Geography NotesStephanie LingPolitical GeographyConflicts in China India-China border conflicts across the Himalayas Japan-China Island DisputeIndia, China and Pakistan Border Disputes Aksai Chin Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir Chinese province of Xinjiang, in the West Uninhabited, high-altitude wasteland crossed by the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway Trade route between Xinjiang and Tibet McMahon Line

Japan-China Island Disputes Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Uninhabited islands in the East China Sea Northeast of Taiwan Privately owned until September 2012 when Japan bought three of the islands Caused major protests between China and Japan China, Taiwan and Japan each claim the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands northeast of Taiwan while China, Taiwan and several South-East Asian countries claim various land forms in the South China Sea. Behind these claims is an intensifying contest from hydrocarbon, mineral and fishery resources. Conflicts have become more intense in recent years because China is acquiring the seaborne capabilities to assert its own claims and challenge those of others.

NGOs around the worldNon-government organisations are non-profit organisations or groups which work on an international, national or local level, with different purposes and goals. They provide non-government aid to assist developing or conflicting countries around the world, aiming for peace, reduced poverty, health, education or the like. Each NGO has their own unique purpose to assist and develop certain or many countries or communities. Some areas of development NGOs focus on are: Health Lifestyle Education Safety Well being Food Shelter Services Equality Everyday needs Water First aid Family planning Quality of life Poverty Sanitation

NGOs are mainly funded from public donations, from individuals, businesses or groups, however some are also funded from the government, for example, World Vision, Red Cross and Oxfam.NGOs in ChinaSave the Children began in 1919 as an emergency fund to assist children in Germany who were starving because of an economic blockade still imposed by the allied victors of WWI Over the next few years, Save the Children sent relief aid and workers across Europe, and partner organisations were set up in several other countries, forming an International Save the Children Alliance that has since grown to include members from 27 countries. In the 1990s, from a base in Hong Kong, it carried out in Tibet: In the Anhui Province: basic education and water and sanitation projects to integrate children with learning difficulties into mainstream kindergartens In Anhui: a pilot project to restructure an orphanage into small group homes with family style care. In 1995, when the China programme office relocated to the mainland, work has grown steadily in breadth and depth, making Save the Childrens one of the largest international NGO programmes in China It works closely with government partners by introducing its distinctive approach through Child Rights Training for agencies and individuals that work directly with children or on related research and policy.

Challenges and Successes 1996 Yunnan Province: HIV/AIDS work through a school-based peer education program 2000 Ruili (Yunnan): An integration and care program on HIV/ AIDS These approaches have since been replicated elsewhere [esp. Anhui and Xinjiang Provinces) 2001- Yunnan: A basic education program began This introduced child-centred teaching methods to schools in poor, ethnic minority areas, while also developing income-generation activities to support local schools and working to improve nutrition, hygiene and inclusive education Now: The orphan small group home model has been replicated in other provinces Save the Children is now working with Civil Affairs authorities to develop national policies for Orphan Care It encourages community based care for AIDS Orphans Worked for more than 10 years with Civil Affairs throughout China to develop good practice and policy for street children During the three years: 23 resource rooms were established in a total of 24 ordinary kindergartens and primary schools in 4 counties of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces Over 670 principals and teachers participated in professional training Following the success of the first term, Save the Children officially launched the second term in Beijing on January 7 2013. The new project will be supported by IKEA Foundation. On the basis of previous experience in Yunnan and Sichuan Province, this time the project will further cover Xinjiang Autonomous Region as well.OxfamOxfam was established in 1942 for Famine Relief in England during World War Two. They have been working with communities for more than 50 years, and provide people with skills and resources to help them create their own solutions to poverty.Since 1987, Oxfam Hong Kong has been working on poverty alleviation and emergency relief in China More than 800 million Yuan has been allocated to help thousands and thousands of people, mainly: Poor farmers in remote mountainous areas Ethnic minorities Women and children Migrant workers HIV-AIDS patients. Approximately one-third of Oxfam Hong Kong's total programme expenditure goes to poverty alleviation in Mainland China. The majority of programmes are located in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Beijing.In 1992: Oxfam Hong Kong opened its first field office in Kumming, Mainland China. This was followed by offices opening in: Beijing Guiyang Lanzhou Chengdu. Sudan largest African nation 3 regions approximately 39 million people 134 languages tribes 400 000 died in 2008 32% population urban, 68% rural, 7% nomads Islam predominant religion Official language is Arabic Nile River cotton, sesame, sugar production Tourism non-existent Independence from British-Egyptian rule in 1956 Peace deal, 2005, ended 21-year conflict between Muslim North and Christian South 1.5 million people killed 2003 2 million people forced to flee their homes in Darfur, western SudanDarfur Region 6 million people Live in small villages with only a few hundred fmailes Ecosystems desert in north, savannah in south, Jebel Marra volcanic plateau in middle High levels of rainfalls and fertile soils

Inhabitants of Darfur Farmers and nomadic pastoralists Dark-skinned and Muslim Farmers sorghum, millet, groundnuts, tomatoes Black African Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa communities Nomadic pastoralists raise camels in north, cattle south Livestock is Darfurs main export pastoralists have more influence in region Conflicts in Darfur between settled farmers and nomadic pastoralists migrating in search of water and pastures have occurred for centuries solutions reached by negotiationConflict in Darfur Began early 2003 Worlds worst humanitarian crisis Rebel groups attacked by government Rebel groups Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Scorched earth campaign a policy of devastating all land and buildings in the course of advancing or retreating troops so as to leave nothing salvageable to the enemy bombers, helicopter gunships, paramilitaries, regular armed forces Government encourages raids led by local pro-Arab militias Janjaweed UN accused Sudanese government and pro-Arab militias of war crimes against Darfurs black African population War crimes torture, inhumane treatment making civilian population the object of military attacks Internally displaced person (IDP) someone who has fled their home due to a fear of persecution of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, political opinion, armed conflict, but has not crossed an internationally recognised borderImpacts of Darfur Conflict Burning of more than 300 villages Looting of livestock and food stocks Displacement of 290 000 people Displacement of 420 000 internally displaced people Missing/separated children among IDPs Malnutrition 18.4% in Kutum town global figure 1.3% Poor health and sanitation Destruction of schools, health infrastructure (13 health centres, 48 schools), 36 schools closed, 25 000 IDPs students out of schoolsFleeing Villages Search for safety in Chad Tine border of Sudan and Chad scattered along 600km of borderCauses of Conflict Limited investment in basic services remoteness, lack of infrastructure, governments lack of encouragement to investors to improve development Marginalisation poor infrastructure, discouraged capital in region which affects trade and services leading to neglect of residents Lack of personal security high levels of armed robbery reduces movement of people and goods in the area Conflict over resources fertile lands belong to local tribes been raided by mobile nomadic Arab tribes to secure grazing grounds for animals droughts have impoverished grazing land and surface water available Abolition of traditional local councils abolished by the Khartoum government leaving no mechanisms for solving conflicts Human rights General Omar Hassan al Bashir Islamist government sharia law torture, repression of religious freedoms, political opposition anyone suspected of criticising government is arrested without charge and held for months Disasters desertification, natural hazards no early warning programs, people not always ready for them Government policy government armed and assisted nomadic Arabs in the localised clashes that took place in the late-1980s and 1990s Lack of development can be traced to underdevelopment of the areaConsequences of conflict in Darfur After many deaths and no action, the UN finally comes to a conclusion which should have been made years ago Genocide the deliberate destruction of a racial, political or cultural groupRefugee Camps Mornei camp 80 000 displaced people Refugee someone who has fled their country due to fear of persecution, race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, political opinion or armed conflictWhy are observers so alarmed about the conflict in Darfur, apart from the obvious humanitarian crisis? Conflict could destabilise the whole country Darfur could lead to a split in the government Khartoum politicians have ethnic links to the rebelsUN refers Darfur to International Criminal Court UN gave International Criminal Court (ICC) authority to investigate and prosecute those most responsible for massive human rights violations committed in the western Sudanese regionResponse to Darfur conflict the forgotten disaster Rwanda evidence of ethnic cleansing Sudanese government forces and militia conducted indiscriminate attacks including killing of civilians, enforced disappearances, destruction of villages, rape and sexual violence, pillaging and forced displacement but do not refer to it as genocideTim Costellos visit to Sudan Exposed, no shade, 45 degrees, raining with no protection Women who had been raped and terrorised Villages burned, cattle stolen, crops burnt Evil of a malevolent, predatory government that is quite prepared to see a million people potentially die Rwanda in slow motion million died in 8weeks Terror and vulnerability Australian government - $20 million Because its not American, Australian or British involved it doesnt get any attention Very little mentioned by either major party about poverty issues and nothing about third world poverty 1.2 billion people living on less than $1 a day Our level of aid in percentage has been falling 1996 0.36% of Gross National Income (GNI) 2004 0.26% - 3.7 billion we havent given to the poorWomen Conflict around the WorldSomalia 95% of girls suffer genital mutation 9% give birth in a health facility Suffers high levels of maternal mortality Limited access to health care or education No hospitals or health care easily accessible if a woman becomes pregnant women are raped on a daily basis Every girl is subjected to drought, famine and fighting and can die at any timeAfghanistan Targeted violence against female public 87% illiterate High infant mortality rates and limited access to doctors 1 in 11 women die in childbirth High levels of infanticide and sex trafficking Near total lack of economic rights Women who attempt to speak out and challenge ingrained gender stereotypes are often intimidated or killedIndia High level of infanticide and foeticide High level of sex trafficking Increase in income inequality in the past 10-20 years 400 million people live on less than $1 a day 42% of children are under weight 59% of children have stunted growth 44.5% of girls married before 18 years old 60% under 18 are uneducatedNiger/Africa Women have to travel more than 200km to reach a hospital Thousands of children are suffering malnutrition Food crisis threatens about 18 million people across 7 countries Soaring grain prices and chronic povertyCongo 1152 women raped every day 57% pregnant women anaemic More than 400,000 raped each year (as young as 3) Militia groups and soldiers target all agesPakistan Some of the highest rates of dowry murder 1000 women and girls die in honour killings each yearBarangarooDarling HarbourPrevious Function docklands, rail hubsPresent Function hotels, entertainment, apartments, restaurants, exhibition spacePeople tourists/business peopleKing Street Wharf and Barangaroo Macquarie bank Star Casino Water Darling harbour Pyrmont Westpac HotelsThe South Western End of CBDMulticulturalism different cuisines restaurants, korea town, china town, influenceHigh retail, food, convenience stores for apartmentsPitt StreetHigh end fashion/young fashionTraditional, heritage value buildings sandstoneMall Area Fashion, high end retail to young fashion Character of old buildings kept heritage value buildings, gentrification keeping faade and refurbishing inside Banks solidifying and centralising Banks turning into high end fashion (Louis Vuitton)Martin Place Retail Hotels Macquarie bank Sandstone RBA Channel 7 Lindt Restaurant Hospital LibraryCustoms House Taxes collected tariffs no longer needed Early 90s disused space Now used for exhibitions/meeting places Caf Sydney restaurant Ground floor library New technology opening up building new light/space Changing architecture Model of CBD

RegionEthnicityOil (internationally recognised)Desertification

North Port Sudan Capital: KhartoumSuperiorityArabicReligion: MuslimPort Sudan receive payments Canada, China (70%), Russia, Japan, India, Malaysia Infrastructure Roads Hospitals Schools Weapons from China Bombs at night Helicopter gunships with high powered machine guns devils on horseback Killing Raping Burning Herders and farmers has understanding Sahara Desert expanding No longer enough to sustain everyone

SouthBlackReligion: ChristianOil Wells/Reserves Rebellion 22 years (1983-2005)won 49% revenue allocated to them infrastructure

Darfur Fur tribe Zagahawa tribe Masalit tribe Nomadic Arabic/MuslimsBlackReligion: Muslim Rebellion 2003-present