Geochemical Applications in Reservoir Geochemical Applications in Reservoir Management: Using Spotfire to Interpret Management: Using Spotfire to Interpret

Reservoir Fluid DataReservoir Fluid Data

R.L. KaufmanR.L. KaufmanChevronTexacoChevronTexaco

Reservoir ManagementReservoir ManagementWhat is it?What is it?

•• Reservoir Management is that Reservoir Management is that segment of petroleum operations segment of petroleum operations concerned with maximizing concerned with maximizing recovery from a reservoir.recovery from a reservoir.

It is concerned with maximizing the It is concerned with maximizing the economic rate of withdrawal.economic rate of withdrawal.It is concerned with maximizing the It is concerned with maximizing the economic ultimate recover.economic ultimate recover.

•• The customers are virtually The customers are virtually everyone involved in the everyone involved in the upstream business.upstream business.

Petroleum Composition is Controlled by Petroleum Composition is Controlled by Geologic ProcessesGeologic Processes

•• GenerationGenerationSource Rock CompositionSource Rock CompositionThermal MaturityThermal Maturity

•• MigrationMigrationPrimaryPrimarySecondarySecondary

•• AccumulationAccumulationTrap GeometryTrap GeometryPVT ConditionsPVT ConditionsSeals and LeaksSeals and Leaks

•• AlterationAlterationBiodegradationBiodegradationWater WashingWater WashingGas FlushingGas FlushingThermal CrackingThermal Cracking

Fluid Properties are Integral to Both Upstream Fluid Properties are Integral to Both Upstream and Downstream Operationsand Downstream Operations

Hydrocarbon Systems

PlayEvaluation

ProspectEvaluation Delineation Development Reservoir

Management

EXPLORATION PRODUCTION

Basin Field Reservoir

SCALE

FLUID PROPERTIES

Bulk Molecular

SURFACE PROCESSES

Facilities Transportation Refining

SUB-SURFACE PROCESSES

Geochemical Projects Use Oil Data from Many Geochemical Projects Use Oil Data from Many Different SourcesDifferent Sources

Chevron DataChevron Data

Industry DataIndustry Data

GeochemicalGeochemical

PVTPVT

Crude AssayCrude Assay

SpotfireSpotfire

ReportsReports

MapsMaps

•• Merge dataMerge data•• InterpretationsInterpretations•• Cluster analysisCluster analysis•• PCAPCA•• Filter variablesFilter variables•• Links to other Links to other

programsprograms

ChartsCharts

LogsLogs

Downhole Downhole PlotsPlots

Crude Oil is Characterized by a Wide Crude Oil is Characterized by a Wide Range of Physical PropertiesRange of Physical Properties

•• GravityGravity•• ViscosityViscosity•• Acid numberAcid number•• Pour Point Pour Point •• Vapor PressureVapor Pressure•• Wax ContentWax Content

•• Flash PointFlash Point•• Cloud PointCloud Point•• SaturatesSaturates•• AromaticsAromatics•• NaphthenesNaphthenes•• AsphaltenesAsphaltenes

Crude Oil is a Complex Natural Product Crude Oil is a Complex Natural Product with Diverse Molecular Propertieswith Diverse Molecular Properties

•• GeochemicalGeochemicalBiomarkers (steranes, terpanes)Biomarkers (steranes, terpanes)Hydrocarbon DistributionHydrocarbon DistributionIsotopesIsotopes

•• Crude AssayCrude AssaySulfur, Nitrogen, MetalsSulfur, Nitrogen, MetalsDistillation CurvesDistillation CurvesComposition of Distillation cutsComposition of Distillation cuts

•• PVTPVTComposition at Reservoir ConditionsComposition at Reservoir Conditions

Crude Oil Value is Dependent on the Crude Oil Value is Dependent on the Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

$/BBL Gravity Viscosity Sulfur Acid Number

$$$ High

$ Low

Oil Gravity Trends for Different Source TypesOil Gravity Trends for Different Source TypesCrude Assay DatabaseCrude Assay Database

I

II, II/III

IISAPI

% Sulfur

Filtered DataFiltered DataInitial DataInitial Data

API

% Sulfur

Well Test Data from Three Different DatasetsWell Test Data from Three Different Datasets

DST 2DST 2

DST 1DST 1Color by DSTColor by DST

Color by DSTColor by DST

RFT PressureRFT Pressure PVT Saturation PressurePVT Saturation Pressure Distillation YieldDistillation Yield

Gas Chromatography Indicates Low Oil Gas Chromatography Indicates Low Oil Gravity Due to BiodegradationGravity Due to Biodegradation

Marked Data PointMarked Data Point

High Gravity Oils are UnalteredHigh Gravity Oils are Unaltered

Reservoir ManagementReservoir ManagementSomeSome Geochemical ApplicationsGeochemical Applications

•• Reservoir ContinuityReservoir Continuity•• Characterization of Reservoir FluidsCharacterization of Reservoir Fluids

OilOilGasGasWaterWater

•• Identification of Reservoir Tars and BitumensIdentification of Reservoir Tars and Bitumens•• Production MonitoringProduction Monitoring

Gas Chromatography is a Common Gas Chromatography is a Common Technique for Oil FingerprintingTechnique for Oil Fingerprinting

Sample 1506

n-C10

n-C15

n-C20

n-C25

n-C30

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

RFT Pressures and Oil Fingerprinting RFT Pressures and Oil Fingerprinting Identify Reservoir CompartmentsIdentify Reservoir Compartments

UDT 2 BlockUDT 2 Block

Main BlockMain Block

8X Block8X Block

Cluster DistanceCluster Distance

0.00.0 0.50.5 1.01.0 1.51.5 2.02.0

18001800 20002000 22002200 24002400 26002600 28002800 30003000 32003200

24002400

29002900

34003400

39003900

44004400

49004900

54005400

59005900

64006400

Pressure (psi)Pressure (psi)

Dep

th (f

tD

epth

(ft -- t

vdss

)tv

dss)

Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint Data

After Kaufman (1999)After Kaufman (1999)

Structure Map of the IagifuStructure Map of the Iagifu--Hedinia FieldHedinia Field

Oil Groups Correspond to Individual Fault BlocksOil Groups Correspond to Individual Fault Blocks

After Kaufman (1999)After Kaufman (1999)

Selective Filtering and Color Coding Selective Filtering and Color Coding Simplifies RFT Pressure InterpretationSimplifies RFT Pressure Interpretation

Initial DataInitial DataColor by WellColor by Well

Filtered DataFiltered Data

Gas Column

Oil Column

Water Column

Color by Fluid TypeColor by Fluid Type

Oil Fingerprint Data Can Be Displayed Oil Fingerprint Data Can Be Displayed Using the Profile ChartUsing the Profile Chart

RFT Pressure DataRFT Pressure Data

Oil Field AOil Field A

Oil Field BOil Field B

Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint Data

Oil Field AOil Field A Oil Field BOil Field B

Chromatography Peak Height RatiosChromatography Peak Height Ratios

Displaying Data in Mapview is Essential Displaying Data in Mapview is Essential to Reservoir Management Activitiesto Reservoir Management Activities

Public Domain MapsPublic Domain Maps

ChevronTexaco MapsChevronTexaco Maps•• CADCAD•• ZMAPZMAP•• StratworksStratworks•• ArcviewArcview

ARCIMSARCIMS(Shape Files)(Shape Files) SpotfiireSpotfiire

All Visible Records MappedAll Visible Records Mapped

Oil Fingerprint DataOil Fingerprint DataPeak Height RatiosPeak Height Ratios

Oilfield A Wells MappedOilfield A Wells Mapped

Selected RecordsSelected Records

Field AField A

Oilfield B Wells MappedOilfield B Wells Mapped

Selected RecordsSelected Records

Field BField B

ConclusionsConclusions

•• Spotfire provides an efficient mechanism to Spotfire provides an efficient mechanism to load and interpret reservoir fluid data from load and interpret reservoir fluid data from multiple databases.multiple databases.

•• Different reservoir fluid properties and Different reservoir fluid properties and reservoir compartments can be readily reservoir compartments can be readily identified using selective filtering and color identified using selective filtering and color coding.coding.

•• Crude oil fingerprint data can be dynamically Crude oil fingerprint data can be dynamically interpreted with the results displayed in map interpreted with the results displayed in map view.view.