Geographic Advantages   Lack of natural

barriers   Location

  Early Rome, 753-509 B.C.E.   Romulus and

Remus, 753 B.C.E.

  Etruscans

 The Roman Conquest of Italy  The Struggle of the Orders:

Social Divisions in the Roman Republic   Struggle between patricians

and plebeians   Assembly of Plebeians.

 Punic Wars   Causes   Effects

 The Eastern Mediterranean  Roman Imperialism

  Stages of expansion   Changing motives and tactics

 Growing Unrest and a New Role for the Roman Army  Latifundia contribute to

the decline of small farms

 Tribunal Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

 Politics and the Army: Marius and Sulla

 First Triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

 Second Triumvirate: Civil war between Antony and Octavian

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 Augustus as imperator  Army  Governing the provinces  Stabilization of the

frontiers  Augustan society

 Social stratification  Growing power of the

equestrian order

 Pax Romana   Five Good Emperors   Capable men adopted as successors   Public work projects

 Frontiers and Provinces   Rome withdrew from some areas   Built defensive fortifications   Finally all free inhabitants became a citizens   Greco-Roman world: Latin in the west, Greek in the

east   Cultural Diffusion

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 Roman Literature  Roman Art  Roman Law

  Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E.   Civil law – applied to all

Roman Citizens   Law of nations – applied to

both Romans and foreigners

  Law of nature – universal law based on reason

 Unstable succession   Invasions on many sides  Decline in trade  Labor shortage

 Revival: end of the 3rd century; beginning of 4th

 Diocletian and Constantine and The Late Empire   New governmental and economic systems   New state religion   Both enlarged the administrative bureaucracies   Larger army   New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople)   Shortage of labor and a “caste” system

 Empire divided into Western and Eastern

  Invasions in the west

 Religious World of the Romans   Polytheistic   Importance of proper ritual   Toleration   Mystery religions from the east

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 By 6 C.E. Judea was made a Roman province

 Unrest among the Jews  Revolt of Jews in 66 was

crushed by Romans four years later   The Jewish temple in

Jerusalem was destroyed

  Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Christos

  Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67)   Increasing intolerance of

Christianity by the Romans   Would not worship state gods

or the imperial cult   Refusal of Christians to

recognize other gods   Persecution never systematic

  How did the geography of Italy affect Roman development?

  Give a brief description of the Punic Wars and the reasons why Rome went to war with the Carthaginians.

  How did expansion undermine Republican institutions?   What led to the third century crisis? How did the Romans

respond to threats facing their empire?   How would you explain the growth of Christianity in the

second and third centuries? How did its appeal change as it grew?