Geography! Everything is Geography and Geography is Everything Five Themes of Geography ________ Location ________ Region ________ Place ________ Movement ________ Environmental Interaction A. Phoenician trade routes in the Mediterranean B. Creating an irrigation system C. Trade along the silk road D. Emperor Qinshihuangs (the First Emperor of China) Grave site E. The Valley of the Kings in Egypt F. The City of Babylon G. The Fertile Crescent 4.5 BYA: Formation of Planet 3.5 BYA: Life Appears on Earth 1.5 BYA: Dinosaurs Roam Earth 65 MYA: Dinosaurs Extinct; Primates Appear 12 MYA: Humans develop separately from Apes 3 MYA: Distant humans climbed down out of trees 250,000 YA: Homo Sapiens emerged (thinking person) 40,000 YA: Humans look basically as they do today 12,000 YA: Neolithic Revolution Timeline of Earth & Humanity YA = Years Ago MYA = Millions of Years Ago BYA = Billions of Years Ago Culture Develops Eras of Prehistory Life Before Farming Nomadic Hunter and Gatherers Small population Used fire... Simple tools (wood, stone, bone) Life after Farming Start building towns/ cities Bigger population More complex tools Domestication of plants and animals (aka farming) Irrigation Most settlements around river valleys Neolithic Rev. Defining Features of Civilization 1.Organized governments 2.Complex religions 3.Job specialization 4.Social classes 5.Arts and architecture 6.Public works 7.Writing Civilizations and Change Environment Rain, wood, fertile soil were all central to success Cultural diffusion The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another Cities City-states A political unit that included a city and its surrounding lands/villages Empires established A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler Geography Quiz: Mesopotamia Timeline Sumerians 4000 BC BC Egyptians 6000 BC 2180 2080 1640 1570 Amorites (Old Babylon) 2000 BC BC *1792 1750 ( ) Hittites 1680BC BC Phoenicians BC Assyrians 850 BC BC Hebrews 2000 BC 1650 1300 1200 1020 * Chaldeans (New Babylon) 600 BC --539BC Persians 550BC BC *550 CivilizationLeaderAccomplishments SumerXFirst City-State, Writing Cuneiform AkkadiansSarganFirst Empire BabyloniansHammurabiFirst criminal and civil laws HittitesXDeveloped Iron and chariots AssyriansAssurbnanipalFirst libraries New Babylonians NebuchadnezzarHanging gardens of Babylon (also enslaved the Hebrews again) PersiansCyrus and Darius ILargest empire built roads and had religious tolerance, united currency and used satraps to organize empire PhoeniciansPurple dye and create a trading empire, alphabet HebrewsAbrahamMonotheistic and enslaved many times Periodization of Ancient Egypt The Old Kingdom The Old Kingdom (2575 BCE 2130 BCE) The Middle Kingdom The Middle Kingdom (1938 BCE 1630 BCE) The New Kingdom The New Kingdom (1539 BCE 1075 BCE) dynasty Power often passed from one dynasty to another, but Egypt generally remained united. The Old Kingdom (2575 BCE 2130 BCE) Strong Government Strong Government Pharaohs: Egyptian kings Played a key role in government and religion Egyptians believed each pharaoh was a god (and both human at the same time) The people still expected their leaders to behave morally despite their semi-divine status Built large Pyramids that eventually caused massive debt Bureaucracy A system of government with various job functions (everybody serves a special purpose) Vizier: chief minister, supervisor of business, tax collector, farm manager, scribe-manager, etc. Middle Kingdom (1938 BCE 1630 BCE) A few turbulent centuries: A few turbulent centuries: 1.Power struggles, crop failures, the cost of building pyramids all contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom 2.Unlucky with the rising of the Nile River 3.Corruption and rebellions were common Some positives: Some positives: 1.A large drainage project was accomplished, adding arable land 2.Egyptian armies occupied part of Nubia More successful trade throughout the Mediterranean Hyksos By 1700 BCE, the Hyksos took over the leadership of Egypt, impressing Egyptians with their horse-drawn chariots. New Kingdom (1539 BCE 1075 BCE) By 1450 BCE, the Egyptian empire reached as far north as Syria and the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut Hatshepsut (rule: BCE): Egypts first female ruler Thutmose III Thutmose III: Hatshepsuts stepson, great military leader, Egyptian borders greatest during his reign Ramses II Ramses II (rule: 1279 BCE 1213 BCE): best known because of his reputation of bragging on monuments, etc., but again expanded empire almost to that of the days of Thutmose III Do you see any common themes here? How would you define the New Kingdom period of Egypt? Do you see any common themes here? How would you define the New Kingdom period of Egypt? The Shang: 1766 BCE1122 BCE First dynasty in China. Development of Clans Mandate of Heaven The Zhou introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their actions. Zhou Dynasty: 1122 BCE256 BCE Feudalism In return, the nobles owed the king military service, taxes, and loyalty. This type of government is called Feudalism. Zheng Qin Shi Huangdi 221 BCE: Zheng of the state of Qin overthrew feudal lords and called himself Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor. Qin: 221 BCE202 BCE (Legalism) The only way to achieve order is to pass strict laws and impose harsh punishments for crimes. (Legalism) Han Dynasty: 202 BCE220 CE Gao Zu restored order and justice Lowered taxes, eased Legalist policies Wudi (141 BCE to 87 BCE) Gold Age of Ancient China Monopoly on Salt and Iron -Creation of use of Paper -Confucianism -Create a calendar