geografia9 geografia

geografiasaqarTvelos

geografiis saxelmZRvanelo mecxreklaselTaTvis

9geografia 9 maia bliaZe, gia Wanturia,

daviT kereseliZe, zurab seferTelaZe

geografiuli mdebareoba

Sinaarsi

1. 8 2. 12 3. 16 4. 20 5. 26 6. 31 7. 34 8. 36 9. 38 40

ITavi

saqarTvelos teritoriis formirebaqarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis istoria vaxuSti bagrationi – qarTuli geografiis fuZemdebelisaqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobasaqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi da sazRvrebisaqarTvelo da kavkasiasaqarTvelo da msofliosaqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba da saxelmwifo simbolika saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyoba Semajamebeli samuSao I

bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi

10. 4411. 4812. 5313. 5814. 6115. 6416. 7017. 7418. 7719. 8120. 8821. 9022. 9523. 88 10424. 10825. 11226. 11427. 11928. 12229. 127 132

I ITavi

bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba saqarTveloSi mineraluri resursebisaqarTvelos reliefi – zogadi niSnebisaqarTvelos umTavresi geomorfologiuri erTeulebireliefis tipebireliefTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi, reliefis sameurneo aTvisebaSavi zRvaSavi zRvis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacvasaqarTvelos hava da ZiriTadi klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebihavis ZiriTadi elementebihavis ZiriTadi tipebi havasTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi. atmosferos gaWuWyianeba da dacva saqarTvelos Siga wylebiwyalTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi. wylis resursebis gamoyeneba da dacvasaqarTvelos niadagebimiwis resursebi da niadagis dacvasaqarTvelos mcenareuli safari da cxovelTa samyarotyis resursebis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacvabunebis dacva da saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebisaqarTvelos landSaftebi Semajamebeli samuSao II

IIITavi

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

30. 13631. 13832. 14133. 14534. 14835. 15336. 16037. 165

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis demografiuli warsulimosaxleobis dinamikamosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobamosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraobamosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi da socialuri struqturamosaxleobis erovnuli da religiuri struqturamosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba da simWidroveurbanizacia. saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebi

IVTavi

saqarTvelos meurneoba

38. 17639. 18040. 18741. 19342. 20143. 20544. 21145. 215 220

saqarTvelos adgili msoflio ekonomikaSisaqarTvelos mrewveloba soflis meurneoba saqarTvelos transporti momsaxurebis sferoturizmi da rekreaciuli meurneoba tradiciebis geografiasagareo kavSirebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebiSemajamebeli samuSao III

VTavi

saqarTvelos mxareebi

46. 22447. 22948. 23349. 23750. 24151. 24652. 25153. 25554. 25955. 26356. 26757. 272 277 279

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m. Savi klde3578

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m. didi abuli3301

m. mefiswyaro2850

m. samecxvario2642

m. didi borbalo3294

m. dombai-ulgeni4046

maruxis uR.2748

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Seityob:

u sad gadis sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris;

usad mdebareobs saqarTvelo da rogoria misi fizikur-

geografiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli da geopolitikuri

mdebareobis faqtorebi;

usad gadis saqarTvelos sazRvrebi;

urogor xdeboda saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba;

urogoria saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli

mowyoba.

SeZleb:

u imsjelo sazRvrebis gatarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb da

maT mniSvnelobaze;

u aRniSno konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi

sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT;

u axsna geografiuli mdebareobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebi;

u Seadaro saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis geografiuli

mdebareoba.

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saqarTvelo

zogadi cnobebi: 1. farTobi – 69 700 kv.km 2.dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi 3. mosaxleoba – 4,6 mln kaci (2002 wlis aRweriT) 4. mosaxleobis simWidrove – 64 kaci 1 kv.km-ze 5. saxelmwifo ena – qarTuli, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi aseve afxazuri 6. saxelmwifo wyoba – respublika 7. saxelmwifos meTauri – prezidenti 8. fuladi erTeuli – lari 9. erovnuli dResaswauli – 26 maisi, damoukideblobis dRe 10. religia – qristianoba, marTlmadidebloba 11. mTavari qalaqebi – quTaisi, rusTavi, Telavi, baTumi, soxumi, WiaTura, gori, foTi, zugdidi 12. administraciuli dayofa – samxareo (12 samxareo erTeuli) 13. sasaaTo sartyeli – me-4 14. internetkodi – ge

8

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nax. 1.1. saqarTvelo Zv.w. VI-II ss.

vasali qveyana – qveyana, romelic damokidebulia sxva ufro did da Zlier saxelmwifoze.

suvereniteti – saxelmwifos damoukidebloba

saqarTvelos teritoria istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleboda.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos da IU aTaswleulis dasawyisSi istoriuli sa-qarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Camoyalibda ori gaerTianeba: diaoxi (tao, taoxi) md. Woroxis auzSi da kolxa (kolxeTi) Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. mezobeli teritoriebidan SemoWrili mtrebis ieriSebma diaoxisa da kolxas Zlierebas bolo mouRo.

Zv. w. VI s-Si Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori politikuri gaer-Tianeba Camoyalibda: dasavleT saqarTveloSi – egrisi, igive kolxeTis samefo da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlis, igive iberiis samefo. kolxeTis same-fo sakmaod vrcel teritorias moicavda.

leqsikoni

1. saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba

1. nax. 1.1-is mixedviT amoiwere egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebis: a) dedaqalaqebi; b) saerisTavoebis centrebi; g) xuTi dasaxlebuli punqti.

2. moZiebuli informacia Seadare saqarTvelos Tanamedrove rukas (danarTi 2) da daadgine dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebSi: a) romelma dasaxlebulma punqtma Seicvala saxeli; b) romeli maTgani aRar arsebobs.

davaleba

9

qarTuli saxelmwifoebis teritoriis sidideze udides gavlenas axdenda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis agresiuli politika. bizantia da sparseTi erTma-neTs ecileboda gavlenis mopovebisTvis. VII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi araboba damyarda da saxelmwifos didi nawili arabTa saxalifos daeqvemdebara, ramac X saukunis dasawyisamde gastana, Tumca, ukve VIII s-is bolos qveynis ganapira provinciebSi damoukidebeli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna daiwyo.

unda aRiniSnos, rom axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis aRmocenebis, aseve, bizantielTa, arabTa, Turq-selCukTa Tu sxva mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebis fonze, qarTvelebi, miuxedavad teritoriuli danakargebisa, ZiriTadad mainc inarCunebdnen TavianT sacxovrebel miwebsa da teritoriebs.

X-XI ss-is mijnaze saqarTvelos samefoebi gaerTianda, xolo XI–XII ss-Si, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris mefobis xanaSi, es procesi Zlieri, erTiani saxelmwifos SeqmniT dasrulda. amave droidan damkvidrda termini `saqarTve-lo~. imdroindeli saqarTvelos teritoria nikofsiidan darubandamde (der-bendi) da oseTidan (alania) aragawamde (somxeTi) iyo gadaWimuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am dros kavkasiis TiTqmis mTeli teritoria saqarTvelos mefis morCilebisa da mfarvelobis qveS moiazreboda.

monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg (XIII s.) saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da misi teritoriac TandaTanobiT Semcirda. saqarTvelo or nawilad gaiyo da, amavdroulad, samcxe uSualod monRolebs daemorCila. ase gastana giorgi V brwyinvales (1314-1346 ww) mefobamde. swored man SeZlo samcxis kvlav SemoerTeba da qveynis xanmokle, magram xelaxali gaerTianeba.

Temurlengis laSqrobebma (1386-1404 ww), mogvianebiT iranelebisa da Tur-qebis agresiulma politikam, CrdilokavkasielTa Semosevebma da, amasTanave, Sidapolitikurma rRvevebma erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla gamoiwvia da XVI s-is bolos qveyana samefo-samTavroebad daiyo.

nax. 1.2.

saqarTvelos

teritoriis

cvlileba

saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi

(aTasi kv. km)

Zv. w. I aT. II naxevari

140.4

145.0

134.2

134.0

131.0

69.7

XIII saukune XVIII saukunis II naxevari XX saukune

ax. w. I-IV ss IX-X ss

3. nax. 1.2 mixedviT aage grafiki `saqarTvelos teritoriis cvlileba~.

davaleba

10

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xornabuji

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geguTi

loreganja

yarsi

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naxWevani

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saqarTvelos gavlenis sfero

saqarTvelos moxarke qveynebi

trapizonis

imperia

nax. 1.3. saqarTvelo XIII saukunis damdegs

XVI-XVIII ss-Si saqarTvelos teritoria iran-osmaleTs Soris ganawilda, ra-sac Tan mohyva mosaxleobis ZaldatanebiTi islamizacia. daikarga teritoriis garkveuli nawili.

XVI s-is meore naxevarSi osmaleTma saqarTvelos Camoacila samcxe-saaTaba-gos feodaluri samTavro, Sah-abasma (XVII s) – lores veli da mdinare debedas xeoba (qarTli), kaxeTSi ki kak-eniselis mxare (saingilo) miitaca.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. ruseTSi monarqiis damxobas da iq komunisturi reJimis damyarebas saqarTvelos gasabWoeba mohyva. am dros saqarTvelom teritoriis garkveuli nawili dakarga.

1991 wels saqarTvelom aRidgina suvereniteti da qveynis teritoria im sazRvrebSi, romelic mas ssrk-s (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-Siri) SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas hqonda.

4. gaaanalize nax. 1.3. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:

sakuTriv saqarTvelos teritoria saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis qveS myofi qveynebi

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nax. 1.4.

saqarTvelo

XX-XXI

saukuneebSi

u Zveli welTaRricxvis III s-Si, farnavazisa da misi memkvidris saurmagis mefo-bisas, qarTlis samefo sakmaod Zlieri iyo da igi ara marto mTel Tanamed-rove aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed mosazRvre olqebsac ki moicavda. swored am dros moxda erTi Ziridan warmoSobili qarTveli tomebis swrafi SekavSireba da erTiani qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba. savaraudod, qarTuli ena oficialur, saxelmwifo enad farnavazis mefobis dros gamocxadda.

fes sainteresoa

5. nax. 1.4-is mixedviT daadgine, romeli teritoriebi dakarga gasabWoebis Semdeg saqarTvelom.

6.waikiTxe p. ingoroyvas sityvebi: a) imsjele, Tu rogor gesmis teqstis pir-veli abzaci. b) axseni saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobis mniSvneloba. g) rogor fiqrob, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda saqarTvelos teritoriul cvlilebebs? d) aRniSne konturul rukaze teqstSi moxseniebuli rva provincia da maTi centrebi.

`saqarTvelos teritoria klasikurad damTavrebuls, mTlians warmoadgens –

istoriulad, geografiulad, ekonomikurad da eTnografiulad. saqarTvelos

sazRvrebi amoxaza oci saukunis istoriam; saqarTvelo aris erTi istoriuli sxeuli,

SekavSirebuli mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobiT...

saqarTvelos politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad icvleboda warsulSi, magram saqarTvelo

yovelTvis erTsa da imave teritorias erqva. es aris rva provincia, romelzedac

qarTveli eri mosaxleobs mTeli misi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze: qarTli,

kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi da afxazeTi~.

`saqarTvelos teritoriis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~

pavle ingoroyva

7.aRniSne konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi XIII da XXI saukuneebSi.

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saqarTvelos gacnoba da Seswavla xdeboda rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxo-el mkvlevarTa mier. Cveni qveynis geografiuli Seswavlis istoria 5 periodad iyofa: 1. antikuri; 2. Sua saukuneebis; 3. aRorZinebis; 4. axali; 5. uaxlesi.

antikuri periodi Zv. w. VI s-dan axali w. IV s-mde grZeldeboda. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb erT-erT pirvel geografiul Sromad iTvleba berZeni istorikosisa da geografis, hekate miletelis (Zv. w. VI-V ss) naSromi `miwis aRwera~, sadac igi moixseniebs kolxebs, kavkasions, Sav zRvas.

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aseve mniSvnelovani geografiuli informaciaa Tavmo-yrili berZeni mecnierebis SromebSi: hipokrate (Zv. w. V-IV ss, `haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb~), qsenofonte (Zv. w. V-IV ss, ànabasisi~), skilak kariandeli (Zv. w. IV s, `periplusi~), herodote (Zv. w. V s, ìstoria~), apolon rodoseli (Zv. w. III s, àrgonavtika~), straboni (Zv. w. II – ax. w. III ss, `geografia~) klavdios pto-leme (ax. w. II s, `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo da msoflios ruka~) da sxv. maTs TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli da aRwerilia sxvadasxva geografiuli obieqti (mdinareebi, mxareebi, qalaqebi, tbebi da a. S.).

Sua saukuneebis (IV-XVI ss) mecnierTa da mogzaurTa Soris, saqarTvelos geografiis, istoriisa da eTnografiis Sesaxeb, yvelaze mniSvnelovan cno-bebs italieli mogzauri marko polo iZleva. aseve, aRsaniSnavia bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarieli, somexi mecnieri anania Siraqaci, italieli ambrojo kontarini da sxvebi.

nax. 2.1. marko polo da misi mogzaurobis marSruti

2. qarTuli geografiuli

azrovnebis istoria

1. nax. 2.1-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT aRwere marko polos mogzaurobis marSruti.

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aRorZinebis epoqa XVI-XVIII saukuneebs moicavs. am pe-riodSi kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos geografiuli kvle-vebi da Seswavla kvlav grZeldeba. saqarTvelos bunebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitanes dasavleT evropelma da rusma mogzaurebma da mkvlevrebma. maT Soris gamoir-Cevian arqanjelo lamberti, Jan Sardeni da Jozef piton turnefori, iohan-anton giuldenStedti, stefane burna-Sevi da sxva. maT SromebSi aRwerilia qalaqebi, cixe-sima-greebi, mTebi, mdinareebi da sxva. ramdenjerme imogzaura saqarTveloSi Turqma evlia Celebim.

axali periodi moicavs XIX saukunes da XX s-is dasawyiss. am dros saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia da, politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-loSi geografiuli xasiaTis kvlevebs awarmoebs. swored am periodSi ixsneba mravali specialuri dawesebuleba, maT Soris, Tbilisis observatoria, Tbilisis botanikuri baRi, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis gan-yofileba, kavkasiis muzeumi; daiwyo qveynis geodeziuri agegmva, myinvarebis Seswavla, gamoica rukebi da sxva.

uaxles, anu Tanamedrove periodSi, geografiuli kvle-vebi intensiurad mimdinareobs. ixsneba axali samecniero da saswavlo centrebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa geografiuli prognozireba, bunebrivi resursebis dacva da racionaluri gamoyeneba, mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da sxva.

qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas mra-valsaukunovani istoria aqvs. igi Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukunidan iwyeba. pirveli qarTuli saero Tu saekle-sio wyaroebi, faqtobrivad, pirvel qarTul geografiul wyaroebs warmoadgenen, radganac mTel rig geografiuli xasiaTis cnobebs Seicaven.

nax. 2.2.

Turqi mogzauri

evlia Celebi

nax. 2.3.

CaxruxaZis

mogzaurobis

marSruti

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Zvel saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc sxva qveynebSi, geografia aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis iyo. adamianTa garkveul jgufs evaleboda mimdebare qveynebis Sesaxeb iseTi cnobebis Sekreba, sistematizacia da codna, rogoricaa, magaliTad: saxelmwifo wyoba, mosaxleoba da maTi ganlageba, qalaqebi da soflebi, cixesi-magreebis mdebareoba da misasvleli gzebi, bunebrivi pirobebi da a. S. es ki maT xels Seuwyobda, gaeTvaliswinebinaT momavali brZolis adgilebi. sakuTari qveynis Seswavlis mizniT ki tardeboda mamulebis, miwebisa da mosaxleobis aRwera, gzebis dadgena da adgilebis SerCeva qveynis sazRvrebis gamagrebisa da sasicocxlo savaWro gzebis dacvis mizniT.

aseTi urTierTobebisTvis saWiro iyo raime grafikuli gamosaxulebebis, rukis winamorbedis, Seqmna. qarTvelebi am mizniT iyenebdnen kirbebs, romleb-zedac naCvenebi iyo im droisaTvis cnobili sazRvao da saxmeleTo gzebi.

qarTuli saistorio geografiis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia leonti mrovelisa (XI s) da juanSeris (XI s) Txzulebani.

qarTvelebi mogzaurobdnen, aRwerdnen da swavlobdnen rogorc sakuTar, ise ucxo qveynebs. maT imogzaures evropis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi.

nax. 2.4. efremis

mogzaurobis marSruti

nax. 2.5. nikoloz irbaxis mogzaurobis marSruti

15

qarTvel mogzaurTa Soris aRsaniSnavia mwerali CaxruxaZe (XII-XIII ss), ulu daviTi da narin daviTi (XIII s), efremi (XIII s), nikoloz irbaxi (ColoyaSvili, XVII s), timoTe gabaSvili, iona gedevaniSvili da rafiel danibegaSvili (XVIII s) da sxva. me-18 s-Si moRvaweobda sami didi mecnieri – sulxan-saba orbeliani, vaxtang VI da vaxuSti bagrationi, romelTac udidesi kvali datoves qarTul kulturaSi.

qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi aseve didi wvlili Seita-nes Tavisi SromebiT ioane batoniSvilma (`kalmasoba~), Teimuraz bagrationma (`mogzauroba evropaSi~), giorgi avaliSvilma (`samogzauro dRiurebi~), gri-gol batoniSvilma (`mogzauroba~) da sxva.

XIX s-dan saqarTveloSi iwyeba da XX s-Sic grZeldeba geografiuli kvlevebi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da vaxuSti bagrationis saxelobis geografiis institutis geografebs udidesi Rvawli miuZRviT qarTuli geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. im perio-dis geografTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukaviaT: aleqsandre javaxiSvils, giorgi gextmans, Teofane daviTaias, daviT donduas, mixeil sabaSvils, levan maruaSvils, aleqsandre aslanikaSvils, zurab tataSiZes da sxva.

u fragnma mecnierma Jan Sardenma 1672-1673 wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi da Cveni qveyana vrclad aRwera. swored mas ekuTvnis Tbilisis pirveli suraTi-gegma.

u evlia Celebim ramdenjerme imogzaura saqarTveloSi da 40 wlis manZilze dawera aTtomiani naSromi `mogzaurobis Tavgadasavali~, romelSic uxvadaa warmodgenili masalebi saqarTvelos geografiis Sesaxeb.

u rusi beris, nestor JamTaaRmwerlis (XI-XII ss) cnobiT, qarTvelebi XI saukunemde ukve icnobdnen indoeT-arabeTs.

u pirveli cnobebi kirbebze, rogorc geografiul rukebze, daculia apolon rodoselis (III s) àrgonavtikaSi~. misi cnobiT, `kolxebs axlac Semonaxuli aqvT ficrebi (kirbebi), romlebzedac maTi mama-papis mier warwerebia gakeTebuli da mogzaurobisTvis naCvenebia yvela gza da wylisa da xmeleTis sazRvrebi~.

fes sainteresoa

2. nax. 2.3 – 2.5-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT aRwe-re qarTvel mogzaurTa marSrutebi, gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.

mogzauri mogzaurobis marSruti

... ...

3. moiZie masalebi romelime qarTveli an ucxoeli mogzauris Sesaxeb da moamza-de referati. yuradReba gaamaxvile Semdeg sakiTxebze: epoqa, mogzaurobis mizani, saSualebebi, sirTuleebi da Sedegebi, riT iyo gamorCeuli es konkre-tuli mogzauroba da ra kvali datova istoriaSi.

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vaxuSti bagrationi qarTuli geografiuli, kar-tografiuli, istoriuli da eTnografiuli mecnie-rebis fuZemdebelia.

vaxuSti bagrationi-batoniSvili daibada 1696 wels. igi vaxtang VI-is (ukanono) Svili iyo. man sa-mefo karze saWiro aRzrda da ganaTleba miiRo. vaxuSti aqtiurad monawileobda qarTlis samefos politikur cxovrebaSi. 1721 wels igi TrialeTisa da sabaraTaSvilos sadroSos sardali iyo, sadac, mamis davalebiT, teritoriis aRwera Caatara.

vaxuStis Tavisi naSromi àRwera samefosa sa-qarTvelosa~ 1745 wels moskovSi daumTavrebia. es Txzuleba warmoadgens yovelmxriv gamarTul da dasrulebul istoriul-geografiul gamokvlevas. mas wamZRvarebuli aqvs winasityvaoba `mkiTxvel-TaTvis sityva raisTvis arsebuli Sroma ese~, ro-

melSic mokledaa aRwerili Sromis mizani da daniSnuleba. amas mosdevs Sesavali `zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosani~, ris Semdegac iwyeba ZiriTadi nawili: aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa; aRwera awindelisa qarTlisa; aRwera hereTisa, kaxeTisa da kuxeTisa, kvalad TuSeTisa da didoeTisa; aRwera awindelisa ov-seTisa anu kavkasiaTa SinaTa; aRwera saCinoTa adgilebTa samcxe-saaTabagosi; aRwera egrisis qveynisa anu afxazeTisa anu imereTisa.

nax. 3.1. vaxuSti bagrationi

nax. 3.2.

vaxuStis mier

Sedgenili ruka

1.istoriis kursidan ra ici vaxuSti bagrationis Sesaxeb?

2.romel saukuneSi moRvaweobda igi da ra viTareba iyo am dros saqarTveloSi?

gaixsene

3. vaxuSti bagrationi -

qarTuli geografiis fuZemdebeli

17

wigni mTavrdeba saZiebliT. vaxuS-ti, mTeli saqarTvelos zogadi daxa-siaTebis Semdeg, aRwers calkeul msxvil teritoriul erTeulebs. igi cdilobs, gaarkvios calkeuli ad-gilebis saxelwodebebis warmoSoba, gansazRvravs maT geografiul mde-bareobas, sazRvrebs; im droisaTvis zustad aRwers klimats, mcenareul safars, cxovelTa samyaros, bolos ki – mosaxleobas.

àRweraSi~ didi adgili aqvs daT-mobili `qmnilebebs~ da `Sina Senebu-lebs~, qalaqebs, cixeebs, monastrebs, sameurneo, samxedro da samkurnalo nagebobebs. TxzulebaSi didi yurad-Reba eqceva mTisa da baris Tavisebu-rebebs, uxvad aris warmodgenili eko-nomikuri xasiaTis cnobebi; agreTve, orografiuli, hidrografiuli da meteorologiuri masalebi. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi erTdroulad warmoadgens rogorc istoriul-geo-grafiul, aseve fizikur da ekonomikur-geografiul naSromsac.

sainteresoa misi monacemebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis miwaTmoqme-debisa da mecxoveleobis Sesaxeb. vaxuSti kulturul mcenareTa ganlagebas buneb riv pirobebs ukavSirebs. swored ama Tu im teritoriis niadagur-klima-turi pirobebi gansazRvraven vazis, citrusebis da sxva kulturaTa gavrce-lebas. mis naSromSi moxseniebulia is kulturebic, romlebmac CvenSi TandaTan dakarges sameurneo mniSvneloba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba bambasa da brinjs.

man germaneli mecnieris, aleqsandre humboldtis mier vertikaluri zona-lobis kanonis Camoyalibebamde gacilebiT adre SeniSna da aRwera es movlena. vaxuSti bagrations mxedvelobidan arc bunebis stiqiuri movlenebi gamorCenia.

vaxuStis ekuTvnis, agreTve, ori geografiuli atlasi. pirveli, 1735 wliT daTariRebuli, 5-rukiania, xolo meore, 1745 wels Seqmnili – 19 rukisgan Sed-geba. isini im droisaTvis zust kartografiul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgenda. rukebis nawili sruliad saqarTvelos asaxavs, nawili ki – mis samTavroebs. isi-ni metad saintereso da mniSvnelovan informacias Seicaven. maTze datanilia: mdinareebi, tbebi, mTebi, tyeebi, gzebi, xidebi, didi da patara dasaxlebuli punqtebi.

vaxuStis rukebi da Sromebi imdroindel saqarTveloSi kulturisa da mec-nierebis ganviTarebis maRali donis maCvenebelia. vaxuSti bagrationma geogra-fiis ganviTarebas sruliad axali mimarTuleba misca da `qarTul sinamdvileSi geografiuli codna geografiul mecnierebad~ aqcia. amavdroulad, igi daex-mara rus da evropel geografebsa da dainteresebul pirebs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis swor da srul geografiul gacnobaSi.

nax. 3.3 vaxuSti Tavis naSromebSi sakuTari

xeliT xatavda saqarTvelos gerbebsa da

droSebs.

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1752 wels vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna `mokle politikuri geografia~ 27-rukian msoflio atlasTan erTad, sadac gamosaxulia im droisaTvis cno-bili yvela qveyana.

vaxuSti bagrationis mravali Sromidan, aseve, aRsaniSnavia `msoflio geogra-fiis~ Targmanic, romlis originaloba imaSia, rom yoveli saxelmwifos daxasia-Tebas Tan axlavs amave saxelmwifos ruka. vaxuStis mier Sesrulebuli `msoflio atlasi~ warmoadgens msoflio atlasis qarTulad Sedgenis pirvel cdas.

1755 wels vaxuSti bagrationi m. lomonosovTan erTad monawileobda mos-kovis universitetis daarsebaSi.

1. rogor gesmis gamoTqma: vaxuStim `qarTul sinamdvileSi geografiuli codna geografiul mecnierebad aqcia~.

2. gaecani qvemoT mocemul citatebs da imsjele vaxuStis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. daalage misi moRvaweobis Sedegebi mniSvnelobis mixedviT:

`vaxuStis Sroma saistorio wyaroebis esoden safuZvliani Seswavlisa da imdroindeli

saqarTvelos yofa-cxovrebisa da mdgomareobis Rrma dakvirvebis nayofia, rom

SemdegSic igi mudam ukvdavebis SaravandediT iqneba mosili da arasdros mniSvneloba ar

daekargeba~.

`vaxuStis `saqarTvelos cxovreba~ aris qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani warsulis

sazogado filosofiur-istoriuli mimoxilva, romlis msgavsi arc winaT dawerila da

arc SemdegSi~.

ivane javaxiSvili

ìmdenad did mniSvnelobas akuTvnebda vaxuSti geografiul garemos, rom man piradad

Seadgina saTanado rukebic. vaxuStis geografiuli koncefciebi Tavisi drois msoflio

mecnierebis simaRlezea da amJRavneben maTi avtoris did erudicias da ubadlo niWs~.

svimon yauxCiSvili

`vaxuStis geografias iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosTvis, viTarc homerosis

topografiul SeniSvnebs saberZneTisaTvis~.

mari brose

`vaxuStis Sromebi Tavisi istoriuli da geografiuli mniSvnelobiT warmoadgenen

Zvirfas ganZs, romelnic naTelyofen saqarTvelos kulturuli da mecnieruli

ganviTarebis maRal dones Zvel saqarTveloSi da Tavisi mdidari SinaarsiT qarTveli eris

SesaniSnavi mecnieruli memkvidreobaa. man geografia ganviTarebis axal gzaze daayena da

qarTul sinamdvileSi geografiis codna geografiul mecnierebad aqcia...~

giorgi gextmani

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u vaxuStis TxzulebaSi àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ moxseniebulia 440 mdinare, 22 tba, mravali mineraluri da mtknari wyaro. sul aRwerilia 770-mde geografiuli obieqti.* vaxuStis mier Sedgenili Tbilisis gegma aris pirveli topografiuli gegma. manamde iyo ori gegma-naxati, Sesrulebuli Sardenisa da turneforis mier. gegmis saxelia: `saxe tbilisisa~, masStabi ki 1:18000.

u vaxuStis Tbilisis gegma da qarTlis ruka pirvelad 1747 wels safrangeTSi daibeWda.

u 1752 wels vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna msoflio geografiis saxelmZRva-nelo, romelsac ucxo cnebaTa ganmartebani daurTo.

u vaxuStim qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelma SemoiRo da daamkvidra mTeli rigi terminebi: geografia (ReoRrafia), qronologia (xronologia), genealogia (Renealogia), istoriografia (istorioRrafia); aseve, man gamoiyena qarTulisTvis manamde ucnobi terminebi – akademia, politika, biblioTeka, katalogi, tomi, traqtati, fizika, qimia, metafizika, maTematika.

3. waikiTxe #qvemoT mocemuli amonaridi vaxuSti bagrationis naSromidan àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, daadgine, ra saxis geografiul informacias iZleva vaxuSti naSromSi. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:

a) `qalaqi quTaisi, rionis gaRma-gamoRma, haviTa da wyliTa mSveni, TvalTa qveSe mSvenieri

adgilia~.

b) `gori – adgili mSvenieri, wyali kargi, garemos aqvs venaxni da walkotni mravalni~.

g) `tfilisi ars sami qalaqi: tfilisi, kala da isani, hyofs mtkvari~.

d) `sawires (tyibulTan) iTxreba rkina da ars liToni mravlad~.

e) `brils (xaSurTan) iTxreba kaJi, friad keTili, mospetako, CaxmaxisaTvis~.

v) `kacni (Wanebi) arian xelovanni, xis muSakobiTa da SenebiTa nakTaTa didTa da mcireTa~.

z) àrs mozRudvili mTiuleTi mTiTa, amis gamo magari da Seuvali ars, uvenaxo, uxilo.

mciremosavliani... wyalTa Sina kalmaxi mravalni, xorci, Tevzni da frinvelni gemoianni~.

T) `qsani ars sargebliani mdinare da Tevziani~.

i) `taSirs ars Tafli mravali da spetaki, viTarca Tovli da uwyinari~.

k) àtens dgeba Rvino warCinebuli~.

wyaro

adgilisgeografiuli mdebareoba da

aRweriloba

klimaturi da hidrografiuli

informacia

florisa da faunis

Taviseburebani

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis

mopovebis adgilebi

mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianoba

... ... ... ... ... ...

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nax. 4.1.

manZilebi

Tbilissa da

msoflios

sxvadasxva

qalaqs Soris

4. saqarTvelos


geopolitika – gulisxmobs nebismieri qveynis an regionis geografiul, socialur-politikur, samxedro, demografiul, ekonomikur da qveynis Zlierebis sxva ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa kombinirebul Seswavlasa da Sefasebas.

landSafti – bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi (btk), romelic erTgvarovani geologiuri agebulebiT, reliefis tipiT, haviTa da niadagur-mcenareuli safariT xasiaTdeba.

floristuli areali – xmeleTis an wylis nawili, mcenareTa saxeobebis erTobliobiT.

faunistuli areali – xmeleTis an wylis nawili, cxovelTa saxeobebis erTobliobiT.

ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareoba (egm) – sawarmoebis, dasaxlebuli punqtebis, raionebis, qveynebis, regionebis sivrciTi mimarTeba sxva obieqtebTan, romlebsac maTTvis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba aqvT.

leqsikoni

1. ras niSnavs obieqtis geografiuli mdebareoba?

2. rogori geografiuli mdebareoba SeiZleba hqondes obieqts?

3. istoriis kursidan, ra gavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba mezobeli qveynebis interesebze?

gaixsene

1. gaaanalize nax. 4.1 da upasuxe kiTxvebs: a) romeli qveynebi da qalaqebi mdeba-reobs Tbilisidan ufro axlos? b) romeli qveynebi mdebareobs Tbilisidan ufro Sors? g) ra daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba?

davaleba

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siriaerayi

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ukraina

yazaxeTi

libani

250 km0

12345

evropis da aziis sazRvrebi

ATLAS DE LA CAUCASE : pp. 6-7

nax. 4.2. evropa-aziis sazRvari

saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropisa da aziis gzaTa Sesayarze, kavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. igi samxreT kavkasiis regionSi zRvispira da centraluri mdebareobiT gamoirCeva, rac dadebiT gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da araerTgvarovani midgoma arsebobs. kerZod, sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris yuma-maniCis Rrmulze gadis, romlis mixedviTac mTeli kavkasia aziaSia moq-ceuli.

sazRvari evropisa da aziis mijnaze kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds miuyveba. amgvari midgoma gansxvavebul klimatur Taviseburebebs eyrdnoba:

berZeni istorikosisa da geografis herodotes (Cv. w. aR. V s-Si) mixedviT sazRvari qveynis or nawils Soris mdinare rions, yvirilasa da mtkvars miuyveba.

evropasa da azias Soris sazRvari emTxveva saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azer-baijanis saxelmwifo sazRvrebs TurqeTsa da iranTan, romlis mixedviTac mTeli kavkasia evropas miekuTvneba.

es politikur-administraciuli midgomaa. evropasa da azias Soris sazRvris dasadgenad, fizikur-geografiul pirobebTan erTad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuli warsuli, tradiciebi, religia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis tenden-ciebi, sameurneo saqmianoba da sxva. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo axlosaa samxreT evropisa da balkaneTis qveynebTan. aseve mniSvnelovania qarTveli xalxis swrafva evropuli civilizaciisken. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare sa-qarTvelo samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropaa, qarTvelebi ki – evropelebi.

2.gaixsene evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis versiebi. amoirCie SenTvis mi-saRebi sazRvris gatarebis varianti da aRniSne konturul rukaze.

davaleba

22

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saqarTvelo im uZveles satransporto gzajvaredinze mdebareobs, rome-lic akavSirebda da akavSirebs CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs. swored masze gadioda evropa-aziis damakavSirebeli satransporto magistrali – Zveli abreSumis gza.

saqarTvelo Savi zRviT ukavSirdeba SavizRvispireTis qveynebs, xolo bos-forisa da dardanelis sruteebiT – xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebs; gibral-taris srutiT SesaZlebelia kavSiri mTel msofliosTan, mdinare dunais meS-veobiT ki – aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebTan.

saqarTvelo C. g. 41007' da 43035' da a. g. 40004' da 46044'-s Soris mdebareobs. geoteqtonikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos alpur-himalauri danaoWebis

vrcel sartyelSi centraluri mdebareoba aqvs. igi iwyeba atlantis okeanis sanapiroebidan da moicavs xmelTaSua da Savi zRvebis mimdebare mTian nawilebs, wina aziasa da himalais mTianeTebs.

nax. 4.3. saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka

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porti

Waobi

uReltexiliE

# mwvervalim. Sxara 5068

jvris uR.2376

aeroporti

23

nax. 4.4. evropis politikuri ruka

saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulia subtropikuli klimaturi sartylis havis TiTqmis yvela tipi – notio subtropikuli, zomierad notio, zomierad mSra-li, mSrali-kontinenturi da sxva. es ganpirobebulia misi subtropikuli da zomieri klimaturi sartylebis mijnaze mdebareobiT, aseve bunebrivi barie-rebis – kavkasionisa da samxreT mTianeTis arsebobiTa da Savi zRvis gavleniT.

evropa-aziis SemaerTebel kavkasiis yelze mdebareobis gamo saqarTveloSi erTmaneTs emijneba gansxvavebuli floristuli da faunisturi arealebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos baris bunebrivi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-ba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barisagan, kavkasionis mTianeTis buneba ki – sa-qarTvelos samxreT mTianeTis bunebrivi pirobebisgan.

saqarTvelos bunebis Semadgeneli komponentebi (reliefi, hava, wylebi da a. S.) sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxvanairad arian dakavSirebulni da rogorc Tvisobrivad, ise sameurneo gamoyenebis mixedviT, gansxvavebul bunebriv kom-pleqsebs qmnian. saqarTveloSi barisa da mTis klasis 11 ZiriTadi bunebrivi landSafti gamoiyofa.

bunebrivi pirobebis aseTi araerTgvarovneba da Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens da gansazRvravs Cvens qveyanaSi teritoriebis sameurneo aTvisebisa da gamoyenebis farTo SesaZleblobebs.

ekonomikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis Sesayarze mdebareobs da odiTgan dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis civiliza-ciebis damakavSirebel xids warmoadgenda, SavizRvispira mdebareoba ki mas did upiratesobas aniWebs samxreT kavkasiis sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT.

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9. moldova

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14. bosnia-hercogovina

15. serbeTi

16. bulgareTi

17. makedonia

18. albaneTi

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20. somxeTi

21. azerbaijani

22. andora

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24. portugalia

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avt. resp. sazRvari

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porti

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uReltexiliE


jvris uR.2376

aeroporti

24

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nax. 4.5. saqarTvelos geopolitikur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli enobrivi ojaxebi

saqarTvelos satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba amJamad metad xelsay re lia. sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnisas igi satransporto `CixSi~ iyo da mso-flios qveynebTan urTierTobas mxolod moskovis gavliT axerxebda. damou-kideblobis mopovebis Semdeg qveyanam, praqtikulad, satransporto gzajva-redinis funqcia SeiZina.

saqarTvelos xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareobis mniSv-neloba kidev erTxel mas Semdeg dadasturda da gaizarda, roca safuZveli Caeyara baqo-sufsisa da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenebis mSeneblobas.

aseve aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos xelsayreli rekreaciul-geografiuli mdebareoba, radganac igi mniSvnelovan turistul-rekreaciul arealebs – kavkasionsa da SavizRvispireTs Sorisaa moqceuli.

kulturul-geografiuli mdebareobis TvalsazrisiT ki, Cveni samSoblo samxreT-aRmosavleT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturul regionebs Soris mdebareobs, rac Tavisebur gavlenas axdens qveynis kulturul cxovre-basa da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareoba mezobel qveynebSi arsebuli politiku-ri da ekonomikuri viTarebiT fasdeba.

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba ganisazRvreba misi urTierTobe-biT uSualo mosazRvre da aramosazRvre qveynebTan, agreTve, am qveynebSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciebiT.

saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebad iTvleba misi uSualo mosazRvre da met-naklebad daSorebuli saxelmwifoebi. maTi umravlesoba yofili sabWoTa kav-Siris respublikebia, danarCenebi ki – yofili socialisturi da axlo aRmo-savleTis qveynebi. maT Soris mxolod erTaderTi saxelmwifo – TurqeTia natos wevri qveyana.

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri sivrce qristianuli da muslimuri religiebis gavrcelebis arealia, amave dros, metad mravalferovani erovnuli Semadgen-lobiT gamoirCeva. aq mcxovrebi xalxebi 4 enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos metad xelsayreli geografiu-li mdebareoba hqonda da aqvs, rac ganapirobebs mis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da saerTaSoriso politikur da socialur-ekonomikur procesebSi CarTvas.

25

nax. 4.6. saqarTvelos ganedebsa da grZedebSi mdebare qveynebi

u termini `geopolitika~ pirvelad Svedma mecnierma r. Celenma (1864-1922 ww) gamoiyena. misi azriT, saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis samxedro Zliereba ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo, vidre kanoni, radganac kanoni ZaliTaa gamyarebuli.

u saqarTvelo TiTqmis Tanabradaa daSorebuli rogorc Crdilo polusidan, ise ekvatoridan.

fes sainteresoa

3. nax. 4.4-is gamoyenebiT:

a) CamoTvale saqarTvelos uSualo mezobeli aramosazRvre qveynebi; b) gamoarkvie, romel qveynebTan mimarTebaSi aqvs saqarTvelos centraluri,

periferiuli, mezobluri mdebareoba.

4.konturul rukaze aRniSne: a) xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebi; b) kaspiiszRvis-pira qveynebi; g) aRmosavleT Yda centraluri evropis qveynebi.

5. nax. 46-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT:

a) gansazRvre, romeli paralelebi da meridianebi gadis saqarTveloze; b) kidev romeli qveynebi mdebareobs saqarTvelos ganedebSi; g) dawere, rogoria saqarTvelos mdebareoba msoflios politikur rukaze.

6. evropis konturul rukaze aRniSne: a) SavizRvispireTis qveynebi; b) gansazRv-re, rogor ukavSirdeba saqarTvelo evropis qveynebs, msoflios qveynebs;

g) dawere, rogoria saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba SavizRvispireTsa da evropaSi (daadgine, evropis romel nawilSi da Savi zRvis romel mxares mdebareobs saqarTvelo).

davaleba

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saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi istoriis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda, amJamad ki 69700 kv.km-ia. igi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken – Savi zRvis na-pirebidan TiTqmis mingeCauris wyalsacavamdea gadaWimuli, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken ki SedarebiT viwroa. teritoriis maqsimaluri ganfeniloba Crdi-lo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTisken 613 km-ia. meridianis gaswvriv, CrdiloeT da samxreT wertilebs Soris manZili ki 275 km-s Seadgens.

saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi wertili afxazeTSi, mdinare fsous na-pirze, sofel aibgasTanaa, samxreTi – mTa okuzdaRTan (somxeTis sazRvarTan), dasavleTi – daba leseliZesTan (mdinare fsous SesarTavi) da aRmosavleTi – mdinareebis agriCaisa da alaznis SeerTebis adgilzea.

nax. 5.1. kavkasionis

mTavari wyalgamyofi

qedi kavkasionis sistemis

orografiuli da amave

dros hidrografiuli

RerZia, romelic Crdilo

da samxreT kavkasias yofs.

qedze mdebareobs jvris

(xevisyelis), mamisonis

(WanWaxis), qluxoris da sxva

uReltexilebi.

5. saqarTvelos teritoriis

farTobi da sazRvrebi

saxelmwifos teritoria – dedamiwis zedapiris nawili, romelic mocemuli saxelmwifos suverenitetis qveS imyofeba, mis farglebSi erTiani Zalaufleba da sruli da SeuzRudavi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba.

qveynis geografiuli centri – adgili, romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa daSorebuli qveynis saxelmwifo sazRvrebidan.

saxelmwifo sazRvari – xazi, romelic mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs sazRvravs.

teritoriuli wylebi – okeanis an zRvis zoli, romelic ama Tu im saxelmwifos napirebs akravs (kunZulebisa da Sida wylebis CaTvliT) da misi suverenitetis qveS imyofeba.

orografia – dedamiwis zedapiris formebis (mTebi, maRlobebi, dablobebi da a.S.) zogadgeografiuli maxasiaTeb lebis aRwera da Seswavla

leqsikoni

1. ra aris geografiuli barieri da geografiuli sazRvari?

2.ra roli Seasrula bunebrivma barierebma saqarTvelos teritoriis formirebaSi?

gaixsene

27

saqarTvelos geografiuli centri lixis (suramis) qedis dasavleTiT, xara-gaulis municipalitetSi mdebareobs. TiToeuli qveyana mezobeli qveynebisgan saxelmwifo sazRvriTaa gamoyofili. sazRvrebi SeiZleba iyos barieruli xa-siaTis, romelic arTulebs mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobas da, kontaqturi, romelic piriqiT, xels uwyobs qveynebs Soris urTierTobebs; aseve, sazRvari arsebobs dadgenili, romelic aRiarebulia mezobeli qveynebis mier da, sadavo, romlis Sesaxeb jer kidev araa miRweuli SeTanxmeba mezobel qveynebs Soris.

saxelmwifo sazRvari istoriuli kategoriaa da droSi icvleba, radgan dakav Sirebulia samxedro-politikur, istoriul da eTnografiul faqtoreb-Tan. saqarTvelos sazRvari Cveni qveynis istoriis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze metad samxreT da aRmosavleT nawilSi icvleboda; dasavleTi sazRvari Savi zRvis akvatorias miuyveba da amJamad saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiTaa daculi. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT sazRvars, igi orografiul barierze – kavkasionze gadis da amitomac mkafiodaa dafiqsirebuli.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe 1970 km-ia. aqedan, saxmeleToa 1660 km, sazRvao ki – 310 km.

nax. 5.2. saqarTvelo da misi mosazRvre qveynebi

krasnodaris mxare

77km

143km

58km

170km

120km

173km

72km

sazRvari TurqeTTan – 240km

sazRvari azerbaijanTan – 408km

sazRvari ruseTTan – 813km

sazRvari somxeTTan – 194km

azerbaijani

somxeTi

CrdiloeT oseTi

daRestani

CeCneTi

inguSeTi

yabardo-balyareTi

yaraCai-CerqezeTi

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saxmeleTo sazRvari qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, daba leseliZesTan, md. fsous SesarTavTan iwyeba da am mdinaris marjvena sanapiros miuyveba mTa agefsTamde. CrdiloeTi sazRvari ZiriTadad kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds miuyveba, Tumca, mTa vacigkfarsidan mTa Savkldemde sazRvari wyalgam-yofi qedis CrdiloeTiT – mTa myinvarwversa da gverdiT qedze gadis.

aRmosavleTi sazRvari mTa tinovrosodan kavkasionis samxreT kalTaze eSve-ba, Semdeg ki mdinare alaznis qvemo dinebas miuyveba mingeCauris wyalsacavamde.

samxreTi sazRvari Sav zRvasTan, sofel sarfis midamoebSi iwyeba. igi jer mdinare tibaSisxevis xeobaze gadis, Semdeg kveTs WaneTis qedsa da mdinare Wo-roxs qvemo dinebaSi, miuyveba SavSeTis qeds, gadakveTs arsianis qeds, gasdevs eruSeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawils, gadakveTs mdinare mtkvars, karwaxis (xozafinis) tbasa da javaxeTis qeds; gauyveba loqis qeds, gadakveTs mdinare debedas, eSveba qvemo qarTlis vakeze wiTel xidTan (xramis da mtkvris Seer-Tebis adgili), miemarTeba jandaris tba-wyalsacavisken. bolos, Semouvlis ra ivris zegans samxreTidan, miuyveba mdinare ivris marcxena napirs da mingeCau-ris wyalsacavTan aRmosavleT sazRvars uerTdeba.

nax. 5.3. sofeli sarfi xelvaCauris municipalitetSi md. tobaSis napirebze, saqarTvelosa da

TurqeTis sazRvarze mdebareobs. sofelSi aris sabaJo-gamSvebi punqti, romelic 1992 wels gaixsna.

1. nax. 5.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT CamoTvale: a)saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebi; b) 2-3 dasaxlebuli punqti, romlebic somxeTis, azerbaijanis, ruseTisa da TurqeTis sazRvarTan axlos mdebareobs.

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nax. 5.4. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi

dasavleTi sazRvari mdinare fsous SesarTavsa da sofel sarfs Sorisaa moqceuli.

saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris sigrZe 813 km-ia, aRmosavleTis – 370 km, samxreTisa ki – 472 km.

nax. 5.5. wiTeli xidi md. xramze

jer kidev XVII s-is Sua xanebSia

agebuli. xidis sigrZe 153 m-ia,

xolo sigane – 4,3 m. mdinaris

donidan 12-14 m simaRleze

aRmarTuli xidi gverdebidan

Suagulisken TandaTan

maRldeba da mTavari TaRis

Tavze gardatydeba, ris gamoc

mas `gatexili xidic~ ewodeba.

md. fsou

m. agefsTa3256

uR. maruxi

uR. qluxori

mestiis uR.

uR. waneri

uR. mamisoni

uR. mglebis WiSkari

uR. yadori

uR. zekara m. vacigskari

m. tebulo4492.6

m. loqi2140.8

m. legli3156.9

m. ziareTi2803

m. kenWauli2992

m. xeva2810

m. diklosmTa4285

m. tinovrosi3374

m. Saviklde

uR. roki

m. Sxara5068

uR. nakra

sof. sarfi

sazRvris tipebi

wyalgamyof Txemebze

mdinareebze

mTis zegnebze

mkveTri fizikur-geografiuli erTeulis gareSe

mwvervalebi absoluturi simaRliT

ZiriTadi uReltexilebi

tba karwaxi

md. kodori

md. enguri

md. rioni

md. aWariswyali

md. mtkvari

md. alazani

md. iori

md. a

rag

vi

md. qcia

md. cxeniswyal

i

Savi

zRva

tba jandara

2. nax. 5.4-is gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) romel uReltexilebze gadis saqarTvelos sazRvari. daalage isini dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT;

b) romel tbebsa da mdinareebze gadis saqarTvelos sazRvari; g) romeli mxridan aqvs saqarTvelos barieruli, naklebad barieruli da

kontaqturi sazRvari.

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u saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisad, teritoriuli wylebi napiridan 12 milis daSorebiT SemoisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos dasavluri sazRvari sanapiro xazidan 22,224 km-is daSorebiT gadis, xolo teritoriuli wylebis farTobi – 8,0 aTasi kv.km-ia. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni qveynis farTobi 77 aTas kv.km-s gadaaWarbebs.

u saxelmwifo sazRvari xelSeuxebelia. mis dafiqsirebas da saerTaSoriso aRiarebas win uZRvis: a) delimitacia, rac gulisxmobs qveynebs Soris diplomatiuri SeTanxmebis

Sedegad sazRvrebis dadgenas da rukaze datanas; b) demarkacia – sazRvris gatareba da adgilze sasazRvro niSnebiT

damagreba, agreTve, geografiuli kadastris Sedgena. am samuSaoTa Sesrulebas sagareo saqmeTa saministro xelmZRvanelobs.

3.danarTi 4-is gamoyenebiT:

a) daajgufe evropis qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT da warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT:

didi qveynebi,

< 300 000 kv.km-ze

saSualo qveynebi

100000 kv.km-dan

300 000 kv.km-mde

patara qveynebi

10000 kv.km-dan

100 000 kv.km-mde

juja qveynebi

>10000 kv.km-ze

... ... ... ...

b) cxrilisa da Sen mier Seqmnili legendis gamoyenebiT evropis konturul rukaze aRniSne qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT (gamoiyene oTxi sxvadasxva feri); g) daadgine, romel jgufSi moxvda saqarTvelo.

4.gamoiangariSe: a) procentulad ras udris saqarTvelos saxmeleTo da sazRvao sazRvrebis sigrZeebi; b) procentulad ramdenia saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis sigrZeebi da aage diagrama.

5.saqarTvelos konturul rukaze gaavle saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari da aRniSne umniSvnelovanesi wertilebi: ukiduresi wertilebi, geografiuli centri da gansazRvre ukiduresi wertilebis geografiuli koordinatebi.

6.Seni sityvebiT gadmoeci gamoTqma: `kargi sazRvrebi karg mezoblebs qmnian~.

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nax. 6.1. evropisa da kavkasiis

umaRlesi mwvervali –

ialbuzi

evropis erT-erTi udidesi fizikur-geografiuli regioni, romlis nawil-sac warmoadgens Cveni qveyana, kavkasiis saxeliTaa cnobili. misi farTobi 440 aTasi kv.km-ia. igi evropisa da aziis Sesayarze, alpur-himalaur mTaTa sistemis TiTqmis centrSi mdebareobs.

kavkasiis sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT mkafiod aris gamoxatuli, Tumca amas ver vityviT mis samxreT nawilze. igi pirobiTia da ZiriTadad saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis politikur sazRvarze gadis iransa da TurqeTTan.

geografiuli mdebareobidan da bunebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, kav-kasias, tradiciulad, or ZiriTad nawilad yofen. es aris CrdiloeTi kavkasia anu imierkavkasia, da samxreTi kavkasia, anu amierkavkasia.

Tu daxedavT kavkasiis fizikur rukas, dainaxavT, rom mTavar orografiul erTeuls kavkasioni warmoadgens, swored is gvevlineba regionis or ZiriTad nawilad gamyof erTeulad. misi umaRlesi mwvervali, ialbuzi (5642 m) mTeli evropis umaRlesi mwvervalia.

kuma-maniCis Rrmulidan samxreTiT kavkasionis Crdilo mTiswineTebamde CrdiloeTi kavkasiaa, kavkasionis samxreTuli ferdobebidan iran-TurqeTis politikur sazRvramde ki – samxreTi kavkasia. swored aq vrceldeba mTaTa-Sorisi bari, mcire kavkasioni, javaxeT-somxeTis mTianeTi da hirkani.

6. saqarTvelo da kavkasia

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) – garkveul periodSi (mag., wlis ganmavlobaSi) materialuri da aramaterialuri sferos dargebis warmoebis sruli Rirebulebis mTliani maCvenebeli.

diqtatoruli saxelmwifo – saxelmwifo, romelsac erTpirovnulad marTavs SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis mqone mmarTveli.

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nax. 6.3. kavkasiis fizikur-geografiuli regionebi

Cveni samSoblo samxreTi kavkasiis centralur da dasavleT nawils ikavebs. mis teritoriaze vrceldeba mTaTaSorisi baris dasavleTi da centraluri nawili, aseve mcire kavkasionisa da javaxeT-somxeTis mTianeTis garkveuli teritoria. lixis qedi, romelic samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSoris bars or uTa-nabro nawilad yofs, Taviseburi xidia kavkasionsa da mcire kavkasions Soris.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda kavkasiis politikuri ruka. bolo 200 wlis manZilze am regionis politikur cxovrebaSi udidesi iyo ruseTisa da osmalTa imperiebis, aseve iranis faqtori. aq gabatonebisaTvis mebrZol saxelmwifoTa Soris uZlieresi ruseTi aRmoCnda da XIX s. pirveli naxevridan aRniSnuli regioni ruseTis imperiis farglebSia. 1917 wels ruseTSi monarqis damxobas saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis `xuTwuTiani~ suvereniteti mohyva. gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi samive saxelmwifo ruseTis

nax. 6.2 alpur-himalauri mTaTa sartyeli

afrika

xmelTaSua zRva

arabeTis zRva

wiT

eli z

Rva bengalis

yure

Savi zRvakaspiis

zRva

atlantis

okeane

arabeTisn-k

indostanisn-k

in

do

Ci

ne

Ti

s

n-k

imierkavkasia

aRmosavleT amierkavkasia

Savi zRva

kaspiis zRva

hirkani

mcire kavkasioni

javaxeT-somxeTi

kolxeTi

Crdilo Savi zRvispireTi

kavkasioni

1. nax. 6.2 -isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis mixedviT daadgine, romeli mTebi Sedis alpur-himalaur mTaTa sartyelSi.

2. nax. 6.3-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli fizikur-

geografiuli regionebi gamoiyofa kavkasiaSi;

b) romeli maTgani vrceldeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

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imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebulma axalma diqtatorulma qveyanam – ssr kav Sirma STanTqa. Tavdapirvelad isini ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi amierkavkasiis federaciis saxiT Sevidnen, Tumca 1936 wlidan ssrk-is axali konstituciis safuZvelze mdgomareoba Seicvala da samive respublika damoukidebeli su-bieqti gaxda ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi.

ssr kavSiris daSlis Semdeg amierkavkasiis respublikebi damoukidebeli saxiT xelaxla gaCndnen msoflios politikur rukaze.

dReisaTvis kavkasiaSi oTxi suverenuli saxelmwifoa. CrdiloeTi kavka-sia ruseTis SemadgenlobaSia – aq igi warmodgenilia 7 respublikiTa da ori mxariT. aqauri mosaxleoba Zalze Wreli eTnikur-religiuri SemadgenlobiT gamoirCeva. rac Seexeba samxreT kavkasias, aq sami damoukidebeli qveyanaa – sa-qarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani. damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg mniSvne-lovnad Seicvala regionis da aq mdebare qveynebis geopolitikuri mdebareoba, romlis mniSvneloba udavod scildeba kavkasiis masStabebs.

farTobiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da mSp-is saerTo moculobiT sa-qarTvelo CamorCeba azerbaijans da win uswrebs somxeTs.

Tbilisi

rusTavi

gori

quTaisi

baTumi

soxumi

baqoerevani

sumgaiTi

ganja

derbenti

naxiWevani

mahaCyala

grozno

nazrani

xasaviurTi

vladikavkazi

novorosiiski

maikopi

Cerqeski

kislovodski

piatigorski

nalCiki

giumri

agri

yarsi

ardahaniarTvini

rize

trapizoni

erzrumi

xoi irani

TurqeTi

somxeTi

azerbaijani

azer

baijani

saqarTvelo

ruseTi

daRestani

CeCneTiinguSeT

i

Crd. oseTi

yabardo-balyareTi

yaraCai-CerqezeTi

ad

iR

ea

stavropolis mxare

kr

as

no

dar

is mxare

Savi zRva

kaspiis zRva

nax. 6.4. kavkasiis politikur-administraciuli dayofa

3.nax. 6.4-is mixedviT daasaxele ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali politikur-ad-ministraciuli erTeulebi, romlebic Cvens qveyanas esazRvrebian. daadgine maTi dedaqalaqebi.

4.Seafase samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis geopolitikuri mdebareobis Tavisebure-bani. rogor fiqrob, rogor Seicvala maTi mdebareoba ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg? Seni azriT, romel qveyanas aqvs ufro xelsayreli mdebareoba da ratom?

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nax. 7.1. kavkasia kosmosidan

msoflios politikur rukaze 190-ze meti suverenuli saxelmwifoa. far-Tobis, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da mSp-is saerTo moculobiT isini metad gansxvavebuli da Wrelia. iSviaTia qveyana, romelic samive poziciiT msoflios udidesi qveynebis xuTeuls avsebdes, magaliTad, kanada farTobiTa da mSp-is maCvenebliT msoflios did saxelmwifoTa pirvel aTeulSia, mosaxleobis raodenobiT ki msoflio qveynebis pirvel 30 qveyanaSic ar Sedis. iSviaT ga-monakliss warmoadgens, magaliTad, CineTi – igi mosaxleobiT, farTobiTa da mSp-is saerTo potencialiT msoflios qveynebis pirveli xuTeulis wevria. ase rom, msoflios yvela qveyana Tavisi zoma-woniT gamoirCeva politikur rukaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTar avtoritets qmnis saerTaSoriso arenaze.

sainteresoa, Tu rogor gamoiyureba Cveni qveyana msoflio qveynebis saerTo fonze SenTvis ukve cnobili sami mniSvnelovani poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT. radgan saqarTvelo evropuli qveyanaa, bunebrivia, sainteresoa, Tu rogoria misi adgili kontinentis saerTo WrilSi.

Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani geopoli-tikuri wona gaaCnia. farTobis mixedviT, Cveni qveyana evropaSi 22-e adgilzea. teritoriis sididiT Cven vaWarbebT danias, belgias, niderlandebs, estoneTs, xorvatias da kidev bevr qveyanas. farTobis saerTo maCvenebliT Cven vuaxlov-debiT avstrias, CexeTs, azerbaijans, islandias.

7. saqarTvelo da msoflio

msoflio ekonomika (meurneoba) – msoflios yvela qveynis erovnuli meurneoba

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yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom saqarTvelo farTobis mixedviT evropul fonze sakmaod SesamCnevi qveyanaa. Tu mosaxleobis maCvenebels avi-RebT evropuli masStabiT, saqarTvelo arc aq aris bolo. Cvens qveyanaSi ufro meti adamiani cxovrobs, vidre norvegiis samefoSi, qveyanaSi, romelic farTo-biT oTxnaxevarjer aRemateba saqarTvelos.

msoflio ekonomikaSi nebismieri qveynis mdgomareobis erT-erTi umniSvne-lovanesi ganmsazRvreli faqtoriT – mSp-is moculobiT, saqarTvelos pozi-ciebi evropaSi ocdaaTi qveynis miRmaa.

Tu saqarTvelos maCveneblebs msoflio masStabebSi ganvixilavT, farTo-biT, mosaxleobiTa da mSp-is saerTo doniT, Cveni qveyana pirveli aseulis wevri namdvilad ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo farTobiTa da mosaxleobiT evropisa da aziis bevr qveyanas aWarbebs, igi, farTobis mxriv, 121-e qveyanaa, xolo mosaxleobiT 117-e adgilzea msoflioSi.

Sveicaria

41,3 aTasi kv.km.

7,1 mln. kaci

avstria

83,9 aTasi kv.km.

8 mln. kaci

slovenia

20,3 aTasi kv.km.

2,1 mln. kaci

kviprosi

9,2 aTasi kv.km.

821 aTasi kaci

14

,1 aT

asi kv.km

.

6 m

ln

. kaci

is

ra

el

i

iordania

92 aTasi kv.km.

5,6 mln. kaci

nax. 7.2. saqarTvelos `msgavsi~ qveynebi

1.msoflios politikuri rukisa (danarTi 3) da internetis gamoyenebiT moiZie is qveynebi, romlebic farTobis, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da mSp-is saerTo moculobis mixedviT msoflios qveynebis pirvel aTeulSi Sedian.

2.Seadare saqarTvelo farTobiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da mSp-is moculo-biT masTan axlo mdgom evropisa da msoflios qveynebs.

3. internetis saSualebiT moiZie msoflios da evropis 10-10 qveyana, romlebic saqarTvelos farTobiTa da mosaxleobis raodenobiT CamorCebian.

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nax. 8.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis Senoba

ori korpusisgan Sedgeba. zeda korpusi

1938 wels aSenda, xolo rusTavelis

gamzirispira korpusi – 1953 wels.

korpusebs Sida ezo – vestibiuli

aerTianebs, romelic kibeebiTa da

SadrevnebiT miuyveba reliefs.

amJamad parlamentis axali Senoba q.

quTaisSi Sendeba, sadac dagegmilia

parlamentis plenaruli sxdomebis gamarTva.

saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 1995 wlis 8 agvistos miRebuli konstitucia 2010 wlis da manamde miRebuli cvlilebebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanax-mad, Cveni qveyana respublikuri mmarTvelobisaa. kanonis ZaliT saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelsac irCeven xuTi wlis vadiT; erTi da imave kan-didatis arCeva SesaZlebelia ori vadiT. igi xelmZRvanelobs da axorcielebs qveynis rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo politikas da saxelmwifos mTlianobisa da erTianobis garantia.

kanonis Tanaxmad, prezidenti niSnavs qveynis mTavrobis meTaurs – premier-ministrs, ministrebs, elCebs da a. S. igi umaRles doneze iRebs ucxoeTis saxel-mwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurebs, awyobs saxelmwifo rangis oficialur vizitebs sazRvargareT, aniWebs saxelmwifo jildoebs da mxolod mas SeuZlia Seiwyalos msjavrdebulebi, SeuZlia daiTxovos parlamenti.

kanonis Sesabamisad, prezidenti aris saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali. swored igi niSnavs erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebs. qvey-nis sakanonmdeblo umaRlesi xelisufleba parlaments ekuTvnis. igi Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT, oTxi wlis vadiT arCeuli 150 deputatisagan. parlamenti oTxi wlis vadiT irCevs Tavmjdomares. parlamentSi umravlesobis mqone poli-tikuri partia ayalibebs mTavrobas. mTavroba, romelic Sedgeba premierisa da ministrebisagan, pasuxismgebelia prezidentisa da parlamentis winaSe. parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba arCeuli iqnas saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe 25 wlis asakidan.

arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs 18 wels miRweul saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes.

8. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba

da saxelmwifo simbolika

respublikuri mmarTveloba (respublika) – saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis forma, romlis dros xelisuflebis umaRles organoebs gansazRvruli vadiT irCeven. ganasxvaveben saprezidento, saparlamento da naxevrad saprezidento respublikebs.

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fes sainteresoa

u gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gamo saqarTvelos parlaments saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka eqvemdebareba.

Tavisufleba

Cemi xatia samSoblo, saxate mTeli qveyana, ganaTebuli mTa-bari, wilnayaria RmerTTana. Tavisufleba dRes Cveni momavals umRers didebas, ciskris varskvlavi amodis da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba.dideba Tavisuflebas! Tavisuflebas dideba!

leqsis avtori - daviT maRraZe musika - zaqaria faliaSvilis

nax. 8.2. saxelmwifo simbolika

devizi: – `Zala erTobaSia~

droSa saqarTvelos droSa

warmoadgens TeTr fons, romlis centrSic gamo-saxulia erTi didi swor-kuTxa jvari da kuTxeeb-Si – oTxi mcire jvari. isini zogadqristianuli simboloebia da macxovars da oTx maxarebels ganasaxiere-ben. TeTri (vercxlisferi) heraldikurad umankoebas, siwmindes, sibrZnes aRniSnavs. wiTeli feri ki – mamacobas, vaJkacobas, samarTlianobasa da siyvaruls.

gerbi mewamulisferi faris fonze gamosaxulia wminda

giorgi. fars zemodan amSvenebs qarTuli, anu iveriu-li gvirgvini, xolo marcxnidan da marjvnidan faris mtvirTvelebad gvevlinebian oqros lomebi. faris safuZveli gamosaxavs vazis qarTul stilizebul or-naments, Cawnuls sadevize bafTiT.

saqarTvelos himni

1.internetis saSualebiT moiZie msofliosa da evropis respublikuri mmarTve-lobis 5-5 qveyana.

2.vin aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTauri?

davaleba

www.parliament.geinternetsaiti

38

geo

gr

afiu

li

md

ebar

eob

aI

Tavi

dReisaTvis Cveni qveynis teritoriaze 12 administraciul-teritoriuli samxareo erTeulia. TiToeuli erTeuli samsafexuriania: sakrebulo-raioni-mxare. Cvens qveyanaSi sul 2 avtonomiuri respublika, 64 municipaliteti, 54 qalaqi, maT Soris, 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqi, 44 daba da 3668-mde sofelia.

nax. 9.1. saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa

nax. 9.2 saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi

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0 14 28 42 56

oni

java

xobi

qeda

xoni

gori

foTi

gali

vani

xulo

vale

abaSa

kaspi

gagra

jvari

wnoriwalka

senaki

cageri

axmeta

mcxeTa

xaSuri

duSeTi

soxumi

baTumi

Telavi

mestia

baRdaTi

tyibuli

Terjola

saCxere

TianeTi

yvareli

gudauTa

zugdidi

WiaTura

quTaisi

Tbilisi

siRnaRi

Suaxevi

lentexi

bolnisi

borjomi

aspinZa

dmanisi

adigeni

rusTavi

qobuleTi

Cxorowyu

cxinvali

martvili

lanCxuTi

lagodexi

marneuli

gurjaani

axalgori

oCamCire

gulrifSi

ozurgeTi

sagarejo

wyaltubo

axalcixe

tyvarCeli

xaragauli

samtredia

gardabani

zestafoni

Coxatauri

walenjixa

xelvaCauri

ambrolauri

ninowminda

axalqalaqi

axali aToni

TeTriwyaro

stefanwminda

dedofliswyaro

T u r q e T i

s o m x e T i

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qvemo aJara

qareli

afxazeTis a. r.

samegrelo - zemo svaneTi

raWa - leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi

imereTiguria

aWaris a. r.

samcxe - javaxeTi

Sida qarTli

mcxeTa - mTianeTi

kaxeTi

qvemo qarTli

km

1 sm = 14 km

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avt. resp. sazRvari

mxaris sazRvari

raionis sazRvari


resp. mniSvn. gza

sxva gzebi

rkinigza

baTumi

surami

korbouli

dedaqalaqiTbilisi

qalaqi

daba

sofeli

mdinare, arxi

tba, wyalsacavi

myinvari


!+! mxaris centri

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porti

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uReltexiliE


jvris uR.2376

aeroporti

eklesia

arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi

kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi

cixe-koSkebi

cixesimagreebi

monastrebi

9. saqarTvelos teritoriul-

administraciuli mowyoba

39

nax. 9.3. saqarTvelos samxareo erTeulebis farTobebi da mosaxleoba

(afxazeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba aRebulia 1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT)

afxazeTi:

farTobi – 8700 kv.kmmosaxleoba – 525000raionebis ricxvi – 6

imereTi:


raWa-leCxumi-qvemo svaneTi:


samcxe-javaxeTi:


Sida qarTli:


qvemo qarTli:


mcxeTa-mTianeTi:


Tbilisi:

farTobi – 36000 hamosaxleoba – 1200000raionebis ricxvi – 5

kaxeTi:


samegrelo-zemo svaneTi:


guria:


aWara:


1.Seadare erTmaneTs nax. 9.1 da 9.2 da daadgine, sad emTxveva da sad – ara Tana-medrove teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebi istoriul-geografiul provinciebs.

2.nax. 9.3-is mixedviT gamoTvale:

a) procentulad ramdens Seadgens TiToeuli samxareo erTeulis farTobi da mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili;

b) miRebuli monacemebiT aage wriuli diagramebi.

3.nax. 9.3-is mixedviT daadgine:

a) farTobis mixedviT sami udidesi da sami yvelaze patara samxareo er-Teuli;

b) mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT sami udidesi da sami yvelaze patara mxare.

davaleba

40

1. romel wels aRidgina saqarTvelom suvereniteti? 2. ra Rvawli miuZRvis vaxuSti bagrations qarTuli geografiuli mecnierebis

ganviTarebaSi? 3. evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis romeli versiiT xvdeba saqarTvelo

evropaSi? 4. romeli mniSvnelovani savaWro gza gadioda saqarTvelos teritoriaze? 5. rogoria saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba? 6. romelia saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi da aR-

mosavleTi wertilebi? 7. romeli mxridan aris SemosazRvruli saqarTvelo barieruli sazRvriT? 8. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari? 9. romel tbebze gadis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari? 10. romeli mdinareebi kveTs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvars? 11. ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval romel subieqtTan aqvs saqarTvelos yvelaze

grZeli sazRvari? 12. romel orografiul erTeulebze gadis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRva-

ri? 13. kavkasiis romel nawilSi mdebareobs saqarTvelo? 14. romeli mTaTa sartylis teritoriaze vrceldeba kavkasia? 15. kavkasiis fizikur-geografiuli regionebidan romeli ar vrceldeba sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze? 16. mosazRvre saxelmwifoebidan romel qveyanas aRemateba saqarTvelo far-

TobiTa da mosaxleobis raodenobiT? 17. vin meTaurobs saqarTvelos mTavrobas? 18. ramdeni wlis vadiT irCeven saxelmwifos meTaurs? 19. ramden samxareo erTeulad iyofa saqarTvelo? 20. romeli avtonomiuri respublikebi Sedis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi?

II. romelia marTebuli msjeloba:

1. termini `saqarTvelo~ VIII s-is bolodan damkvidrda; 2. saqarTvelom suvereniteti 1991 wels aRidgina; 3. vaxuSti bagrations udidesi Rvawli miuZRvis qarTuli geografiuli, kar-

tografiuli, istoriuli da eTnografiuli mecnierebebis ganviTarebaSi; 4. saqarTvelo evropa-aziis gzaTa Sesayarze, kavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleT

nawilSi mdebareobs; 5. saqarTvelos metad araxelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebare-

oba aqvs, rac evraziis Sesayarze misi mdebareobiT aixsneba; 6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe 1970 km-ia, aqedan 315 km saxmeleToa,

danarCeni _ sazRvao; 7. ialbuzi kavkasiisa da mTeli evropis umaRlesi mwvervalia;

I. upasuxe kiTxvebs:

Semajamebeli samuSao I

41

8. saqarTvelos 5 qveyana esazRvreba: ruseTis federacia, somxeTi, azerbai-jani, TurqeTi da irani;

9. saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT premier-ministri qveynis SeiaraRe-buli Zalebis mTavarsardalia da igi niSnavs erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebs;

10. saqarTveloSi 12 administraciul-teritoriuli samxareo erTeulia.

III. ipove teqstSi Secdomebi da gaaswore:

1. saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis Sesayarze kavkasiis regionSi mdebareobs. sa-qarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi wertili mdinare fsous napirze nasof-lar sarfTanaa, dasavleTi daba leseliZesTan, aRmosavleTi ki mdinareebis – alaznisa da mtkvris SeerTebis adgilze.

2. kuma-maniCis Rrmulidan samxreT kavkasionis Crdilo mTiswinebamde samxre-Ti kavkasiaa, xolo kavkasionis samxreTuli ferdobebidan iran-somxeTis politikur sazRvramde Crdilo kavkasia. dReisaTvis kavkasiis regionSi 3 suverenuli saxelmwifoa.

IV. ipove Secdomebi rukaze da gaaswore:

Tbilisi

rusTavi

gori

quTaisi

baTumi

soxumi

baqoerevani

sumgaiTi

ganja

derbenti

naxiCevani

mahaCyala

grozno

nazrani

xasaviurTi

vladikavkazi

novorosiiski

maikopi

Cerqeski

kislovodski

piatigorski

nalCiki

giumri

agri

yarsi

ardahaniarTvini

rize

trapizoni

erzrumi

xoi

irani

TurqeTi

somxeTi

azerbaijani

azer

baijani

saqarTvelo

ruseTi

daRestani

CeCneTi

inguSeTi

Crd. oseTi

yabardo-balyareTi

yaraCai-CerqezeTi

ad

iR

ea

stavropolis mxare

kr

as

no

dar

is mxare

Savi zRva

kaspiis zRva

Documents

geografia9 geografia