Geography (Mains) Previous 33 Years Question Papers [1979-2011] for UPSC IAS IPS Exam

of 51 Geography 1979

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Geography (Mains) UPSC Last 33 years papers [1979-2011]

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Stupid Index Geography 1979 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Geography 1980 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Geography 1981 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Geography 1982 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Geography 1983 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Geography 1984 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Geography 1985 ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Geography 1986 ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Geography 1987 ................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Geography 1988 ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Geography 1989 ................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Geography 1990 ................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Geography 1991 ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Geography 1992 ................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Geography 1993 ................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Geography 1994 ................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Geography 1995 ................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Geography 1996 ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Geography 1997 ................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Geography 1998 ................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Geography 1999 ................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Geography 2000 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Geography 2001 ................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Geography 2002 ................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Geography 2003 ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Geography 2004 ................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Geography 2005 ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Geography 2006 ................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Geography 2007 ................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Geography 2008 ................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Geography 2009 ................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Geography 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Geography 2011 ................................................................................................................................................................... 49

Geography 1979 PAPER- I Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks. 1. On the map of India supplied to you, mark and name the following: (a) The mean annual isohyets of 100cm. (b) The regions of Regur (black cotton) soils. (c) The four most important centres for the manufacture of iron and steel.

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(d) Four of the most vulnerable tracts of India likely to be inundated by cyclonic storms. (e) Morvi, Marble falls, Chukha project, Kalpakkam, Sri Hari Kota and Thumba. OR On the map of the World provided, name and mark the following: (a) The International Dateline (b) The horse latitudes (c) The Air India route linking Delhi with New York via Moscow and London (d) The Durand line (e) The Great Wall of China (f) Diego Garcia (g) Namibia (h) Ruhr (i) Kalgoorlie (j) Benguela current (k) The mid-Atlantic rise (l) The Great Barrier reef of Australia SECTION A 2. What light does the study of earthquake, waves throw on the inner constitution of the earth? 3. Discuss the polar Front theory and examine how far it can be applied to explain the origin of tropical cyclones. 4. What factors control the density of ocean waters? Show how differences of surface density determine the movements of water (a) in the open ocean and (b) between the ocean and its partially enclosed seas. 5. The land regulates the destinies of peoples with a blind brutality (Ratzal). Discuss fully the arguments in favour and against this view. 6. The 49th parallel is a boundary without a frontier the Himalayas is a frontier without a boundary. Discuss fully, bringing out the implications of this to the countries involved. SECTION - B 7. Examine the aims and assets the achievements of Prince Henry and Navigator. 8. The successful location of iron and steel plants is largely a matter of transportation costs, not merely of raw materials but also of finished products. Discuss with illustrate examples. 9. Till about 1700 A.D. the history of India, was to a large extent delimited by its Geography. Analyse fully. 10. Describe the main racial characteristics and the cultural attainments of either the Todas or the Santhals. 11. The distinction between Wet-Zone and Dry-Zone is fundamental in the agriculture of the Monsoon lands, resulting in typical crop combinations. Discuss with respect to either India or China. PAPER-II-1979 Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks. SECTION A 1. With the help of selected examples, explain the relative importance of raw materials, and markets in the location and development of cotton textile industry. 2. Explain the significance of diagnostic surveys for regional planning. 3. Give a critical assessment of the concept of rural urban fringe. What criteria would you suggest to democrat the rural urban fringe of Indian cities? 4. The direct effect of physical factors on the distribution of population tends to decline

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as civilization becomes more advanced. Discuss this statement. 5. Calculate the coefficient of correlation from the following data:

Average Rainfall in inches in different Districts 32 38 27 44 33 24

Density of Population per sq. mile 450 500 400 550 450 350

6. No aviator or navigator can do without the charts based on Mercators and Gnomonic projections in order to reach his destination covering the least possible distance. Justify this statement. SECTION -B 7. Give the geographical factors which affect the distribution and density of population in India. Is India over-populated? Discuss the various measures for solving the population problem of India. 8. Account for the causes of soil erosion in India and discuss the method to control it. 9. Comment on the development of iron and steel industry in India since Independence and elucidate the future prospects of the Industry. 10. A correct delineation and articulation of economic regions in geographic terms is an essential pre-requisite of economic development in developing country. Justify this statement with reference to economic regionalization in India. 11. Do you consider that the agrarian problem lies at the root of all problems in India today? Support your answer with proper arguments. 12. Assess the importance of Damodar Valley project or any other multipurpose river valley project, in the economy of the region.

GEOGRAPHY 1980 Geography - 1980 PAPER-I Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks. 1. On the outline map of India supplied, mark and name the following: (a) The regions with the highest variability of rainfall (more than 15%) from year to year; (b) The regions of rubber and tea cultivation; (c) Jog (Gersoppa), Ellora, Digboi, Neyveli, Kudremukh, Singareni; (d) Mahabaleshwar, Pachmarhi, Darjeeling, Kodai-kanal, Nainital, Simla; (e) Thalghat, Khandwa gap, Palghat, Banihal Pass, Aksai Chin and Bhorghat. OR On the outline map of the World provided, mark and name the following: (a) The zero degree Celsius (Centigrade) (32F) surface isotherm for the month of January. (b) The mean annual thermal equator, (c) The New England States, (d) Zimbabwe (e) Kuro Siwo (f) St. Gotthard Pass, (g) The Soo Canal, (h) Bosporus, (i) The Trans-Siberian rail-route, with three important stations, on route. (j) The Wuhan conurbation, (k) Murray-Darling Basin and (l) Bogota. SECTION A 2. State, in detail, and appraise fully the arguments in favour of and against the theory of Continental Drift. 3. Discuss the complete mechanism by means of which the atmosphere is able to



maintain its heat-balance. Is the atmosphere getting progressively hotter, and if so, why? 4. Describe and account for the surface currents of the Indian Ocean and explain how and why they differ from those of the Atlantic. 5. Discuss the scope of human Geography. 6. Is it true to say that Machinder's "Citadel of land power" stands mightier than ever, even at the present day? SECTION B 7. What were the significant geographical ideas of the Arabs of the 10 th and 12th centuries? How did they differ from those of their Christian contemporaries? 8. Analyse the factors of localization of the Iron and Steel industry with special reference to India. Suggest an ideal location for this industry in India and make a comparative assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of Visakapatnam and Salem steel plants. 9. "The gates of India have become water gates and the way to India, the way of the sea." (Sir Thomas Holdich). Analyse the role of geographical factors in controlling, through well defined gates, the entry into India of migrants, both in peace and in war, from the earliest times and assess their relative importance. 10. Discuss the basic geographical conditions, under which the pre-historic civilization of Indus Valley flourished and describe the nature and structure of the pre-historic cities of the region. 11. Assess the nature of the "food problem" of India, both qualitatively and quantitatively at the present time. What practical suggestions can you offer towards its solutions? PAPER-II-1980 SECTION A 1. "The economic development of a country depends as much on he stage of development of the people as on the able resources. Discuss this statement with examples. 2. Discuss with examples the factors of origin and growth of towns and cities. 3. What are the determinants of population growth? Discuss comparatively the trends population growth in the developed and the developing countries of the world, mentioning the socio-economic implications of these trends in each case. 4. Compare the nature of the two given distributions on the basis of their mean, median and coefficient of variation: Monthly Wet Bulb Temperature (F) For Stations A and B MONTHS

Stations J F M A M J J A S O N D

A 53 55 57 58 70 76 79 80 77 66 60 55

B 65 56 64 60 55 51 50 51 55 57 61 64

5. Compare the properties of Sinusoidal and Moll-weide's projections. Make calculations for a graticule on Sinusoidal projections for an area extending from 30N to 60S and 15W to 105W on a scale of 1:50,000,000. The interval between the parallels and between the meridians is 15. SECTION B 6. Give a critical account of the recent changes in agriculture in India which have contributed to the agricultural development in general, and the green revolution in particular. 7. Asses the comparative geographical importance of the power resources in the development of industrial landscape of India. 8. "The density of population is, as it were, the synthesis of all geographical phenomena. "Examine this statement with reference to the spatial patterns of population distribution and density in India. 9. Discuss the structure and evolution of the Himalayas.



10. Give an ideal geographical regionalization of India.

GEOGRAPHY 1981 Geography- 1981 PAPER- I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in you answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspects of each one of them: (a) Bhadravathi (b) Khandwa gap (c) Kalpakkam (d) River Damodar (e) MacMohan line (f) Sivasamudram (g) Sri Hari Kota (h) Chukka project (i) 100 cm (40") annual isohyets (j) Barauni OR On the map of the World provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in your answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspect of each one of them. (a) The Sargasso Sea (b) Bay of Fundy (c) 10Celsius (Centigrade) or 50Fahrenheit isotherm for the warmest month in the northern hemisphere (d) Pittsburg (e) Monte Carlo (f) Wyville Thomson ridge (g) Jerusalem (h) The region of olive cultivation (i) The bell of the doldrums (j) Taklamakan 2. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words: (a) Trans-humance (b) Cold water coasts (c) The typical features in a region of limestone rocks (d) Goods SECTION A 3. With particular reference to India, explain the origin of the "monsoon". Describe and account for the World distribution of monsoon climates, bringing out the significant differences between each of them. 4. With suitable examples selected from different part of the World, discuss, in detail, the problems in using either language or religion as a criterion for boundary determinations. 5. Present the classification of Oceanic deposits and account for the origin, types and distribution of Pelagic deposits in the World Oceans. SECTION B 6. Analyse the factors of localization of the cotton-textile industries, and assess how far their location has been influenced by the availability of indigenous raw materials and proximity to the markets. 7. "Over two thirds of the crop land of the United States is devoted to feed crops and



only slightly over one-fifth to food crops." Discuss the implications of the above statement. Explain with reasons why the conditions are totally different in India. 8. Discuss the major contributions of the following eminent geographers: (a) Sir Halford Mackinder (b) Sir Dudley Stamp PAPER-II-1981 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following answer to each should be in about 200 words: (i) Definition and Scope of Economic Geography (ii) Central Business District (iii) Demographic Transition (iv) Significance of Projected Profiles 2. Examine the role of pull and push factors in the migration of population. 3. The annual total rainfall (in cm.) of a particular station of a period of 40 years is given below in sequential order: 97,103,86,100,98,96,99,88,96,95,85,92,105,100,91,102,100,98,101,107,103,104,98,115,95,100,112,94,102,113,96,106,83,104,87,98,101,95,111,104. (a) Calculate the standard deviation. (b) If the years are categorised according to the following scheme, determine the percentage of years in each category:

Category Rainfall Amount

Exceptionally Drought Years (EDY) Less than M - 2

Moderately Drought Years (MDY) M - 2 to M -

Normal Rainy Years (NRY) M - 2 to M +

Moderately Rainy Years (MRY) M + to M + 2

Exceptionally Rainy Years (ERY) More than M + 2

4. Selecting suitable standard parallels, make necessary calculations for a graticule on Simple Conic Projection with two standard parallels for an area extending from 62N to 78N and 60N to 80E on a scale of 1:10,000,000. The interval between the parallels and between the meridians is 2. SECTION B 5. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words: (a) Major Soil Types of India (b) Trend of Population Growth in India since 1901, and Significant Contributory Factors (c) Rajasthan Canal Project (d) Bases of Geographical Regionalization of India. 6. Discuss the effect of relief and climate on the distribution of crops in India. 7. Make an assessment of the relative significance of renewable and non-renewable energy resources of India. What suggestions would you give for solving the energy-crisis in India? 8. Explain the various population problems of India and suggest as to how this large human-resource can be made useful in the economic development of the country.

GEOGRAPHY 1982 Geography-1982 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in your answer-script what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) The Pir Punjal



(b) The Luni River (c) Farakka Barrage (d) The Bombay High (e) Neyveli (f) Gangtok (g) 50 cm (20" annual isohyets) (h) Black cotton soil region (i) Areas affected by cyclones from the Bay of Bengal (j) Shortest air route from Varanasi to Bangalore OR On the map of the World provided mark the following and write in not more ten words, in your answer-script what you consider to be the most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Elburze mountain (b) The Dead Sea (c) Fiji Islands (d) The Kiel Canal (e) The Falkland Island (f) Diego Garcia (g) 80F. Isotherm of July (h) 100 cm (40") mean isohyets in winter (November to April) (i) Nairobi (j) The Kuroshio Current 2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Peneplain (b) Indo-Pakistan border problem (c) The Naga Tribes (d) Air masses SECTION A 3. Discuss the mountain building process in the world with a special reference to the origin of the Himalayas. 4. "In the northern part of the Indian ocean there is a complete reversal of currents between winter and summer as a result of the alternating monsoon winds." Discuss. 5. "The position of United States in respect of power is almost impregnable at present and in future. The U.S.S.R. is well situated although less so than the Unites States." Elucidate. SECTION B 6. Discuss the factors of location of iron and steel industries in Great Britain with special reference to the shifts in their location after the World War II. 7. Discuss the contributions of either Paul Vidal De La Blache or W.M. Davis in advancement of our geographical knowledge. 8. Mention the types of farming commonly being practised in the tropics. Discuss their significance and the present position in the international market. PAPER-II-1982 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Discuss with suitable examples the influence of environment on productive occupation in the world (b) What is meant by Urban Functions? How are they different from Rural Functions? (c) Critically examine the concept of optimum population. (d) Is the Quantitative method in Geography a means to an end or the Geographic



method itself? Discuss clearly bringing out the purpose of Geography. 2. What is regional survey? How does it lead to planning? Discuss with suitable examples. 3. Discuss the distribution pattern of population in India. State how geographic factors have influenced it. 4. Which projection will you choose for the drawing of a map of the world to indicate sea routes? Discuss its properties. SECTION B 5. Answer any three questions of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Discuss the structure of the Peninsular India. (b) Discuss the value of the Narbada Irrigation Project in economic development of Western India. (c) What are the problems of the Cotton Textile Industry in India? (d) Assess the iron ore resources of India. 6. Give a brief account of the Power Resources of India and indicate how far they are developed. 7. India's budget is a gamble with the Monsoon. Elaborate the statement. How far does the variability of rainfall influence agriculture? What remedies have been effected? Divide India into its natural regions. State the basis which you have adopted.

GEOGRAPHY 1983 Geography-1983 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Pre-Cambrian land mass (b) Mikir hills (c) Banihal pass (d) 100 cm. (40") isohyte (e) Largest mangrove forest area (f) Coffee producing areas (g) Anpara (h) Bhilai (i) Tarapur (j) Shortest air route from Porbandar to Gauhati OR On the map of World provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Carpathian mountains (b) Great Salt Lake (c) Parana-Paraguay basin (d) Canary islands (e) Areas with 50 to 100 cm. annual rainfall (f) Great Barrier Reef (g) Bering Strait (h) New York Metropolitan Region (i) Seoul (j) Trans-Siberian Railways with three important railway stations on it. 2. Write short notes on any three of the following; each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Polycyclic land mass (b) Jet stream



(c) Ecological imbalance (d) World energy crisis SECTION A 3. 'Landscape is the function of structure, process and stage.' Discuss. 4. Divide world into major biotic regions giving the basis of your division. 5. Discuss different types of maribe resources and mention their possible utilization. SECTION B 6. Write a critical essay on the quantitative revolution in Geography. 7. Briefly discuss the trend of urbanisation in the world since the beginning of the present century. 8. Discuss the food and nutrition problems of the world. PAPER-II-1983 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each: (a) Examine the origin of the Deccan lavas and describe the scenery associated with it. (b) Comment on the role of social forestry in the economy of India. (c) Give a brief account of the petroleum resources of India. (d) Discuss the problems of livestock raising in India. 2. "There is a gulf between rainfall statistics and water availability." Elucidate this statement with reference to the agricultural efficiency of any region in India. 3. Linguistic regions in India may have a cultural reality but no economic base. Examine this view illustrate your answer with suitable examples. 4. Discuss the factors which interact to limit the area within which a crop may be successfully grown commercially in India. Give examples to justify your arguments. SECTION B 5. Comment on any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) The inadequacy of transport is the major obstacle to the trade and production of India. (b) Factors contributing to the growth of the urban fringe of either Calcutta or Bombay. (c) "Core Areas" for successful regional planning in India. (d) The North Western Frontiers of India and the related political problem. 6. What are the factors influencing the localization of industry? Illustrate your answer with reference to the Iron and Steel industry of India. 7. Indian cities are lacking in layout and function. How far is this true and what historical and cultural factors are responsible for these features? 8. How far is it true to say that the Indian Ocean is actually and potentially a major focus of international relations and dispute?

GEOGRAPHY 1984 Geography-1984 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) 80E longitude (b) Anamalai Hills (c) Karakoram Pass (d) The damodar (e) Area receiving higher rainfall in winter (f) Tropical wet evergreen forest area (g) Bhakra Dam (h) Air route from Port Bliar to Delhi



(i) Kohima (j) Anklesvar OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) 90West longitude (b) Atlas mountains (c) Sakhaline Island (d) Niagra falls (e) Gulf of Bothania (f) Bass strait (g) Pampas (h) Loss Angelss (i) Air route from Colombo to Rio-de- Janeiro (j) Zurich 2. Write short notes on any three of the following each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Karst land forms (b) Marine resources (c) Urban sphere of influence (d) Federalism SECTION A 3. Discuss the mountain-building processes with suitable examples. 4. Discuss the concept of warm and cold fronts and the weather associated with them. 5. Discuss man's role in creating ecological imbalances taking examples from a geographical region. SECTION B 6. Critically examine the development of determinism and possibilism in Geography. 7. Discuss the petroleum resources of the Middle East and its impact on international politics. 8. Discuss the general distributional pattern of industrial development in the world and its associated problems. PAPER-II-1984 SECTION A 1. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following: (a) Mountains as climatic barriers and their effect on the Indian Monsoons. (b) Why do rivers flood? State the areas of occurrence of floods in India. (c) Problems involved in the economic development of tribal areas of India. (d) Dairy Industry in India. 2. Discuss the problems of agricultural development in the arid and semi-arid regions of India. 3. Discuss the value of a quantitative analysis of crop combinations for an agricultural regionalization of India. Illustrate your answer from an area of which you have personal knowledge. 4. "The present economic policy of India represents an attempt to maintain a balance between a subsistence agricultural economy and a top-heavy industrial economy." Critically examine the statement. SECTION B 5. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following: (a) Unity and diversity are both inherent in Federalism. (b) The sea as a source of raw materials.



(c) Importance of coastal shipping in India. (d) Fertilizer industry of India. 6. Discuss the location of and the modern trends in, the cotton textile industry of India. 7. Discuss the impact of the development of electrical power in India on its industrialisation. 8. What contribution has the geographer to make to an understanding of the problems of land use in big cities?

GEOGRAPHY 1985 Geography - 1985 PAPER-I Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Rajasthan (Indira) Canal (b) Mettur Dam (c) Bombay High (d) Gandhinagar (e) Areas receiving more than 200 cm of annual rainfall (f) Palk Strait (g) Paradip (h) Tropic of Cancer (i) Maikal Range (j) Shortest rail route from Puri to New Delhi OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Arctic Circle (b) Cork (c) Selvas (d) Tagros Mountains (e) Greenwich (f) Hawaiian Island (g) Hwang Ho (h) Dogger Bank (i) Aswan Dam (j) Cook Strait 2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Hydrological Cycle (b) Ecosystem Concept (c) Rural Settlement Patterns (d) Regional Concept in Geography SECTION A 3. Discuss the character of the main types of force and earth movements, involved in the production of land forms. 4. Classify soils of the world and discuss the distribution and characteristics of each. 5. Discuss the sources and nature of various deposit found on the floor of the oceans.



SECTION B 6. Discuss the causes and consequences of major inter national migrations of the present time. 7. Discuss the concepts of heartland and rimland and examine their present day validity. 8. Mention different types of world agriculture and describe the areas and salient features of each type. Geography-1985 PAPER-II Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks SECTION A 1. Give brief answers to any three of the following questions in about 200 words each: (a) Describe the physiographic characteristics of the Western Himalayas. (b) To what extent has the high yielding variety programme helped agricultural development in India? (c) Why has attention been given to the development of marine fisheries in India? Describe the efforts that have been directed for their development. (d) Describe the impact of the rise in population density on economic development in India. 2. Attempt a division of India into climatic regions and described their characteristics and floral conditions. 3. Write an account of the growth and utilisation of irrigation potential in India with particular reference to canal irrigation. 4. Discuss the concept of land reform and indicate its importance for promoting agricultural development in India. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following: (a) Importance of road transport in India-Development under the Plans. (b) Rural settlement patterns in the Ganga Valley. (c) Industrial development in India during the Second and Third Plans. (d) Problems of slums and urban development with particular reference to any metropolis in India. 6. Write an account of the raw materials, location, present situation and future prospects of the paper industry in India. 7. Discuss the regional disparities in the growth of manufacturing industries in India. Suggest remedies. 8. Discuss the quality distribution and utilisation of coal in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1986 Geography-1986 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) 821/2 E meridian (b) Siwalik Hills (c) Haldia (d) Mizoram (e) Chandigarh (f) Faraka Dam (g) HBJ pipeline



(h) Kanya Kumari (i) Mahanadi (j) Dodabetta OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Mauritius (b) Nile (c) Pampas (d) Pamir (e) Jura Mountains (f) The Hague (g) Niagara Falls (h) 180 meridian (i) Namibia (j) Canberra 2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) World's biotic regions (b) Pelagic deposits (c) Demographic transition (d) Diffusion of innovation SECTION A 3. Discuss the views of W.M. Davis and Walter Penck on the cycle of erosion. 4. Compare the basis of the climatic classification of Koppen with that of Thornthwaite's classification. 5. Give an account of marine resources and discuss their present day utilization. SECTION B 6. What is meant by quantitative revolution in Geography? Discuss its impact on the development of the subject. 7. Define the urban sphere of influences and discuss different methods of determining the spheres of influence of cities. 8. Discuss the genetic classification of international boundaries. How does it differ from the morphological classification? PAPER-II -1986 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following questions (in about 200 words each): (a) The drainage systems of the two regions. Peninsular and extra-Peninsular India are very different in their character. What are these difference and way? (b) Discuss the environmental problems regarding industrial pollution in India. (c) Discuss briefly the utilization, distribution and production of manganese in India. (d) Describe the programmes for management and development of forests in India under the National Forest Policy. Mention briefly the roles of other institutions in the development of forestry in the country. 2. Describe the problems of production and distribution of food crops in India from the regional point of view. 3. Discuss the geographical bases for rural industrialization for rural development. 4. Give an account of the infrastructural factors necessary for promoting agricultural development in the dry zones of India with specific examples. SECTION B 5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:



(a) Development of Railway transport in India during different plan periods. (b) Functional and hierarchical patterns of Indian cities. (c) Aluminium industry in India. (d) Regional Planning in India. 6. Discuss the location, present situation and future prospects of the jute industry in India. 7. What is an industrial complex? Describe the growth, problems and prospects of any major industrial complex in India. 8. Examine the geographical bases for growth of regional consciousness and regionalism during last three decades in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1987 Geography-1987 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer book, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Kodaikanal (b) Bhubaneshwar (c) Cauvery (d) Aravalli Hills (e) Arunachal Pradesh (f) Hirakund Dam (g) Shipki Pass (h) Sriharikota (i) Bharatpur (j) Digboi OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Appalachian Mountains (b) Fiji Islands (c) Tropic of Capricorn (d) Vienna (e) Zimbabwe (f) Nicaragua (g) Gobi Desert (h) Mekong (i) Patagonia (j) Palk Strait 2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Characteristics of monsoon forests (b) Systems approach in Geography (c) Concepts of nation and state (d) Theories of agricultural location. SECTION A 3. Give a reasoned account of the contents of the Atlantic Ocean and their impact on the climatic conditions of the coastal regions. 4. Discuss critically the characteristics of tropical cyclones and analyse the extent to which they differ from the temperate cyclones.



5. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of the land forms of graciated regions. SECTION B 6. Give an account of the existing distributional pattern of population in the world and give your assessment regarding the importance of geographical factors for such a pattern. 7. Examine the various theories concerning the internal structure of cities and discuss how far they are applicable to Indian cities. 8. Give an account of the pattern of international trade and examine the linkages between resource endowed regions and resource utilizing regions. PAPER-II-1987 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each): (a) Give the salient features of the Aravallis is with respect to geologic structure, relief and impact on human settlements. (b) Discuss the ecological problems associated with the use of river water resources in India. (c) Outline the impact of land reform measures on agricultural development in India. (d) Indicate the criteria of identification, demarcate the industrially backward areas of India and enumerate the main hurdles in their development. 2. Analyse the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. How are the spatial temporal variations and vicissitudes in precipitation related to this mechanism? 3. Discuss the population problem of India in regional perspective and make specific suggestions for tackling the problem with respect to the broad population regions. 4. Outline the agricultural regions of India indicating the bases of regionalization. Bring out the factors responsible for the emergence of different crop combination in different regions. SECTION B 5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Functional and Morphological Typology of Indian cities (b) Agro-based Industries of India (c) Centre-State relations and multi-level planning in India (d) Geopolitical significance of Industrial Policy in Indian Ocean 6. Trace the evolution of Industrial Policy in India and bring on its impact on industrial development of the country. 7. Discuss the significance, traffic flow pattern, emerging trends and problems of road transport in India. 8. Analyse the causes and consequences of regional disparity in the economic development of India and outline measures to reduce disparity.

GEOGRAPHY 1988 Geography-1988 PAPER-I Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Cherrapaunji (b) Pondicherry (c) Satpura Range (d) Gulmarg (e) Manga ore



(f) Bomdila (g) Tapi (Tapti) (h) Gulf of Kutch (i) Anklksvar (j) Rameshwaram OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Pyrenees (b) Cyprus (c) Hud on Bay (d) Seoul (e) Kampuchea (f) Falkland Islands (g) Kalahari (h) Volga (i) Kilimanjaro (j) Geneva 2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Environmental Determinism (b) Coral reets (c) Geopolitics (d) Karst landforms SECTION A 3. Attempt a classification of air masses and give the characteristic features and associated weather conditions of each class. 4. Discuss, in detail, man's impact on ecosystem as a result of the modern technological advancement. 5. Critically analyse the concept of plate tectonics and bring out the evidences to support it. SECTION B 6. Give a critical account of the cultural evolution of man. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. 7. Analyse Christaller's Central Place Theory and the modifications introduced in it and examine its relevance in the present day context. 8. Discuss the various sources of energy and their uses. Suggest the measures to overcome the present day energy crisis. PAPER-II-1988 Candidates should attempt 5 questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each Section. All questions carry equal marks. SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each): (a) Bring out the role of irrigation in rural development of India. (b) Give the geographical cases of unity and diversity in India (c) Discuss the utilization and conservation of coal of India resources. (d) Evaluate the Koppen's scheme of climatic regionalization of India. 2. Explain the salient features of the structure, relief and drainage of the Himalayas. 3. Analyse the ecological significance of forests in different regions of India indicating the impact of rapid deforestation. 4. Analyse the relationship between cropping intensity and agricultural productivity and



throw light on the measures of increasing the cropping intensity in India. SECTION B 5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Location and growth of Fertilizer Industry in India. (b) Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe in India. (c) Significance of District Planning in India. (d) The Sino-Indian Boundary. 6. Discuss the process, pattern and impact of urbanisation in India. 7. Differentiate between River Basin and Command Area. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of River Basins as planning regions in India. Give concrete examples. 8. Demarcate the major industrial regions of India and analyse the structure and contribution to the national economy of any one of them.

GEOGRAPHY 1989 PAPER-I-1989 Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Paradeep (b) Karaikal (c) Bhilai (d) Baramula (e) Pachmari (f) Gulf of Mannar (g) Damodar River Valley (h) Sindri (i) Chilka Lake (j) Bandipur OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Irrawady River (b) Nevada Desert (c) Pearl Harbour (d) Libya (e) Tel Aviv (f) Honduras (g) Urals (h) Gulf of Mexico (i) Patagonia (j) The Vatican city 2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Rejuvenated landforms (b) Ocean bottom relief (c) Major cultural realms of the world (d) Classification of cities SECTION A



3. Explain the origin, characteristics and distribution of temperate cyclones. 4. Divide the world into major biotic regions and explain the basis of your division. 5. Examine the causes of ecological imbalances and briefly explain the measures taken to rectify them. SECTION B 6. Write an essay on the contribution of European geographers to the development of geographic thought. 7. Discuss in detail the Heartland concept of Mackinder and the criticism it has attracted in recent years. 8. Review in detail the various theories of the location of industries. PAPER-II- 1989 SECTION A Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks 1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each: (a) Explain the causes of soil erosion occurring over extensive areas in certain parts of India. What measures would you suggest for solving this problem? (b) Discuss the problems of the tribal areas and suggest measures for solving them. (c) Assess the fish resources of India and examine the present and future prospects of their exploitation. (d) Analyse the spatial patterns of the utilization of ground water for tube-well irrigation in different parts of India. 2. Give an outline of the geological history of the Peninsular India and in its terms. Explain the salient features of the relief of the areas. 3. Analyse the recent trends in the growth and density of population of India and evaluate the socio-economic and environmental problems generated by them. 4. Formulate a suitable agricultural land-use policy that will achieve the twin goals of optimum agricultural efficiency and crop productivity. SECTION B 5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Decentralization of industries for achieving regional balance in economic growth (b) Significance of inland waterways in the development of transportation and trade (c) Role of rural markets in regional development (d) Regional consciousness and national integration 6. Attempt a spatial analysis of the development of minerals based industries in relation to mineral resource potentialities and their exploitation in different states of India. 7. Discuss the recent trends in urbanisation in India and briefly describe the main characteristics and problems of the major Indian cities. 8. Analyse the prevailing patterns of regional disparities in the socio-economic development of India and evaluate the role of the five-year plans in reducing them.

GEOGRAPHY 1990 PAPER-I-1990 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Sardar Sarovar (b) Mandapam (c) Kovalam (d) Hassan (e) Gulf of Cambay



(f) Poonch (g) Mount Abu (h) Willington Island (i) Dibrugarh (j) Raniganj OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) The Carpathians (b) Rhone River (c) Helsinki (d) Luxembourg (e) Dead Sea (f) Lake Victoria (g) Niagra Waterfalls (h) Christ Church (i) Kalgoorlie (j) Prairies 2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Plate tectonics (b) Land capability (c) Diffusion of innovation in agricultural technology (d) Quantitative and behavioural revolutions in Geography SECTION A 3. Analyse the differences in the models of slope evolution proposed by Davis and Penk. 4. Explain the basic criteria used in Thornthwaite's 1948 classification of climates. 5. Discuss the theories of the formation of coral reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin and Davis. SECTION B 6. Examine the causes of the international migrations of the last 50 years or so and the socio-economic and political problems generated by them. 7. Enumerate the different models of the internal structure of cities. Choose one of them and discuss it in its application to a particular city. 8. Give an account of the spatial pattern of world food production and analyse the related problems of malnutrition and malnutrition diseases. PAPER-II-1990 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) What is the significance of land capability classification in land use planning? Explain the method of long capability classification adopted by the All India land use and soil survey organisation. (b) Critically examine the political consequences of the regionalization of our country on the basis of language. (c) Analyse the cause of the low literacy rate of India. Suggest feasible measures for raising the literacy level. (d) Discuss the spatial variation in the developmental levels of canal irrigation in India in relation to the physical setting. 2. Explain some of the important theories of the origin of the South-West monsoon in India. Evaluate the impact of its characteristics with occurrence of floods and droughts in different parts of our country.



3. Assess the fossil fuel reserves of India in terms of current and future demands for energy. Examine the present and future and prospects of their utilization. 4. Analyse critically whether the existing cropping in different parts of India would need any change for better agriculture performance in future. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Location and development of cement industry (b) Function, Classification and hierarchy of urban settlements (c) Growth of urban slums and problems associated with them (d) The international boundary of India and related issues 6. Evaluate the contribution of the major ports of India to its international trade. 7. Construct a spatial pattern of industrial development in our country. Identify the industrially back ward areas and asses their potentialities for future development. 8. What is meant by integrated rural development planning? What are its components? What has been the extent of its success in relation to its objectives.

GEOGRAPHY 1991 Geography-1991 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Bhadravati (b) Chumbi Valley (c) Lakshadweep (d) Palk Strait (e) Hirakund Reservoir (f) Parasnath HILL (g) Port Blair (h) Main Boundary Fault (i) Bombay High (j) Area receiving less than 25cm (10) rainfall. Or On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Caucasus Mountains (b) Iceland (c) Lake Chad (d) Taklamakan Desert (e) Lianos (f) Gulf Stream (g) Maldives (h) Great Barrier Reef (i) Danube River (j) Caracas 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words). (a) Polycyclic landforms (b) Hydrological cycle (c) World energy crisis



(d) Concept of 'Limits to Growth' SECTION A 3. Analyse the sequential development of landforms in either Karst or Coastal region. 4. Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the major physicographic units of the ocean and comment on their permanency. 5. Explain the origin, distribution and characteristics of tropical cyclones. SECTION B 6. Explain the major contribution by Arab geographers of the early medieval period in the development of geographic thought. 7. Trace and account for the various trends of population growth in the world during the present century. 8. Examine the world patterns of industrial development and explain the problems of industrial development of national levels. PAPER-II-1991 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Explain the origin and consequences of earthquakes in the Himalayas with special reference to the Uttarkashi earth quake 1991. (b) Analyse the extent of urban population growth in India in the last four decades. (c) Critically examine the relationship between deforestation and environmental degradation with specific examples from any one region in India. (d) What is meant by Operation Flood? Discuss the manner of its implementation and its success in India. 2. Elucidate the character of the Himalayan Rivers and examine their role in the Indian plains. 3. Identify the major tribal communities in India by regions and examine the problems common to all of them and the ways of their solution. 4. Discuss the role of animal husbandry in the agricultural economy of India with special reference to any one region. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Industrial Centralisation with specific examples. (b) Give an account of the major groups of agro based industries of India. Critically examine their contribution to regional economy and rural employment. (c) Explain the basis and characteristics of Dispersed Settlements in the N.E. Region of India. (d) Discuss the political issued involved in the Tin Bigha or Siachen dispute. 6. Analyse the role of different types of transport in the commodity flows of the Delta regions of East India. 7. Explain the hierarchical pattern of Indian cities and discuss their growth and distribution. 8. Discuss the changes brought about in Indian agriculture by the successive Five-Year Plans, mentioning their successes and failures.

GEOGRAPHY 1992 Geography-1992 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Kalpakkam



(b) Shyok Valley (c) Salsette Is (d) Adam's Bridge (e) Farakka Barrage (f) Rajmahal Hills (g) Itanagar (h) Somnath (i) Khetri (j) Alignment of Konkan Railway under construction. OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them: (a) Appalachian Highlands (b) Malagasy (c) Lake Victoria (d) Gobi Desert (e) Pampas (f) Labrador Current (g) Tasmania (h) Guiana Shield (i) Mississippi-Missouri (j) Leningrad 2. Write short notes on any three of the following, (each answer should be in about 200 words): (a) Classification of Earth Movements (b) Concept of Ecosystem (c) Land capability versus Land use efficiency (d) Central place theory SECTION A 3. Explain the factors causing rejuvenation in landscape and describe the resultant landforms. 4. Discuss the origin, movements and characteristics of air masses and explain their role in influencing world climates. 5. Present a classification of the soils of the world and give their economic significance. SECTION B 6. Give a comparative assessment of the works of Humboldt and Ritter leading to the foundation of modern geographical thought. 7. Citing suitable examples from India, explain the role of site and other physical factors in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements. 8. Discuss the theories of Industrial location propounded by any two of the following: Weber: Hoover and Smith. PAPER -II-1992 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 word each: (a) Explain the characteristics and productivity of the Regur black soils of India (b) Discuss the role of social forestry in any one region of India. (c) Explain the distribution and characteristics of dry zone agriculture. (d) What is meant by Green Revolution? Explain its successes and failures. 2. Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special emphasis on the causative factors. 3. Examine critically the major factors responsible for the growth of two highest



population density zones in India. 4. Explain the distribution of the major mineral resources of the Deccan plateau together with the extent of their exploitation. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Types of rural industries and their basis in the Rajasthan Gujarat region. (b) Major characteristics of the rural-urban fringe around metropolitan cities. (c) Salient features of Tribal area planning. (d) Major issues involved in the sino-Indian boundary conflict. 6. Discuss the basis on which the current network of Airways is built in India, highlighting its role in the overall transportation milieu. 7. Describe briefly the internal structure of Indian cities, together with the ensuling problems. Illustrate your answer with specific examples. 8. Examine critically the advantages and disadvantages of multi-level planning with special reference to India.

GEOGRAPHY 1993 PAPER-I-1993 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Pokaran (b) Banihal (c) Kolleru Lake (d) Minicoy Is. (e) Maikal Range (f) Sabarmati River (g) Nunmati (h) Bababudan Hills (i) Singrauli Coalfield (j) 35C June Isotherm OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Great Dividing Range (b) Cyprus (c) Yellow Sea (d) Rub-al-Khali (e) Selvas (f) Agulhas Current (g) Laurentian Plateau (h) Str. Of Gibralltar (i) Rhine River (j) Hammerfest 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words): (a) Treppen concept (b) Biotic succession (c) Measures of agricultural efficiency (d) System approach in Geography



SECTION A 3. Discuss, with examples, the influence of volcanism and diastrophism on the evolution of landscape. 4. Give a reasoned account of the distribution of salinity in the oceans and partially enclosed seas. 5. Define ecosystem and describe briefly its various components. Also discuss how and to what extent the modern man has affected the various types of ecosystems. SECTION B 6. Discuss the major international streams of migration in the world in recent times and account for the relationship that exists between population pressure areas and migration prospects. 7. Define umland and discuss, with specific examples, the criteria for its delimitation. 8. Give an account of the agricultural typology of the world as presented by Whittlesey and critically examine the parameters used in its delineation. PAPER-II-1993 Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 250 words each: (a) Explain the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation in India and discuss its role in coastal ecology. (b) Elucidate the current population policy of India and comment on its effectiveness. (c) Explain the role of institutional factors in the development of agriculture in India. (d) Analyses the changes in the literacy rate during the post independence period in India. 2. 'India presents an example of unity in diversity.' Elucidate this statement in this context of India's physical and human aspects. 3. Delineate the flood prone areas of India by drawing a sketch map in the answer book and discuss the causes and consequences of floods in the North Indian plains. 4. Critically examine the marine resources of India and discuss the problems encountered in their development. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following: (a) Growth of agro-based industries in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. (b) Role and characteristics of rural market centres in different parts of India. (c) Distinguishing features of an urban slum and its position in metropolitan area. (d) Major causes for regional disparities in the development of India. 6. Identify the important periods of industrialisation in India and analyse the character of its two most developed industrial regions. 7. Discuss briefly the overall pattern of inter-regional trade in India. 8. Examine critically the geographical basis of the Indian federation.

GEOGRAPHY 1994 Geography-1994 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Barren Island (b) Marmagao (c) Agartala (d) Vadodara



(e) Tapi (f) Rana Pratap Sagar (g) Kavaratti Island (h) Leh (i) Badrinath (j) Atomic Power Project in U.P. OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) White Sea (b) Zambezi River (c) Tianshan Range (d) Hawarian Islands (e) Abidjan (f) Windhoek (g) Canberra (h) Areas of Mediterranean type of climate in Australia (i) Lake Balkhash (j) Pyongyang. 2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words: (a) Bioldiversity (b) Models in Geography (c) Sustainable development (d) Slums and squatter settlements SECTION A 3. Discuss the concept of cycle of erosion and bring out clearly the difference between the view of Davis and Penck. 4. Explain the basis of Koppen's classification of climates. Also mention its merits and limitations. 5. Indicate the major biotic regions of the world and discuss the ecological aspects of the monsoon region. SECTION B 6. Examine critically the concepts of 'determinism' and possibilism. Bring out the significance of regional concept. 7. Oil has placed in the hands of Arab nations a tremendous geopolitical weapon with which to wield power. Comment. 8. Discuss Van Thunen's model of agricultural land use and examine if the model is applicable in India. PAPER-II-1994 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words: (a) Explain the drainage characteristics of Peninsular India. (b) Elucidate the population density types in India. (c) Examine the nature and extent of environmental degradation in the Himalayas. (d) Explain the salient features of Sardar Sarover Project and elucidate the controversy related to its implementation. 2. Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain the origin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon. 3. Examine the forest resources of India and explain the principles of conservation which could be applied to improve the forest wealth of India. 4. Differentiate between agricultural efficiency and agricultural productivity and discuss



the methods used in the determination of agricultural efficiency in India. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following: (a) Identification of industrially backward areas and problems in their development. (b) Competitive and complementary character of the Indian rail-route and road network. (c) Internal structure of an Indian city. (d) Problems of militancy in India's border states. 6. Draw a sketch map to delineate the major industrial complexes of India and discuss their important characteristics. 7. Bring out the salient characteristics of Indian urbanization with suitable examples. 8. Discuss the growth of regional planning in India and account for regional disparities in development.

GEOGRAPHY 1995 Geography-1995 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Kolleru lake (b) Maikal range (c) Palghat (d) Darjeeling (e) Ellora (f) Ran of Kachchh (g) January Isotherm of 20 C (h) Ghanghara River (i) Bokaro (j) Corbett Park OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Danube river (b) Leipzig (c) Sierra Nevada (d) Washington D.C. (e) Red Sea (f) Canadian National Railway (g) Ashkhabad (h) Ulan Bator (i) Port Said (j) Pampas 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words each): (a) Natural Hazards (b) Inversion of temperature (c) Food from the sea (d) Dryland farming SECTION A 3. Discuss the limitations of the theory of Continental Drift and show how the theory of



Plate Tectonics is an improvement over it. 4. Explain the life-cycle of a temperate cyclone and also describe the weather associated with it. 5. 'Man must realize the importance of maximizing agricultural production without destroying the ecological basis on which our entire food production systems rests.' Explain with examples. SECTION B 6. Discuss the contributions of Al Biruni towards the development of geographical knowledge. 7. Examine the theories about population control and explain the relative merits of these theories in limiting population growth. 8. Explain and illustrate the models of internal structure of cities as proposed by Burgess and Hovt. Mention also the limitations of these models. PAPER-II-1995 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of rainfall in India. (b) Examine the origin and characteristics of the soils of the North Indian Plain. (c) Discuss the problems of tribal areas in India. (d) Elucidate the measures taken to limit the growth of population in India. 2. Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to delineate the main physiographic regions of India and provide a reasoned account of the relief and structure of the Himalayan region. 3. Examine the fossil fuel resources of India with particular reference to the present and future demands for energy. 4. Discuss the role of infrastructural, scientific and technological development in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each or any three of the following: (a) Recent changes in India's basic industrial policy. (b) Role of rural market centres in promoting intra and inter-regional trade. (c) Land-use characteristics of the rural urban fringe in India. (d) Importance of India in the geopolitics of the Indian Ocean realm. 6. Examine critically the factors for the localization of iron and steel industry in India with special reference to the newer centres of steel production. 7. Explain, with the help of suitable examples and illustrations, the distribution of various patterns of rural settlements in India. 8. Give the hierarchy of planning regions and bring out the role of metropolitan planning in fostering regional development in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1996 Geography-1996 PAPER-I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Malwa Plateau (b) Pamban Island (c) Zaskar Range (d) The Godavari (e) Koyana Project (f) Gold mines of India



(g) Ranthambore (h) Barauni (i) Nanda Devi biosphere (j) Rourkela OR On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Caribbean Sea (b) Atlas Mountain (c) River Rio Grande (d) Jiticaca (e) Paris (f) Canaries Current (g) Ouagadougou (h) Verkhoyansk (i) Mauritius (j) Melbourne 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words): (a) Growth of population and food resources of the world (b) Desertification and its preventive measures (c) Globalization of trade and industry (d) Man and the Amazon rainforest SECTION A 3. Discuss the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering and show their relationship with soil formation. 4. Examine critically the drawbacks of Koppen's Classification of climates. Explain how Thornthwaite attempted to overcome Koppen's limitations. 5. Explain and illustrate the ocean floor topography and give a detailed account of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. SECTION B 6. "The emergence of Behavioural Geography was due to the disillusionment with axioms on which models were based and the axioms were far removed from reality." Comment. 7. Examine the bases of classification of agricultural regions as proposed by Whittlesey and explain the causes for the essential different between intensive subsistence tillage with rice dominant and without rice in the crop association. 8. Without the Mediterranean Europe could not be held, with out the Middle East the Mediterranean could not be held. Discuss. PAPER-II-1996 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Examine the origin and characteristics of the antecedent drainage system of the Himalayas. (b) Explain the criteria used in the identification of drought-prone areas in India. (c) Discuss the distribution and characteristics of the evergreen forest in India. (d) Elucidate the genesis of ethnic and cultural diversities in India. 2. Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to delineate the main climatic regions of India and discuss the important climatic characteristics of each region. 3. Critically examine the metalliferous mineral resources of India with particular reference to their present and future demands.



4. Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian Agriculture and describe the methods of irrigation practised in either the Ganga Valley or the Karnataka-Maharashtra region. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following: (a) Geographical impediments in the development of inland waterways in India. (b) Factors for the growth of slums in the metropolitan cities of India. (c) Magnitude of regional imbalances in economic development in India. (d) Geographical basis of the Indian Federation. 6. Analyse the factors for the localization of either the cotton textile or the sugar industry in India and note the recent trends in the industry. 7. Name the million cities of India according 2001 census and critically examine the factors for unprecedented growth in their population in the last 50 years. 8. Explain the salient features of the tribal development programme with particular reference to either Dandakaranya or Chotanagpur.

GEOGRAPHY 1997 PAPER-I-1997 1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Mettur Dam (b) Kaziranga Park (c) Loktak lake (d) Puri (e) Vidhyan Mountains (f) Mahanadi (g) Itanagar (h) Haldia (i) Sunderbans (j) Khetri copper mines OR On the world map provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Lake Erie (b) Black Forest (c) New York (d) Jamaica (e) Falkland Island (f) Winnipeg (g) Lake Mansarovar (h) Tigris River (i) Sharjah (j) Area of Mediterranean climate in Africa 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words): (a) Buffer zone (b) Marine resources, biotic, mineral and energy resources (c) Weathering and soil formation (d) Rural-urban fringe SECTION A



3. Discuss the concept of polycyclic landforms and present an analytical study of the polycyclic landforms of a selected region. 4. Define air masses. How do they originate? Classify them and state the characteristics of any one type. 5. Examine critically the theories of the formation of coral reefs and atolls. SECTION B 6. "Water is a scarce resource in plenty." Comment and discuss its importance in the balanced habitat development. Support your answer with examples from Asia. 7. Critically examine Alfred Weler's Theory of the Location of Industries. 8. Critically examine the concept of dualism with special reference to physical versus human Geography. PAPER-II-1997 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question in about 200 words each: (a) Discuss the origin and main geographic feature of Thar Desert of India (b) Examine the significance of social forestry in the rural economy of India. (c) Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India. (d) Discuss the impact of green revolution on the agricultural production in India. 2. Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of population in India. 3. Evaluate the nature of ecological problem in India and suggest measures for their measurement. 4. Divide peninsular India into agricultural regions. Explain the basis of such a regionalization. SECTION B 5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Analyse the locational pattern of cement industry in India. (b) Examine the census concept of urban areas in India. (c) Discuss the nature of commodity flows in India. (d) Evaluate the benefits of Block Level development planning in India. 6. Critically examine the locational pattern and trend of production of forest based industries in India. 7. Draw a sketch map of India showing major river basins. Examine the feasibility of the concept of river basins as a planning unit. 8. Explain the basis and consequences of the establishment and implementation of recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission in India since 1950s.

GEOGRAPHY 1998 Geography-1998 PAPER-I 1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Hirakund Darn (b) Konkan Coast (c) Satpura Range (d) Narmada River (e) Lava Region (f) Paradip Port (g) Visakhapatnam (h) Lucknow



(i) Chilka Lake (j) Bangalore OR On the world map provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book, what you consider to be the most significant aspects of each one of them: (a) Caspian Sea (b) Hwang Ho River (c) Gulf of Oman (d) Madagascar Island (e) Appalachian Mountain (f) Gibson Desert (g) Sicily Island (h) Palk Strait (i) Dogger Bank (j) Amazon River 2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words): (a) Soil genesis (b) Geomorphic processes (c) Locational Triangle (d) Types of Farming SECTION A 3. Discuss the concept of volcanicity and show how the theory of Plate Tectonics explains the mechanism of volcanism and volcanic eruptions. 4. Discuss the nature and composition of earth's atmosphere. 5. Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of the Atlantic Ocean. SECTION B 6. What is understood by quantification in Geography? Discuss the significance of quantification in modern geographical studies with examples. 7. Explain the term resource management. Discuss its relevance in the context of global resource scarcity and the future of mankind. 8. Examine the impact of advanced agricultural technology on environment. Support your answer with examples. PAPER-II-1998 SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed Ganga-Cauveri drainage link. (b) Discuss the role of institutional factors in the efficiency and productivity of agriculture in India. (c) Examine the resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (d) Bring out the present day position of exploitation and processing of nuclear minerals in India. 2. Critically examine the problems and prospects of tribal areas in India. 3. Discuss the cropping patterns in different agricultural regions of India. 4. Examine the pattern of distribution and mode of exploitation of bauxite in India. SECTION B 5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Examine the importance of industrial estates in India. (b) Discuss the geographical control of rural settlement pattern in India. (c) Explain the role of railways as a unifying factor in Indian economy. (d) Discuss the geopolitical importance of Indian Ocean area.



6. Bring out the trands in the development of fertilizer industry in India. 7. Discuss the concept of city region and referring to Indian cities, examine critically functional indicators used for delimiting the city region. 8. Discuss the role of languages in regional consciousness and national integration in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1999 Geography-1999 PAPER -I 1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Farakka barrage (b) Kavaratti (c) Manali-Leh highway (d) Majuli riverain island (e) Rajmahal hills (f) Palghat gap (g) Chhattisgarh plain (h) Luni River (i) Karwar (j) Anandpur Sahib OR On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one of them:- (a) Greenwich (b) Caribbean Sea (c) Eritrea (d) West Bank (e) Dakshin Gangotri (f) Vatican City State (g) Great Dividing Range (h) Tai-pei (i) Alaska (j) Chagai hills 2. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Cs type of climate, as per Koeppen's classification (b) Submarine canyons (c) Gravity model (d) Primate city SECTION A 3. Bring out the distinctions between the continental drift theory and the plate tectonics theory. 4. Make a comparative study of the tropical and temperate cyclones. 5. Discuss the relevance of watershed', as an ecosystem for the purpose of sustainable development. SECTION B 6. Describe the sequence of major paradigm shifts in geographic thought during the twentieth century. 7. Bring out the contrast between the internal structure of the pre-industrial and industrial cities.



8. How far do the patterns of economic development and those of human development correspond with each other in the world? Illustrate your answer with examples. PAPER -II-1999 Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Explain the rise of the Himalayan ranges. (b) Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon. (c) Examine the need for conservation of biotic resources in India. (d) Discuss the genesis of ethnic and racial diversities in India. 2. Write an essay on the role of animal husbandry and household industries in the development of rural economy in India. 3. Discuss the factors for the localization of either the cement or the cotton textile industry in India and analyse the pattern of its distribution. 4. Critically examine the role of infrastructural and institutional factors in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on nay three of the following: (a) Role of rural market centres in fostering intra and inter-regional trade in India. (b) Hierarchical pattern of Indian towns. (c) Nature and utility of multi-level planning in India. (d) Regional consciousness versus national integration in India. 6. Explain with suitable examples and sketch-maps, the distribution of various patterns of rural settlements in India. 7. Analyse the causes of regional disparities in the economic development of India and suggest measures for their removal. 8. Critically examine the complementary and competitive character of the Indian rail -routes and the road network.

GEOGRAPHY 2000 PAPER-I- 2000 SECTION A 1. On the supplied outline map of the world mark any TEN of the following and write in your answer script the most significant aspect of each of them in not more than TEN words: (a) Addis Ababa (b) Vladivostok (c) Mt. Cotopaxi (d) Mt. Gunnbjorn (e) Pidurutalagala (f) Amu Darya (g) Long Island (h) Nubian Desert (i) Karkloof Waterfall (j) Yellow Sea (k) Great Bear Lake (l) Welland Canal 2. With reference to the theory of Plate Tectonics, explain the origin and growth of the young Fold Mountain Systems of the world.



3. Give an account of the types and distribution of precipitation on the surface of the earth. 4. Discuss the causes and consequences of environmental degradation and highlight the related conservation measures. SECTION B 5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following: (a) T-S diagram (b) Soil Profile (c) Rank-Size Rule (d) The limits to growth 6. Discuss the causes and consequences of population migration in the world. 7. Explain the basis and applicability of Christallar's Central Place Theory. Bring out the recent modifications. 8. What is a region? Discuss the types of regions and the methods of regionalization. PEPER-II- 2000 SECTION A 1. Draw an outline map of India covering the major portion of a page of your answer book and mark on it ten of the following entries: (a) Cauvery (b) Narmada river (c) Chilka lake (d) Negarjunsagar (e) Agra (f) Cochin (g) Satpura range (h) Aravalli hills (i) Bombay High (j) Kaziranga national Park (k) Kargil region (l) National Highway No. 7 2. Describe the structure and relief features of Peninsular India. 3. Analyse the distribution of population in India in the perspective of natural resources and identify the over-populated and under-populated regions in the country. 4. Discuss the growth, location and distribution of Iron and Steel Industry in India. SECTION B 5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each: (a) Explain the concept of multi-level planning in India. (b) Analyse the recent trends in Indian International Trade. (c) Examine the National Forest Policy of India. (d) Discuss the environmental impact of the growth of slums in Indian cities. 6. Describe the salient characteristics of the morphology of Indian cities. 7. Analyse the role of India in the geo-politics of the Indian Ocean Region. 8. Give a reasoned account of either flood hazards or drought hazards occurring in India, and also suggest measures for controlling them.

GEOGRAPHY 2001 PAPER-I-2001 SECTION A 1. On the outline map of the world supplied to you mark any ten of the following and also write in your answer script the most significant aspect of each of them in not more than ten words: (a) Bandung

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Geography (Mains) Previous 33 Years Question Papers [1979-2011] for UPSC IAS IPS Exam