rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large areas

are completely demolished before being rebuilt;

sometimes all or some of the old buildings are retained

and modernised to combine the best features of the old

and the new.

Global Hub An area of a major centre of global communications and

economy

Green Belt An area around a city composed mostly of parkland and

farmland, in which development is strictly controlled. Its

purpose is to prevent the outward growth of the city,

preserve countryside for farming, wildlife and recreation,

and, often to prevent two or more cities from merging to

form one huge urban area.

Perception and RealityUrban Perception of Rural Life

Boring not much to do

Less traffic

More active

Safer

Quieter

Friendlier

Traditional

Rural Reality

Lots of activities and sports

Friendly closely linked community

Safer not much traffic

Family life important

Factors that affect the choice of living space

Economic status rich move into wealthy neighbourhoods and vice versa

Age young people might want good nightlife, families want to be near schools, the elderly in quiet safe

neighbourhoods

Gender young woman might want to live in safe areas

Transport links - commuters near train stations

Cultural background immigrants might want to live near people of the same background

Knowledge/perception knowledge of a place might affect your decision to move there

Views of living spaces changing over time:

Pre Child stage (young urban professionals (YUPpies), single working people, couples without children)

choose an area with good transport links, good nightlife, urban areas and small apartments Child bearing years (couple thinking about having children) moving to more comfortable areas, away

from the main city, bigger houses, near good schools and other families.


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Child rearing years (families) moved into comfortable 3-4 bedroom houses, in areas with schools and

transport, away from central cities.

Post Child(middle aged- child left home) maybe move to a quieter area in a small comfortable home in

areas with other people around the same age mostly out of the major cities (suburbs or rural)

Later life(old age) into carer homes where they are around other people of the same age or into quiet,

comfortable areas

CASE STUDIES Why People would move or live in a certain area:

CAMDEN- Young, Single workers

Redevelopment of an old industrial area

Ideal for young single people access to stations and very busy with a good nightlife

Markets and alternative clothing

Culteral diversity

Very highly populated space and demand making housing expensive

Music venues

SPAIN- Old, retired people

A living space ideal for the old

Lower living cost and as it is euro the exchange rate means pensions will be worth more

300 days of sunshine better climate and so better health

Good food and relaxed atmosphere

Dont have to pay for heating as it is hot

Ease of transfer of money between European banks

Cheap flights easy access to family

Cheap Spanish public transport subsidised

Strong community spirit

SOUTH AFRICA People who want work (LEDC example)

Push factors from rural areas:

o Lack of jobs and employment in the rural areas hope for more jobs in the cities

o Expected higher living standard

o Better medical help higher life expectancy

What often happens is that because there is so many people trying to move to the city (e.g. Cape Town)

shanty towns or townships get built just outside of the city ( e.g. Khayelitsha just outside Cape Town)

Problems in shanty towns:

o Overcrowding

o

Fireso Competition for jobs

o Easy spread of diseases

o Lack of infrastructure

There hopes of a better life in the city are not always fulfilled because so many have that same hope

Positive aspects of city life

o Easy access to water

o Earn more money send back to families

Negative aspects

o House prices are very high

o If you cant find work then you go to the shanty town

SUSSEX Londoners moving to rural area (MEDC example)

Push Factors from urban areas


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o Overcrowding

o Congestion and pollution

o High crime

o More cars so less safe for kids

o Oversubscribed schools children getting less attention from teachers

Pull factors from rural life

o Better quality of life

o Safer

o More community feel/ more friendly

o More activities for the family

o More time/ things to do for the family to do together

o More freedom

How can living spaces cope with demand?

CASE STUDY: LONDON AND MUMBAI

Land use in London

o

Housing very residential high population densityo Transport

o Each house has a car high pollution levels

o Limited green space

o High demand for land high house prices

Land use in Mumbai

o Lots of roads

o Lots of shops

o Lots of small cars and motorbikes pollution

o Less planned roads and streets

o Developed quickly and this puts pressure on living spaceo As a result of this quick development there is around 600,000 slums

Predicted Growth Cause of growth (past and

present

Consequences

London

2003 7.1million

people

2015 8million

people

Global finance/ business

hub

Increase in tertiary jobs

EU migrants filling low

paid jobs and moving

here

Higher income than any

other UK city (internal

migration)

Housing shortage

Strain on public services

Urban sprawl growth of city that

puts pressure on surrounding areas

Mumbai -

2003 17.4million

people

2015 22.6million

people

Creation of a business

centre e.g. call centres

Migration from the

countryside

Creation of large slums

2 million lack toilets

33% lack fresh water


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How can living spaces be more sustainable?

CASE STUDIES:

NORTH WILTSHIRE:

There is a demand for more houses because there is a higher population

56% of planned housing planned on greenfield sites and 44% on brownfield sites

Development of infrastructure and transport to London could impact on wildlife and urbanizing the area

LAS VEGAS:

Hot and dry climate Majobe desert

Las Vegas has grown massively growing business etc.

No limit to growth but a limit t water

No crops in the desert have to import all food

Completely artificial environment

Need lots of light/ energy/ air conditioning/ cars etc. lots of energy and pollution

Off road vehicles cause immense damage to the surroundings

Groundwater has declined more than 90m in some areas of the valley wildlife under pressure

CASE STUDIES: REMEMBER A FEW!

San Francisco Yellow Taxis turn Green

Half of the cities taxis now are hybrid vehicles or run on compressed natural gas

This also cuts the cost of taxis

The city has been able to reduce its GHG emissions by 60,000 (short) tons per year and by 2020 their aim is

to have a taxi fleet that emits no GHG

Melbourne making green buildings normal

Has energy efficient buildings and incentives for using solar power and retrofitting programmes

City Council aims to have zero net GHG emissions by 2020

Already achieved a reduction of GHG emissions of 41% between 1996 and 2006

Wants to build a more sustainable city

Cornwall the Eden Project

Eden project had created a growth of 800 million

Before the Eden project Cornwall was in a recession

The garden has created lots of new jobs for locals

78% of food used in the Caf is from local farmers and produce

Has created a huge tourist industy

Germany Model city Mannheim

Managed to connect every household to a smart energy network

Aims to heighten efficiency of energy use

Uses the energy butler used to show inhabitants how much energy they use and make their energy use

more efficient

Making a Living

Key Terms

Clark Fisher Model Shows the employment and industry change over time,

based on the past experiences of the UK. It shows the

change in Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary


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employment sectors from the pre-industrial stages to

the post-industrial stages.

Primary Employment Extraction of raw materials, like farming or mining

Secondary Employment Manufacturing process

Tertiary Employment Services e.g. doctors, teachers, waiters

Quaternary Employment Technological research and development like I.T

software development

Deindustrialisation Is a process of social and economic change caused by the

removal or reduction of manufactured goods

Industrialisation Development from an agrarian society to a

manufacturing, industrial society.

Agrarian Society Most people involved in extracting resources or farming.

Diversification

Means to increase the range of economic activities

available so that an area is not dependent on just one

type of economic activity.

Clark Fisher Model

Model is based on the past experiences of the UK so this may not apply to all countries

Some developing countries have leapfrogged the secondary sector and developed tourism in the tertiary

sector (e.g. Gambia)

It also assumes that there is a linear path to development

CASE STUDIES: Employment contrast in UK and Mexico

Mexico: (Industrialising)

o Primary Sector: 15%Contribution to GDP: 4% (agriculture of corn etc., mining for oil)

o Secondary Sector: 26% Contribution to GDP: 36% (manufacturing cars, clothes etc.)

o Tertiary and Quaternary: 59% Contribution to GDP: 61% (Hotel Resorts and Tourism)

UK: (Deindustrialising)

o Primary Sector: 1% Contribution to GDP: 1% (Some agriculture)

o Secondary Sector: 18% Contribution to GDP: 24% (manufacturing and making)

o Tertiary and Quaternary: 80% Contribution to GDP: 75% (Big global communications, office jobs,

1,000,000 calls a minute in London and fibre optic broadband all over England)

UK is much more developed most of their manufacturing is done abroad, so people have higher paid jobs,

meaning they have a better education and can take on more highly skilled labour like being a doctor. Mexico

are going through the industrialisation stage and have cheap labour, this means that they will have more

people in the secondary sector.

Industrialisation will cause Mexicos environment to suffer, this is because they dont care about the most

eco-friendly way to develop, but the cheapest.

Deindustrialisation caused a lot of unemployment and poverty in the UK, because manufacturing jobs moved

abroad. Also many factories and Power Plants get left abandoned or get turned into housing or, like the Tate

building, museums and art galleries


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Mexico UK

Clark Fisher model stage Industrialising De-industrialising

City looked at Mexico City (capital) Birmingham Eastside area

Problems faced Environmental pollution of airand water by new industriesIn-migration to the cityRapid urbanisation and urbansprawlPoor living conditions especiallyin shanty towns

Derelict landscape as industriesclosedContaminated land from heavyindustryUnemployment

Solutions Slow rate of growth in the cityMore regulation of pollutingindustriesRe-build shanty town areas

Regeneration new jobs intertiary/quarternaryMix of office and residentialareasEnvironmental clean-up

Formal and Informal Employment

Formal Economy

o Economic activity which is regulated by the government and subject to tax

E.g. MP, Factory Worker, Teacher, Doctor, City Trader, Banker etc.

Informal Economy

o Any economic activity that falls outside the formal economy (e.g. cash in hand jobs

E.g. Rickshaw driver, Market trader, Freelance trader (gardener, painter etc.) etc.

CASE STUDY: Mexico

Rural Mexico:

o Modernisation of farming reduced the need for labour in rural areas

Mexico City: Emergence of informal sector for people to earn income

o Mexico city generates 30% of Mexicos GDP

o People attracted from rural areas to work in city

o Lots of factories opened in the city by US firms looking for cheaper locations to manufacture their

products

MEXICO CITY

1. 19.5 million residents they need lots of space for their growing population

2. They have very small housing units to accommodate such a big population

3. Mexico City produce 23,000 tonnes of solid waste per day this means landfill is becoming full and illegal

dumping is regular

4. Mexico City consumes a lot of water per day that cannot be replaced as quickly as it is being consumed

5. The loss of groundwater in the city has caused it to sink by 7.5m over the 20th century causes damage to

buildings and tubes

6. Less than 10% of waste water is recycledsome people dont have a drainage system or a sewer system

7. They are surrounded by mountains that trap air pollution strong sunlight then speeds up the chemicalreactions and this creates a smog in the city

8. 75% of air pollutants come from vehicles and 130,000 factories also contribute to air pollutants

9. The air pollutants irritates eyes, nose and mouth and worsens asthma


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10.Almost a 1/3 of houses in Mexico City dont have running water and many people have limited supplies of

running water

11.Many houses have shanty roofing and the kitchen and bathroom arent separated

CASE STUDY: Eastside, Birmingham

Negative Impacts of Deindustrialisation

o Derelict and contaminated land messy, dirty and ugly

o

Empty buildings attract vandalism/ arson debris and broken down buildings left in streetso Goods are manufactured further away loss of jobs

Positive Impacts of deindustrialisation

o Opens up land for redevelopment Eastside being regenerated and new production of industrial

buildings into studios home to artists, musicians, trendy cafs and galleries West Midlands

opened up area for educational buildings and students

o Fewer Resources used in industrial processes new galleries and festival houses attracts new

economy and new creative investors

o Fewer heavy goods vehicles (so lower air and noise pollutions) lower amounts of pollution in

Eastside as factories have moved out - Less transportation of cargo so less noise pollution

How has rapidly growing cities affected the environment?

As there is more jobs available in the city for secondary and tertiary jobs, people have moved from rural

areas into the cities

This has affected the amount of pollution levels in the city as they are increasing with the increasing amount

of people and vehicles

CASE STUDY: Greenwich Peninsula

Sainsburys Supermarket Greenwich Peninsula

Low energy supermarket built to supply the Greenwich Peninsula and Millennium village

Has been connected with Pedestrian Paths, cycle ways and has its own bus lane

Have a car park with a free charger for electric cars

Have wind and solar power to light the store

They dont use any CFCs in their refrigerators

Regeneration in Greenwich

They have a big tourist market- this brings in revenue for the locals and the local economy

The money brought in by tourism, the O2 and the regeneration process and investment, replaces the money

lost by deindustrialisation

Environmentally cleaner lots of green space and more pleasing for visitors as air quality is better

Has improved transport links to encourage businesses to set up in Greenwich

Night time industry with nightclubs, restaurants and the O2 venue

There is more residential areas which attracts people to Greenwich

Greenwich Peninsula

Social and Cultural

o The building of the O2 provided 1,500 jobs

o Green living ethos and much quieter than living in central London but still has the good transport

links green living makes it cleaner with less air pollution

o 900 homes have been built and 200 more are under construction

o

There is a Greenwich Peninsula Chaplaincy (religious) which provides the religious, educational andsocial needs of the emerging community in Greenwich

Transport and connectivity


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o Road traffic is negative for health the Greenwich Peninsula is a low emissions zone which excludes

highly polluting vehicles

o They want to reduce visitor car reliance and 75% of visitors dont travel there by car the O2 car

park is very expensive to deter people from using cars to travel there

o One bus per minute

o There are 6 new river taxis

o Very good public transport links

Services

o Millennium primary school is a very big school which is equipped with facilities for disabled and

children with special needs

o It has an Eco friendly design

o There is a GP centre on site which serves for the community in Greenwich and reduces energy

consumption

o School is used for other purposes in nonschool hours

Environmental

o 100% of the food waste in the O2 arena is used in compost

o 70% of all the glass bottles are used to make sand

o 100% of the cooking oil is collected is turned into biodiesel

o The roof of the O2 is designed to collect rainwater

o O2 is increasing the amount of waste it recycles

Economy

o 43% of jobs in O2 belong to Greenwich residents

o Lots of hotels and transport links that have provided new jobs for people

o As there is lots of transport and it is a regenerated area there is a lot of investment and businesses

want to move there generating money for the local economy

Housing

o 20% of planned homes are affordableo The houses are near schools and have good transport links around them

o 2,500 planned homes to build

o 80% reduction of energy consumption and 30% reduction in water demand because of efficient

appliances

Green Employment

The Green sector is seen as a source of providing more jobs in the future because as we run out of things

like non-renewable energy we will need more people researching, manufacturing and building new

renewable energy sources

Green employment means anyone who is employed in a sector that will help the environment from adriver of public transport to a manufacturer of solar energy and an architect of green buildings

Rural Diversification

CASE STUDIES:

CORNWALL broadband:

In Cornwall they are building a new superfast broadband network

Companies could use it to reach people worldwide enabling businesses to start working worldwide and

expand meaning the local economy and rural economy will grow with better communication

It will assist with helping businesses to work more effectively and in new ways

Westermill Farm

500 acre working farm with campsite, self-catering cottages and farm shop


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Helps the rural economy by attracting tourism to pretty countryside areas

Also they use some of their farmland for a campsite so that people can stay and spend money in the local

area

Changing Cities

Key Terms

Eco Footprint The area of land takes (in hectares) to support

someones lifestyle

Bio-productive areas Areas that are used to support human waste or lifestyles

Carbon footprint Measure of carbon emissions (included in the eco-

footprint)

Landfill Letting waste degrade in a big site, covering or burying it

in soil.

Incinerators Burning waste material so that it becomes ash can be

used as an alternative fuel

Biosphere Reserve An area that is protected from exploitation and

conserved. The resources are used sustainably in that

area.

An Eco Footprint

The amount of area in hectares it would take to support a person, cities or companies

What makes up an eco-footprint:

The amount of productive land and sea is needed to support these different things:

Transport

Housing

Leisure

Consumer goods

Water

Energy

Bio-productive areas

These areas need to support our lifestyles

o Bio productive land (e.g. farmland)

o Bio productive sea (e.g. fisheries)

o Energy land (e.g. powerstations)

o Built up land (e.g. residential areas)

o Biodiversity (e.g. the rainforest)

Rural Area eco-footprint:

CASE STUDY: Sanema People of Venezuela

In the 1980s there was a gold rush and gold miners came and destroyed the Venezuelan Rainforest

deforestation and river pollution was the result and it threatened the indigenous people

The Sanema now live in the BIOSPHERE RESERVE which protects their existence

Elements that make up their footprint:

o Land for housing, farming and hunting

Why is the footprint getting worse:

o

The Sanema footprint used to be nomadic as they kept moving around the rainforesto Now, because they can only stay in one place due to the biosphere reserve and their settlement

their footprint is becoming more concentrated and threatening their sustainability and lifestyle


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City Eco-Footprints

CASE STUDY: Winchester and Salisbury

Winchester

o Has a larger eco-footprint as it is a wealthier area with, on average, a much higher living cost

o On average people have a larger income: affording bigger houses, bigger cars and more luxury goods

and holidays this consuming more energy and resources and producing more waste

Salisbury

o Salisbury is slightly less wealthy and has a smaller footprint

Eco-footprints of countries with different levels of development

MEDCs

o have higher living standards so more cars and bigger houses more bio-productive land and sea

needed to support one person increasing their ecofootprints

o Travelling more to go to work and on holidays because they have more money consuming more

energy

o People have a higher living expectation so consume more food and water to support their lifestyle

more waste and more consumption of resources LEDCs

o Less land needed to support one persons lifestyle as they consume less energy, food and resources

this is because they arent as developed so have lower living standards and people have less

money to spend on other things (like cars and travel)

CASE STUDY: Londons Eco-footprint

Each Londoner on average has a footprint of 3 planet earths unsustainable

Energy and fuel, infrastructure, building materials, consumer goods, food and water are all needed to

support a Londoners lifestyle we then produce waste, pollution, greenhouse gases

81% of the food we consume is imported into London producing pollution in its transportation

Only 9% of our household waste was recycled

Less than 1% of Londons energy came from renewable sources

How is London trying to reduce its eco-footprint?

CASE STUDY: BedZed (in Beddington, Croydon)

16% of energy comes from solar panels

56% cut in carbon emissions

They have passive solar gain meaning they use the sun to heat their houses houses face south so that sun

comes through the windows

Windows are double glazed to reduce need for heating

They have segregated recycling bins

Dual flush toilets and low flow taps reduce their water consumption

BedZed is situated near many transport links and they have a car share scheme

Everyone has a garden

Oyster Cards

encourage public transport and make it cheaper for adults and free for children

Congestion Charging

Charging non eco-friendly cars that travel through the congestion zone (in central London) 25% cut in traffic in the congestion zone

Increased public transport more ecofriendly

Improved air quality pollutant particles fell around 14%


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Hot-Desking

Less office space needed and less desks reducing the amount of resources used up for offices

No-one has their own desks as many people work from home half the week this means they share the

desks and halves the amount of office space needed to support the working environment

Boris Bikes

Encourages cycling around London instead of using a car this means that it cuts carbon emissions and

greenhouse gases being released into the environment and reduces the amount of energy London usesdecreasing the eco footprint

Local reduction of eco-footprint

CASE STUDY: Real Nappies

Washable, ecofriendly nappies

Cheaper, in the long run, than disposable nappies

Reducing waste

Comfortable and gentle on a babys skin

CASE STUDY: Bromley Recycling System A local system for recycling all household waste to reduce waste production and conserve resources

Waste Disposal in London

Landfill vs. Incinerators

Pros Cons

Incinerators Can be used as an alternative fuel burning the waste can produce

energy and is renewable

Give off greenhouse gases

Can be used to reclaim metals like

aluminium to reuse them

Give off toxic gases and particulates

which are bad for your healthRecycling the leftover residue can

be used to build roads reducing

resources used

Landfill Sites On lots of landfill sites methane gas

is collected to be used as a free

fuel

Gives off lots of greenhouse gases

Closed landfill sites can be turned

into golf courses and ski slopes

Animals can get poisoned by the

toxic waste affecting the food

chain

Ruin landscapes

Water and soil gets contaminated meaning that the land becomesunusable and animals can get

poisoned by water that is

contaminated

Green Consumerism

Ethical Food Buying

Looking at what you buy and making sure that it is local, organic and eco-friendly, less packaging Fairtrade food supports poor farmers in other parts of the world and makes sure that they are getting a fair

deal for their produce


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Farmers Market

Pros:

o Supporting a local economy

o Food is mostly cheaper

o No packaging and not many miles of transport to deliver the food conserving resources and energy

Cons:

o Only seasonal produce not much variety

Development Dilemmas

Key Terms

Core Region An area where the multiplier effect has been successful

and the whole region has developed

Periphery region Areas where development hasnt happened they are

much poorer and have a low living standard often are

exploited by the core regions

The multiplier effect An upward spiral and knock on effect of development

Top Down approaches Where decisions about development are made by

governments or by private companies. The decisions areimposed on people because there will be benefits. E.g.

Building a dam

Bottom up approaches Means that experts work with the local people to

identify their needs. It gives local people control in

improving their lives and experts assist with the progress

made. E.g. Use of Biogas in Kerala

The cycle of poverty A cycle in which many poor families and areas are stuck

in and cant break no development happens

Subsistence Farmers Farming that provides the basic needs for the farmer and

his family but has little or no surplus to sell and make

money fromGrowth Poles A small area where development is focused setting off

wider growth around them (with the multiplier effect)

Core and Periphery regions

How do Core regions emerge?

A core region is an area where the multiplier effect has been successful and the whole region has

developed

People then continue to move there to seek jobs and the multiplier effect continues

The Multiplier Effect


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CASE STUDY: India, Maharashtra (Core Region)

In India there has been much development around its ports and cities called GROWTH POLES:

Indias richest core region has the largest GDP

Contains Mumbai 13 million people

42% live in the Urban areas

84% literacy rates (quite educated so better jobs)

35% infant mortality rate

55% work in agriculture

Bollywood in Mumbai many films and attracts tourism

How do Periphery Regions emerge? :

Periphery regions are poorer areas, often exploited by the core regions

They are stuck in the cycle of poverty

The Cycle of Poverty

No money to develop as low income and little investment there

is a low wellbeing and little demand for consumer goods or

services therefore no contribution to the economy

CASE STUDY: Bihar, India (Periphery Region)

86% live below the poverty line

55% of households live below the poverty line

77% of work in agriculture section

Huge population but holds over 25% of the poorest

districts

Attracts less investment as employment is low and young

people tend to move out to find better jobs

53% literacy rates uneducated so not much chance of a

better paid job

Many subsistence farmers work done by hand and not

machinery and are trapped in the cycle of poverty

Women are uneducated and marry young to have as many children as possible to help out with work and

support the family

Women have few rights

Top Down and Bottom up Development

Top Down Approach Decisions about development are made by the government and external agencies focuses on capital

investment in core regions

People benefit from the trickle-down effect improving the whole country

PROS:

o Lots of money created from them improves economy

o Jobs are created

o Good organisation as run by the government

o Countries can develop goods and services from the Top down project creates a trickle-down effect

CONS:

o People get displaced from their homes normally without compensation

o Locals and poorer people dont normally see the benefits they are often not consulted or involved

in the decision making processthe project wont be appropriate for them

o Government corruption can mean that the economy doesnt see the benefits


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o Normally because they are so large scale there is a negative effect on the environment

o They are extremely expensive

CASE STUDY: The Sardar Sarovar dam

India Dam being built as the demand for water is increasing and the Government has decided that Western

India needs Super Dams to:

o Encourage economic growth by providing drinking water and HEP (electricity)

o

Opens up dry lands for farming by irrigation Building the large dams means that they can store monsoon rains to use during the dry seasons

PROS:

o Provide 3.5billion litres of drinking water a day

o Provides 1450 megawatts of HEP

o A series of canals from the dam will distribute water to other states in India

o Will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland in driest parts

CONS:

o 234 villages have been drowned, forcing 320,000 people out of their homes

o Only cities benefit from the electricity not villages not encouraging development everywhere

o Irrigation can increase soil salinity making the soil less usable

o Damming the river means fertile sediment wont get deposited on crops so no nutrients for the soil

o Seismologists believe that the weight of the large dams will trigger earthquakes

o Good quality land will be submerged by the dam

Bottom up approach

Lives of people in peripheral areas improve

Small scale projects using appropriate technology in peripheral areas

Decisions made in conjunction with the local people and Non Governmental organizations

PROS:

o Locals reap benefitso Projects are suited to their needs

o They are normally small scale so are sustainable and environmentally friendly and low cost

o Creates jobs for the locals and develop people skills so they can learn

o Positive community development

CONS:

o Limited investment opportunityso wont improve the economy or have a multiplier effect on the

area

o Relies on charities and aid which dont have lots of money

o Not very wide reaching so wont develop much

of the country (very long term development)

CASE STUDY: Biogas in Kerala

Kerala has two main problems:

1. They have too much waste that just gets thrown

on the road making the area smelly and

unhygienic

2. They need more fuel and they have a fuel crisis

where they have to collect lots of firewood to

fuel their homes

PROS:


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o The biogas plant produces small scale power for the family just on domestic waste

o It also produces fuel and fertilisers for the family fertiliser can improve farming or be sold to

increase the disposable income of the family and help them out of the cycle of poverty

o Only costs a family 110 so quite cheap initial cost and no cost for fuel and fertiliser

o Lung cancer reduced (because they arent burning firewood for energy)

o Bigger nigh time economy light from the energy produced by the biogas plants develops the area

o Less waste on the street as it goes into the biogas plant better environment can encourage more

tourism

CONS:

o Cant produce energy on a big scale one biogas digester for one family

o Ones exposed on the street are quite ugly

Sustainable as it is conserving energy and stopping deforestation (firewood for fuel) it is renewable as there will

always be waste therefore conserving resources for future generations

Documents

Geography Snapshot Notes PPL