GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HYDROLOGY

Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 26

Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University,

Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden

A. G. Bobba, Burlington, Ontario, Canada S. Chandra, New Delhi, India M. Fiorentino, Potenza, Italy

W. H. Hager, Zurich, Switzerland N. Hannancioglu, Izmir, Turkey

A. R. Rao, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. M. M. Sherif, Giza, Egypt

Shan Xu Wang, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

IN HYDROLOGY

edited by

VIJA Y P . SINGH Department of Civil Engineering,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.SA.

and

M. FIORENTINO Department of Environmental Engineering and Physics,

University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-90-481-4751-9 ISBN 978-94-015-8745-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8745-7

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Anita Vinay Arti

To our families:

Maria-Rosaria

Table of Contents

Preface

1 Hydrologic modeling with GIS Y.P. Singh and M. Fiorentino 1.1 A Short Historical Perspective of Hydrologic Modeling 1.2 Hydrology in Environmental and Ecological Continua . 1.3 Current Needs in Hydrologic Modeling 1.4 Role of GIS ............ .

1.4.1 What is GIS? ....... . 1.4.2 Geographical Data Modeling. 1.4.3 Applications.........

1.5 Hydrologic Modeling with GIS ... 1.5.1 Hydrometeorological Forecasting 1.5.2 Stormwater Management 1.5.3 Watershed Modeling ..... . 1.5.4 Flood Prediction . . . . . . . . 1.5.5 Groundwater Modeling .... 1.5.6 Non-Point Pollution Modeling . 1.5.7 Water Resources Planning ...

1.6 Outlook for the Future . . . . . . . . .

2 Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrologic Studies S.F. Shih 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Remote Sensing System . . . .

2.2.1 Ground-Based Sensors. 2.2.2 Airborne-Based Sensors 2.2.3 Satellite-Based Sensors

2.3 Image Processing System ... 2.4 Geographic Information System 2.5 Global Positioning System . . . 2.6 Interface Among Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS 2.7 Applications ................ .

2.7.1 Land UselLand Cover Classification . 2.7.2 Precipitation ... . 2.7.3 Soil Moisture .. . 2.7.4 Evapotranspiration. 2.7.5 Water Extent ....

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1

1 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

10 10

15

15 16 16 18 20 23 23 23 24 25 26 28 30 32 32

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2.7.6 Groundwater. 2.7.7 Water Quality 2.7.8 Runoff.

2.8 The Future . . . . . .

Table of Contents

33 35 36 38

3 Hydrologic Data Development M.L. Wolfe

43

3.1 Introduction .. 3.2 A GIS Database 3.3 Data Sources ..

3.3.1 Maps .. 3.3.2 Existing Digital Spatial Data .

3.4 Data Input ............. . 3.4.1 Primary Source Data .... . 3.4.2 Secondary Source Data .. . 3.4.3 Criteria for Choosing Modes of Input

3.5 Quality of Digital Data . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Integrating Data from Different Sources 3.7 Cost of Building a Database ..... 3.8 Database Administration and Update. 3.9 Summary and Recommendations.

4 Spatial Data Characteristics c.A. Quiroga et al. 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . 4.2 Spatial Models . . . . .

4.2.1 Categorical Approach 4.2.2 Object Approach. . . 4.2.3 Deductive Object-Oriented Model . 4.2.4 Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) Model .

4.3 Spatial Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Raster Spatial Data Structures . . . . . . . . . 4.3.2 Vector Spatial Data Structures ........ .

4.4 Geographic Conceptualization and Standardization Issues 4.5 Time in Geographic Information Systems

4.5.1 Cartographic Time ..... . 4.5.2 Models of Spatiotemporality .

4.6 Summary...........

43 44 45 45 49 52 52 53 57 57 59 59 59 60

65

65 66 66 68 68 70 72 72 76 81 84 84 85 86

5 Methods For Spatial Analysis 91 E.B. Moser and R.E. Macchiavelli 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . 91 5.2 The Variogram . . . . . . . . 93

5.2.1 VariogramModels.. 94 5.2.2 Semivariogram Estimation . 94

5.3 Trend Surface Models . . . . . . . 96 5.3.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation 97 5.3.2 Maximum-Likelihood and Restricted Maximum-Likelihood Es-

timation . . . . . . . 97 5.4 Ordinary Kriging. . . . . . . 99

5.4.1 Optimal Interpolation 99

Table of Contents

5.4.2 The Kriging Equations . . . . . 5.4.3 De-Trending and Median Polish

5.5 Universal Kriging . . . . . . 5.6 Examples........... 5.7 Integration Into GIS Software 5.8 Conclusions .. . . . . .

6 GIS Needs and GIS Software C. Collet et al. 6.1 Aim of the Chapter. . . . . . . . . . 6.2 GIS Concepts and GIS Software . . .

6.2.1 GIS Overview and Concepts . 6.2.2 GIS Needs in Hydrology . . . 6.2.3 GIS Software Capabilities . .

6.3 Geographical Data Base Construction 6.3.1 Sources and Spatial Data Acquisition 6.3.2 Spatial Data Preprocessing ..... .

6.4 Geographical Data Base Management System 6.4.1 Historical Overview in Computer Sciences 6.4.2 Scope of Data Base Management System 6.4.3 Description of a DBMS 6.4.4 Organising a Data Base 6.4.5 Specificity of a GDBMS 6.4.6 Illustrative Example .

6.5 Exploitation . . . . . . . . . 6.5.1 Information Retrieval 6.5.2 Mapping.......

6.6 Spatial Analysis and Simulation 6.6.1 GIS Operators . . . . . 6.6.2 Remotely Sensed Data Processing 6.6.3 Morphologic Modelling . . . . . 6.6.4 Dynamic modelling . . . . . . . 6.6.5 Object Oriented Modelling, Application in Hydrology . 6.6.6 Simulation Applications

6.7 GIS Software Selection 6.7.1 Selection Keys.

7 Digital Terrain Modelling A. Sole and A. Valanzano 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Data Source for Generating DTM 7.3 Methods for Creating DTM .. .

7.3.1 Regular Grids ..... . 7.3.2 Triangulated Irregular Networks.

7.4 Examples of Products that can be Derived from DTM 7.4.1 Slope and aspect . . 7.4.2 Watershed . . . . . 7.4.3 Drainage networks.

7.5 Software.. 7.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . .

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99 101 101 102 110 112

115

115 116 116 120 121 122 122 123 128 128 130 131 132 136 137 140 141 145 146 146 148 149 150 158 163 169 172

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175 176 178 178 182 184 185 187 188 190 193

x Table of Contents

8 GIS for Distributed Rainfall - Runoff Modeling C. Colosimo and G. Mendicino

195

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Computed and Observed Data .

8.2.1 Topographic Parameters 8.2.2 Soil Parameters ....

8.3 Mechanisms of Runoff Production . 8.4 Infiltration Excess Models .... . 8.5 Saturation Excess Models .... . 8.6 Comparison Between the Models Observed 8.7 Spatial Variability of the Parameters . . 8.8 Conclusion...............

195 199 199 205 209 213 218 221 224 229

9 GIS for Large-Scale Watershed Modelling 237 G. W. Kite et al. 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

9.1.1 Large-Scale Hydrological Modelling. 237 9.1.2 Data Needs of Hydrological Models 239 9.1.3 Remotely Sensed Data. . . . . . 239 9.1.4 Geographic Information Systems 242

9.2 The SLURP Hydrological Model. . . . 244 9.2.1 The Model Concept . . . . . . . 244 9.2.2 Use of Satellite Data in SLURP . 246 9.2.3 Use of GIS in SLURP . . . . . . 248 9.2.4 Examples of Recent SLURP Uses 251

9.3 Use of the GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 9.3.1 GIS System Description . . . . . 253 9.3.2 Assembly and Organization of Data 254 9.3.3 Derivation of New Information for Modelling 254 9.3.4 Display and Analysis of Model Results ... 257

9.4 Limitations of Present Geographic Information Systems for Large-Scale Watershed Modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 9.4.1 The Geographic Model. . . . . . . . 259 9.4.2 Traditional (Layer) vs. Object Models 260 9.4.3 Open vs. Closed Systems ...... 262 9.4.4 MemorylSpeedlFuture Developments 262 9.4.5 Formats 262

9.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

10 Lumped Modeling and GIS in Flood Prediction 269 l. Muzik 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . 269 10.2 Modelling Approaches . 270

10.2.1 LumpedModels 271 10.2.2 Distributed Models. 271 10.2.3 Probabilistic Models . 273

10.3 GIS Modelling Environment . 274 10.3.1 Raster Data Structure 275 10.3.2 Vector Data Structure 276 10.3.3 Digital Elevation Models 276 10.3.4 Data Input . . . . . . . . 276

Table of Contents

10.4 Lumped Modelling with GIS ..... 10.4.1 Unit Hydrograph Derivation .

10.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 GIS in Groundwater Hydrology S. Gupta et al. 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Role of GIS for Data Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 "Loosely Coupled" GIS for Groundwater System Evaluations . 11.4 Proposed GIS-Groundwater Modeling Coupling Approach 11.5 Groundwater Basin Data Upload . . . 11.6 Conceptual Model Development . . . 11.7 GIS-CFEST Interface ....... . 11.8 Calibration and Scenario Simulations 11.9 Display of Analysis Results ... . . 11.1 OConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Nonpoint Source Pollution Modeling (with GIS) C. T. Baan and D.E. Storm 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Model and Data Resolution .

12.2.1 Temporal Resolution. 12.2.2 Spatial Resolution .

12.3 Selection of Climatic Inputs 12.4 Parameter Estimation .. 12.5 GISlModel Integration . . . 12.6 Model Selection . . . . . . 12.7 Available U.S. Spatial Digital Data. 12.8 Nonpoint Source Pollution Potential Screening 12.9 Targeting Critical Source Areas of Nonpoint Source Pollution. 12.IOGIS Integrated Hydrologic and Water Quality Models .....

13 Soil Erosion Assessment Using G.I.S. A.P.l. De Roo 13.1 Introduction ..... 13.2 Soil Erosion Processes 13.3 Soil Erosion Models . 13.4 Soil Erosion Models Using GIS 13.5 LlSEM: a Physically-Based Model Integrated in a GIS

13.5.1 Introduction . 13.5.2 LlSEM Input ................. . 13.5.3 LlSEM output ................ .

13.6 Validation, Calibration and Error Propagation Problems in Physically-Ba-sed Models ........ .

13.7 Discussion and Conclusions ........ .

14 A Study of Landslides Based on GIS Technology T.P. Gostelow 14.1 Introduction ....................... . 14.2 Landslide Hazard Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 Geological Setting, Land-use and Landsliding in Basilicata

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277 277 298

303

303 304 304 306 307 310 314 314 321 321

323

323 324 324 325 325 326 327 329 333 335 336 336

339

339 340 340 344 346 346 348 349

352 353

357

357 357 360

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14.4 Landslide Complexes at Grassano, Pisticci and Ferrandina. . . . . . . . 361 14.5 Hydro-geotechnical Models of Rainfall Infiltration and recharge on Nat-

ural Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 14.5.1 General ............................. 366 14.5.2 Hydro-Geotechnical Models for Translational Slides ...... 369 14.5.3 Deep-Seated Mass Movement Complexes with a Surface Aquifer 369

14.6 Hydro-geotechnical models and their relationship to topography. 370 14.7 Triggering Mechanisms, Decision Analysis, Hazard and Risk 370 14.8 Digital Datasets and ARCIINFO GIS 373 14.9 Sources of GIS data 374 14.10Data Conversion . . . . . . . . 374

14.10.1 General ........ 374 14.10.2 Data Conversion Details 375

14. 11 Regional Hazard Mapping in Basilicata using GIS . 375 14.11.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . 375 14.11.2 CORINE Land-Cover Data 378 14.11.3 Examples of GIS Output. 379

14. 12Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

15 Land-Use Hydrology 389 C.A. Quiroga et al. 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 15.2 Conceptualization of the Land System 390 15.3 Hydrologic Modeling Strategies . . 392 15.4 Hydrologic Modeling Applications. 395

15.4.1 UrbanlBuilt-Up Areas 395 15.4.2 Agricultural Areas . . . . . 399 15.4.3 Forested Areas. . . . . . . 404 15.4.4 Mining Areas ....... 407

15.5 Management Issues Affecting Land-Use Hydrologic Modeling 410 15.5.1 Regional and Cultural Effects . . 410 15.5.2 Spatial and Temporal Resolutions 411

15.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

16 Design of GIS for Hydrological Applications 415 G. Mendicino 16.1 Introduction . . . . 415 16.2 Feasibility & Design 416 16.3 GIS Software. . 417 16.4 GIS Comparison 432

List of Contributors 437

Subject Index 439

Preface

The last few years have witnessed an enormous interest in application of GIS in hydrology and water resources. This is partly evidenced by organization of sev­eral national and international symposia or conferences under the sponsorship of various professional organizations. This increased interest is, in a large measure, in response to growing public sensitivity to environmental quality and management.

The GIS technology has the ability to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and visualize the diverse sets of geo-referenced data. On the other hand, hydrology is inherently spatial and distributed hydrologic models have large data requirements. The integration of hydrology and GIS is therefore quite natural. The integration involves three major components: (1) spatial data construction, (2) integration of spatial model layers, and (3) GIS and model interface. GIS can assist in design, calibration, modification and comparison of models. This integration is spreading worldwide and is expected to accelerate in the foreseeable future. Substantial op­portunities exist in integration of GIS and hydrology. We believe there are enough challenges in use of GIS for conceptualizing and modeling complex hydrologic processes and for globalization of hydrology. The motivation for this book grew out of the desire to provide under one cover a range of applications of GIS tech­nology in hydrology. It is hoped that the book will stimulate others to write more comprehensive texts on this subject of growing importance.

Discussing the role of GIS, the introductory first chapter discusses the current needs in hydrologic modeling and the meeting of these needs with application of GIS, and is concluded with a brief reflection on the outlook for the future. Integra­tion of remote sensing and GIS for hydrologic studies constitutes the subject matter of Chapter 2. Introducing the remote sensing system, the image processing system, and the global positioning system (GPS), the chapter goes on to discuss the inter­face amongst remote sensing, GIS, and GPS; and several applications in surface­water hydrology, groundwater hydrology, and water-quality hydrology. Chapter 3 presents hydrologic data development, including data needs, sources of data, con­version of data into appropriate format for GIS software, and maintenance of the database, with emphasis on quality control measures. Spatial models and data struc­tures are presented in Chapter 4. Raster spatial data structures as well as vectorial data structures are described under spatial data structures. The spatial models in­clude a discussion of categorical and object approaches, as well as a combination

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of these approaches. Chapter 5 presents methods for spatial analysis, including variogram models, trend surface models, and kriging. Also presented are some ex­amples of these models and their integration into GIS software.

GIS needs and GIS software constitute the subject matter of Chapter 6. It briefly illustrates GIS capabilities, and disucsses uses of GIS software for information management, queries and mapping, spatial data preparation, modeling, and sim­ulation needed for hydrological applications. Chapter 7 discusses digital terrain modeling. It includes a review of techniques for generating a digital terrain model (DTM), algorithms for calculating information relevant to hydrological modeling, and available software packages for generating DTM and hydrological parameters. GIS for distributed rainfall-runoff modeling is the topic of Chapter 8. It discusses applications of GIS in analyses of different runoff production mechanisms, and use of a distributed rainfall-runoff model, TOPMODEL, for simulating the hydrologic behavior of a gaged basin in southern Italy. Chapter 9 extends the discussion to large-scale watershed modeling, encompassing macroscale modeling, integration of a GIS with SLURP macroscale hydrological model, and appraisal of the present modeling situation and recommendations for future development of GIS. Lumped modeling and GIS in flood prediction is the subject of Chapter 10. It briefly re­views hydrologic models for flood prediction, and shows the GIS unit hydrograph models as distributed rainfall-runoff models, and makes an argument for applic­ation of GIS to facilitate the merging of deterministic and stochastic models into one unified modeling approach.

GIS in groundwater hydrology is discussed in Chapter 11. It presents the role of "loosely coupled" GIS-groundwater models with field examples. Chapter 12 dis­cusses non- point source pollution modeling with GIS, with emphasis on hydrolo­gic and water quality modeling. Soil erosion assessment using GIS is presented in Chapter 13. It discusses several soil erosion models, and demonstrates integration of erosion models with GIS with use of LISEM soil erosion model as an example.

Chapter 14 discusses application of the GIS technology to study of landslides. With a short review of techniques and examples of landslide hazard mapping, the chapter goes on to describe a GIS methodology based on the identification of 3-D hydro-geotechnical models, together with the difficulties of defining hazard asssess­ment from rainfall triggering mechanisms. It is concluded with a discussion of ex­amples of GIS output for investigating the relationships between land use change and the distribution of landslides. Land-use hydrology with GIS constitutes the subject matter of Chapter 15. It reviews basic concepts in land-use systems from a hydrologic perspective, approaches employed for quantifying hydrologic effects of land-use changes, use of GIS in the modeling of processes, and specific man­agement issues that may arise when GIS is used as a tool for land-use hydrology. The concluding Chapter 16 presents the design of GIS for hydrologic applications. It analyzes some of the main criteria for GIS design and considers a wide range of commercially available GIS packages.

The editors would like to express their gratitude to all the contributors who,

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despite their busy schedule, were generous to write the chapters. The book is the fruit of their labor. They also would like to express their appreciation to their fam­ilies; the Singhs - wife Anita, son Vinay, and daughter Arti; and the Fiorentinos - wife Maria-Rosaria, for their love and support - without which the book would not have come to fruition.

v.P. SINGH

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.

M. FIORENTINO

Potenza, Italy