Geo11 03 Minerals

8/2/2019 Geo11 03 Minerals

1/45

MINERALS


2/45

1. Define what a mineral is

2. Differentiate mineral from a rock

3. Identify mineral properties useful foridentification

4. Identify common rock-forming minerals

5. Name the mineral resources of the Philippines


3/45

DEFINITION

Naturally occurring

Inorganic

Homogeneous Solid

Definite chemical composition

Solid ordered internal structure


4/45

Mga nagpapanggap na

minerals (MINERALOID)naturally occurring, inorganic material

that is amorphous

Ex. glass, opal


5/45

POLYMORPHISM

ability of a specific chemical substance tocrystallize in more than one configuration, which is

dependent upon changes in temperature,pressure, or both

Marcasite

FeS2

Pyrite

http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/4/F/graphite.jpg

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0502/5ae91d7576fb

CarbonGraphite Diamond


6/45

PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOF MINERALS


7/45

Color

caused by the absorption, or lack of absorption,of various wavelengths of light

malachite fluorite sulfur


8/45

May also be due to impurities = not a gooddiagnostic property

citrine

amethyst smoky qtz

quartz corundum

Color

milky qtz


9/45

Streak

- the color of a mineral in powdered form

- not always identical to the color

- Metals: usually dark streak


10/45


11/45

resistance of mineral to abrasion or

scratching

Mohs Scale of

Hardness1. Talc

2. Gypsum

3. Calcite

4. Fluorite

5. Apatite6. Orthoclase7. Quartz

8. Topaz9. Corundum

10. Diamond

Hardness


12/45

Talc Gypsum Calcite

Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase


13/45

Quartz Topaz

Corundum Diamond


14/45

TheGeologistCan

FindAnOrdinaryQuartz (that)TouristsCallDiamond

Mohs Scale of Hardness


15/45

Crystal Habit

the shapes and aggregates that a certain mineral islikely to form

fibrous acicular platy


16/45

rhomboid

cubic

tabular

rosette

dodecahedron

Crystal Habit


17/45

Crystal Form


18/45

Cleavage

the tendency of amineral to breakin particulardirections due to

zones ofweakness in thecrystal structure


19/45

Cleavage

Fractures or irregular breakages occur when bondstrengths in a crystal structure is equal in all directions.

conchoidalfracture


20/45

Luster

the ability of minerals to reflect light

non-metallic

glassy

earthy

pearly

resinous

metallic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg


21/45

Specific Gravity

Ratio of volume of a substance and theweight of the same volume of water

Graphite = 2.0 g/cm3

Gold = 15 19.3 g/cm3


22/45

Other properties

1. Magnetism ex. Magnetite (Fe3O4)

2. Fluorescence ex. Fluorite (CaF2)

3. Reaction to chemicals ex. CaCO3

4. Taste ex. NaCl

5. Odor ex. Sulfur


23/45

CLASSIFICATION OFMINERALS

Bases for Classification

1. Composition

2. Crystal structure


24/45

Chemical composition

Single element (e.g. Cu, Au, S)

2 elements (e.g. halite, pyrite)

Greater number of different kinds of atoms(e.g. Colemanite (CaB3O4(OH)3H2O))


25/45

Relative Abundance of the MostCommon Elements in the Crust


26/45

Abundance of minerals in the crust


27/45

The Silicate Group

- largest group of minerals

- compounds containing silicon and oxygen

- building block: silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)-4

Si+4

O-2


28/45

1. Native metals single element

e.g. gold (Au), silver (Ag),iron (Fe), graphite (C)

The Non-silicate Group


29/45

2. Oxides oxygen plus metal

e.g. hematite (Fe2O

3), magnetite (Fe

3O

4),

corundum (Al2O3)



30/45

3. Sulfides metal(s) plus sulfur, w/outoxygen

opaque with distinct colors

e.g. pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS)



31/45

4. Sulfates metal(s) plus sulfate (SO4)

e.g. barite (BaSO4), anhydrite (Ca SO4)


5. Carbonates metal(s) plus carbonate(CO3)

e.g. calcite (CaCO3)

CarbonatesSulfates


32/45

6. Phosphates metal(s) plus phosphate(PO4)

e.g. apatite (Ca5(PO4)3F)


7. Halides metal(s) plus halogen element(Cl, F, I)

e.g. halite (NaCl), fluorite (CaF2)


33/45

8. Hydroxides metal(s) plus hydroxyl(OH)

e.g. gibbsite (Al(OH)3)



34/45

THE MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS


35/45

Feldspar

Quartz

Olivine


36/45

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Mica


37/45

Clay

Calcite


38/45

Economic importance

Non-renewable resource processes thatcreate the resources are so slow (takesmillions of years to accumulate)

Mineral resources sources of metalsand other materials


39/45

Economic importance

1. Ores useful metallic(and some nonmetallic)minerals that can beextracted and whichcontain usefulsubstances

2. Gemstones

METAL ORE

Al Bauxite

Cr Chromite

Cu Bornite

Chalcopyrite

Au Native gold

Fe Hematite

Zn Sphalerite

P t ti l d d it


40/45

12

43

6

78

9

1012

5

11

Potential areas and deposits:

1. Luzon Central Cordillera Au,Cu, Fe, Mn

2. Northern Sierra Madre Cr, Ni,Cu

3. Zambales Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Cu, Au

4. Vizcaya-Aurora Cu, Au

5. Bicol Au, Fe, Cu

6. Southern Tagalog Cu, Au, Ni,Co

7. Central Visayas Cu, Au, Mn

8. Samar-Eastern Mindanao Au,Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Mn

9. North Central Mindanao

Cr,Cu, Au

10. Zamboanga Peninsula Au, Cu,Cr, Fe

11. Southern Mindanao Cu, Au

12. Palawan Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Au


41/45

Gold in the Philippines


42/45


43/45

Copper in the Philippines


44/45

Trivia

Luzonite

Composition Cu3AsS4

Locality Mankayan,Luzon Island

(1874)


45/45

Documents

Geo11 03 Minerals