Geography of India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/11/2019 Geography of India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Geograph y of India

Continent A sia

RegionSouth Asia

Indian subcontin ent

Coordinates

21 N 7 8 E

A rea

Ranked 7 th

3 , 2 8 7 , 2 6 3 k m 2

(1 , 26 9 , 21 9 sq m i )

9 0 . 4 4 % la nd9 . 5 6 % w a t er

Borders

Total land borders:[1]

1 5 , 1 0 6 .7 0 k m ( 9 ,3 8 6 . 8 7 m i)

Bangladesh :

4 , 09 6 . 7 0 k m ( 2 , 5 4 5 . 5 7 m i )

China (PRC):

3 , 4 8 8 km ( 2 , 1 6 7 m i )

Pakistan :

2 , 9 1 0 k m ( 1 , 8 0 8 m i )

Nepal:

1 , 7 5 1 k m ( 1 , 08 8 m i )

B urm a :1 , 6 4 3 k m ( 1 , 0 2 1 m i)

Bhutan:

6 9 9 k m ( 4 3 4 m i )

Highest

point

Ka ng ch enjung a

8 , 5 9 8 m ( 2 8 , 2 0 8 .7 ft )

Lowest

point

Kutta na d

2.2 m (7.2 f t)

Longest

riverGangesB ra h m a putra [citation

needed]

Largest la ke Chilka Lake

Page 1

Geography of India

The geography of India describes the

geographic features of India, a country in SouthAsia. India lies largely on the Indian Plate, the

northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate,

whose continental crust forms the Indian

subcontinent. The country is situated north of the

equator between 84' and 376' north latitude and

687' and 9725' east longitude.[2] It is the

seventh-largest country in the world, with a total

area of 3,166,414 square kilometres(1,222,559 sq mi).[3] India measures 3,214 km

(1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km

(1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier

of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of

7,517 km (4,671 mi).[4]

On the south, India projects into and is bounded

by the Indian Ocean in particular, by the

Arabian Seaon the southwest, the Laccadive Seato the south, and the Bay of Bengal on the

southeast. The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar

separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate

southeast, and the Maldives are some 400

kilometres (250 mi) to the southwest. India's

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, some 1,200

kilometres (750 mi) southeast of the mainland,

share maritime borders with Burma, Thailandand Indonesia. Kanyakumari at 8441N and

773228E is the southernmost tip of the Indian

mainland, while the southernmost point in India is

Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island.[4] India's

territorial watersextend into the sea to a distance

of 12 nautical miles (13.8 mi; 22.2 km) from the

coast baseline.[5]

The northern frontiers of India are defined

largely by the Himalayan mountain range,

where the country borders China, Bhutan,

and Nepal. Itswestern border with Pakistan


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lies in the Punjab Plainand the Thar Desert.

In the far northeast, the Chin Hills and

Kachin Hills, deeply forested mountainous

regions, separate India from Burma. On the

east, its border with Bangladesh is largely

defined by the Khasi Hillsand Mizo Hills, and

the watershed region of the Indo-Gangetic

Plain.[clarification neede d]

The Ganges is the longest river originating in India. The Ganges-Brahmaputra system

occupies most of northern, central, and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies

most of southern India. Kangchenjunga, on the border between Nepal and the Indian state o

Sikkim, is the highest point in India at 8,598 m (28,209 ft) and the world's 3rd highest peak.

Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south, to alpinein the upper reaches o

the Himalayas.

Geological development

ain article: Geology of India

India is entirely contained on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic platethat was formed when

it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland (ancient landmass, consisting of the

southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea). The Indo-Australian is subdivided into the

Indian and Australian plates. About 90 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period,

the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm/year (6 in/yr).[6]

About 50 to 55million years ago, in the Eocene Epochof the Cenozoic Era, the plate collided with Asia after

covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,243 to 1,864 mi), having moved faster than any

other known plate. In 2007, German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to

move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted

Gondwanaland.[7 ]The collision with the Eurasian Platealong the modern border between

India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the

Himalayas. As of 2009, the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm/yr (2 in/yr), while the

Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm/yr (0.8 in/yr). India is thus referred to as the

"fastest continent".[7 ]This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to

compress at a rate of 4 mm/yr (0.15 in/yr).

Political geography

ain article:States and territories of India

India is divided into twenty eight states (further subdivided into districts) and seven union

territories.

India's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km (9,387 mi).[1] Its borders with Pakistan

and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line, which was created in 1947

during Partition of India. Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km


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(2,065 mi), dividing the Punjab regionand running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert

and the Rann of Kutch.[1]Both nations delineated a Line of Control (LoC) to serve as the

informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir.

According to India's claim, it also shares a 106 km (66 mi) border with Afghanistan in

northwestern Kashmir, which is under Pakistani control.[1]

India's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km (2,546 mi).[1]

There are 92 enclaves oBangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India are on Bangladeshi soil.[8] The Teen

Bigha Corridoris a strip of land formerly belonging to India on the West BengalBangladesh

border which has been leased indefinitely to Bangladesh so that it can access its Dehgram

Angalpota enclaves.[citation needed]

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the effective border between India and the People's

Republic of China. It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir,

Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[9]Both nations lay claim to

the Aksai Chin region of northeastern Kashmir, which fell into Chinese control during the

Sino-Indian War of 1962. The border with Burma (Myanmar) extends up to 1,643 km

(1,021 mi) along the southern borders of India's northeastern states. Located amidst the

Himalayan range, India's border with Bhutan runs 699 km (434 mi).[1] The border with

Nepal runs 1,751 km (1,088 mi) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India.[1]The

Siliguri Corridor, narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh,

connects peninsular India with the northeastern states.

Physiographic regions

India can be divided into five physiographic regions. They are

1. The northern mountains

2. Northern Plains

3. The Peninsular Plateau

4. Coastal Plains

5. Islands

Another method divides India into five physiographic regions: The Himalayas, northern

plains (the Indo-Gangetic plain), peninsular region, coastal plains, and islands.[10]

Mountains

A great arc of mountains, consisting of the Himalayas,

Hindu Kush, and Patkai ranges define the northern

Indian subcontinent. These were formed by the ongoing

tectonic collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. Themountains in these ranges include some of the world's

tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold

polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoon winds


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. ,

slopes and deep valleys. The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas.

There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai: the PatkaiBum, the

GaroKhasiJaintia and the Lushai hills. The GaroKhasi range lies in Meghalaya.

Mawsynram, a village near Cherrapunji lying on thewindwardside of these hills, has

the distinction of being the wettest place in the world, receiving the highest annual

rainfall.[13]

The Vindhya range runs across most of

central India, extending 1,050 km

(652 mi).[11]The average elevation of these

hills is 3,000 m (9,843 ft).[11] They are

believed to have been formed by the wastes

created by the weathering of the ancient

Aravali mountains.[14] Geographically, it

separates northern India from southernIndia. The western end of the range lies in

eastern Gujarat, near its border with Madhya Pradesh, and runs east and north,

almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur.

The Satpura Rangebegins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east

across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It extends 900 km (559 mi)

with many peaks rising above 1,000 m (3,281 ft).[11]It is triangular in shape, with its

apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada

rivers.[15]It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range, which lies to the north, and these two

east-west ranges divide the IndoGangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located

north of River Narmada.

The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India, running across Rajasthan

from northeast to southwest direction, extending approximately 800 km (497 mi).[16]

The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into

Haryana, ending near Delhi. The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount

Abu, rising to 1,722 m (5,650 ft), lying near the border with Gujarat.[17]The Aravali

Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountainsystem.[18]The range rose in a

Precambrianevent called the AravaliDelhi orogen. The range joins two of the ancient

segments that make up the Indian craton, the Marwarsegment to the northwest of the

range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast.

TheWestern Ghatsor Sahyadri mountains run

along the western edge of India's Deccan

Plateauand separate it from a narrow coastal

plain along the Arabian Sea. The range runs

approximately 1,600 km (994 mi)[15] from

south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat

Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra


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Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the

southern tip of the Deccan peninsula. The

average elevation is around 1,000 m

(3,281 ft).[15]Anai Mudiin theAnaimalai Hills

2,695 m (8,842 ft) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats.[19]

The Eastern Ghatsare a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been erodedand vivisected by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi,

Krishna, and Kaveri.[20]These mountains extend from West Bengal to Orissa, Andhra

Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal. Though not

as tall as the Western Ghats, some of its peaks are over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in

height.[15] The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and

Western Ghats. Jindagada Peak (1657 m), near Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh, is the

tallest peak in Eastern Ghats.

Indo-Gangetic plain

ain article:Indo-Gangetic plain

The Indo-Gangetic plains, also known as the Great Plainsare large alluvial plainsdominated

by three main rivers, the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. They run parallel to the

Himalayas, from Jammu and Kashmirin the west to Assam in the east, and drain most o

northern and eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km2(270,000 sq mi).

The major rivers in this region are the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra along with theirmain tributariesYamuna, Chambal, Gomti, Ghaghara, Kosi, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, and

Tistaas well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta, such as the Meghna.

The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions:

The Terai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer

alluvium. The underground streams reappear in this region. The region is excessively

moist and thickly forested. It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is

populated with a variety of wildlife.The Bangarbelt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood

plains. In the Gangetic plains, it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits.

The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt. It is made up of fresh

newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain.

The Indo-Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium

formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat making it

conducive for irrigationthrough canals. The area is also rich in ground watersources.

The plains are one of the world's most intensely farmedareas. The main crops grown are

rice andwheat, which are grown in rotation. Other important crops grown in the region

include maize, sugarcaneand cotton. The Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most

densel o ulated areas.


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Thar Desert

ain article: Thar Desert

The Thar Desert (also known as the deserts) is the

world's seventh largest desert,[21] by others the

tenth.[22] It forms a significant portion of western

India and covers an area of about 200,000 km2

(77,000 sq mi) to about 238,700 km2

(92,200 sq mi).[21][23] The desert continues into

Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert. Most of the Thar

Desert is situated in Rajasthan, covering 61% of its geographic area.

About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes, and the remaining 90 percent consist

of craggy rock forms, compacted salt-lake bottoms, and interdunal and fixed dune areas.

Annual temperatures can range from 0C in the winter to over 50C during the summer.

Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short JulySeptember

southwest monsoon that brings around 100500 mm of precipitation. Water is scarce and

occurs at great depths, ranging from 30 to 120 m below the ground level.[24] Rainfall is

precarious and erratic, ranging from below 120 mm (4.72 inches) in the extreme west to

375 mm (14.75 inches) eastward. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-

loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features. The low-

lying loams are heavier and may have a hard pan of clay, calcium carbonateor gypsum.

Highlands

The Central Highlands comprise of three main plateaus the MalwaPlateau in the west, the

Deccan Plateauin the south (covering most of the Indian peninsula) and the Chota Nagpur

Plateauin the eastern

The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. The average

elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres, and the landscape generally slopes towardsthe north. Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries; the

western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River.

The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau, bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and

flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km

(735,000 mile). It is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m (1,000 to

2,000 ft). The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet (600 m) above sea level. The

surface slopes from 3,000 feet (900 m) in the west to 1,500 feet (450 m) in the east. [25]It

slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the

Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveriand the Mahanadiwhich drain into the Bay of Bengal. This

region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats. Much of the Deccan is

covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest.


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Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters.

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India, covering much of Jharkhand and

adjacent parts of Orissa, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Its total area is approximately 65,000 km

(25,000 mile) and is made up of three smaller plateaus the Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and

Kodarma plateaus. The Ranchi plateau is the largest, with an average elevation of 700 m

(2,300 ft). Much of the plateau is forested, covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous

forests. Vast reserves of metal ores and coalhave been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau.The Kathiawarpeninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf o

Khambat. The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the

Northwestern thorn scrub forestsecoregion.

In western India, the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a

Zone IV region (high risk) for earthquakes. The Kutch city of Bhujwas the epicentreof the

2001 Gujarat earthquake, which claimed the lives of more than 20,000 people and injured

166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes.

[26]

The 1993 Latur earthquakein Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000.[27]Other areas have a moderate to

low risk of an earthquake occurring.[28]

Coasts

The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the

Bay of Bengal. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east. The

Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishnarivers drain these plains. The temperature in the

coastal regions often exceeds 30 C (86 F), and is coupled with high levels of humidity. Theregion receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoonrains. The southwest

monsoon splits into two branches, the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The

Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian

Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side o

Western Ghats. Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39

and 120 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km (62 and 81 mi).[29]The

plains are divided into six regionsthe Mahanadi delta, the southern Andhra Pradesh plain,

the Krishna-Godavari deltas, the Kanyakumari coast, the Coromandel Coast, and sandycoastal.[citation needed]

The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats

and the Arabian Sea, ranging from 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi) in width. It extends from

Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala.

Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region. Mostly originating in the Western

Ghats, the rivers are fast-flowing, usually perennial, and empty into estuaries. Major rivers

flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi and Zuari. Vegetation is mostly

deciduous, but the Malabar Coast moist forestsconstitute a unique ecoregion. The WesternCoastal Plain can be divided into two parts, the Konkanand the Malabar Coast.

Islands


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The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar

Islandsare India's two major island formations and

are classified as union territories. The Lakshadweep

Islands lie 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi) off the

coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea with an area o

32 km2 (12 sq mi). They consist of twelve atolls,

three reefs, and five submerged banks, with a totalof about 36 islands and islets.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located

between 6 and 14 north latitude and 92 and 94 east longitude.[30]They consist of 572

isles, lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Burmesecoast. They are located 1,255 km (780 mi)

from Kolkata(Calcutta) and 193 km (120 mi) from Cape Negraisin Burma.[30]The territory

consists of two island groups, theAndaman Islandsand the Nicobar Islands. The Andaman

Islands consists of 204 small islands across a total length of 352 km (219 mi). India's onlyactive volcano, Barren Islandis situated here. It last erupted in May 2005. The Narcondum

is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang. Indira Point, India's

southernmost land point, is situated in the Nicobar islands at 64510N and 934936E,

and lies just 189 km (117 mi) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra, to the southeast. The

highest point is Mount Thullierat 642 m (2,106 ft).

Other significant islands in India include Diu daman, a former Portugueseenclave; Majuli, a

river island of the Brahmaputra; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour; and Sriharikota, a barrier

islandin Andhra Pradesh. Salsette Islandis India's most populous island on which the city oMumbai (Bombay) is located. Forty-two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine

National Park.

Water bodies

ain article:Rivers of India

India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable

waterways.[31]

There are twelve rivers which are classifiedas major rivers, with the total catchment area exceeding

2,528,000 km2 (976,000 sq mi).[15] All major rivers of

India originatefrom one of the three mainwatersheds:[15]

1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges

2. Vindhya and Satpura range in central India

3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India

The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have aperennial supply throughout the year. The other two river systems are dependent on the

monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. The Himalayan rivers that flow

westward into Pakistan are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej.[32]


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India is the world's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings. India ranks

second amongst the world's largest producers of barites and chromites.[46]The Pleistocene

system is rich in minerals. India is the third-largest coal producer in the world and ranks

fourth in the production of iron ore.[44][46] It is the fifth-largest producer of bauxite and

crude steel, the seventh-largest of manganese oreand the eighth-largest of aluminium.[46]

India has significant sources of titanium ore, diamonds and limestone.[47] India possesses

24% of the world's known and economically viable thorium, which is mined along shores oKerala.[48]Gold had been mined in the now-defunct Kolar Gold Fieldsin Karnataka.[49]

ntipodes

The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island, which is antipodal to the western

corner of Rajasthan. The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities o

Mokal, Kuchchri, and Habur. Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa, and Mokal to the eastern

cape.

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Of India. p. 1. ISBN81-230-1423-6.

3. "India". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-07-17. Total area excludesdisputed territories not under Indian control.

4. ^ abManorama Y earbook 2006 (India - The Country). Malayala Manorama. 2006.

p. 515. ISSN0542-5778.

5. "Territorial extent of India's waters". The International Law of the Sea and Indian

Maritime Legislation. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2006-05-16.

6. Bin Zhu et al. (PDF). Age of Initiation of the India-Asia Collision in the East-Central

Himalaya. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University at Albany.

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7. ^ ab Dr. Rainer Kind (September 2007). The Fastest Continent: India's truncated

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9. "Another Chinese intrusion in Sikkim". Oneindia.in. 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-

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15 May 2011.11. ^ abcdeManorama Yearbook 2006 (India - The Country). Malayala Manorama.

2006. p. 516. ISSN0542-5778.

12. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are 57 km (35 mi) long, as is Bruggen or


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o ac er n sou ern e. easuremen s are rom recen magery, genera y

supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy

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16. Aravali Range Students' Britannica India, by Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani.

Published by Popular Prakashan, 2000. ISBN 0-85229-760-2.Page 92-93.

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Rajasthan. Concept. p. 295. ISBN81-7022-041-6.

19. Clayton, Pamela (11 2006). "Introduction" (PDF). Literacy in Kerala (University o

Glasgow). ISBN0-86389-068-7. Retrieved 2009-09-08.

20. Pullaiah, Thammineni; D.Muralidhara Rao (2002). "Preface".Flora of Eastern Ghats:Hill ranges of south east India. 1. Daya Books. p. 1. ISBN81-87498-49-8.

21. ^ ab"Terrestrial Ecoregions - Thar desert (IM1304". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved

2008-11-19.

22. "The World's Largest Desert". geology.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

23. "Thar Desert". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

24. Kaul, R.N. (1970).Afforestation in Arid zones. N.V. Publishers, The Hague.

25. "The Deccan Plateau". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2008-11-14.

26. "Preliminary Earthquake Report". USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Retrieved2007-11-21.

27. Brijesh Gulati (January 2006) (PDF). Earthquake Risk Assessment of Buildings:

Applicability of HAZUS in Dehradun, India. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,

National Remote Sensing Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28.


28. ^ abcManorama Yearbook 2006 (India - The Country). p. 519.

29. "The Eastern Coastal Plain". Rainwaterharvesting.org. Retrieved 2008-11 -1 9.

30. ^ a b "National Portal of India: Know India: State of UTs". Government of India.


31. ^ a b "Introduction to Inland Water Transport". Government of India. Retrieved

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international river basins. US Institute of Peace Press. pp. 156158. ISBN 978-1-

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Geography of India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia