Geo to Helio - boun.edu.tr · Kanuni (1520-1566) Sokollu dies 1571 Lepanto (İnebahtı) 1630 Kepler Kepler’s Laws 1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus (not

GEOCENTRISM

HELIOCENTRISM

to

An ancient person (priest? shaman? navigator?) looks at the sky…

WHAT DOES HE SEE?

An ancient person (priest? shaman? navigator?) looks at the sky…

WHAT DOES HE SEE?

Celestial Sphere

BUT… Seven move DIFFERENT THAN THE REST…

Total: EIGHT objects in the sky…

Seven PLANETS (“wanderers”) vs.

STARS fixed on the celestial sphere


STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle


STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect


STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs !


STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs ! ⟹ honor them !



Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - Saturday



Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - SaturdayDimache - Lundi - Mardi - Mercredi - Jeudi - Vendredi - Samedi



Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - SaturdayDimache - Lundi - Mardi - Mercredi - Jeudi - Vendredi - Samedi

BUT…

Ancient Greeks: to explain…

deferent

epicycle

deferent

Eventual Model: Ptolemy(excentric, equant…)



Why?


Why? Fortune-telling…


Aristotelian ideas…



Aristotelian ideas…Philosophy Physics Chemistry Astronomy • Circle is perfect • Natural motion • Four elements • Natural motion in sky: • Gods : perfect on Earth: None on Earth uniform circular • In the sky : Gods • Physics in sky • Sky: Fifth • Retrograde different element motion, etc. : • Each element (quintessence) Epicycles, equants, wants to reach excentrics, etc. its “proper” place




INTEGRATED INTO CHRISTIANITY




INTEGRATED INTO CHRISTIANITY


SN 1054 not recorded reliably.

1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits


…on his deathbed…


…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.



Aristarchus of Samos — 3rd cty. BC — others, before & after —




Aristotelian objections




Copernicus’ theory —spread slowly for 60 years —No significant church opposition





Copernicus’ theory —spread slowly for 60 years —No significant church opposition


No answers here…

1572: discovers NEW STAR

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601

Tycho BraheFatih dies

Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)

Sokollu dies

Ty c h o B r a h e


Copernicus

King of Denmark gives him the island Hven

1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe

Fatih dies


Sokollu dies

Ty c h o B r a h e


Copernicus


1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe

Fatih dies


Sokollu dies

1576: construction begins for

URANIBORG

Ty c h o B r a h e


Copernicus


1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe

Fatih dies


Sokollu dies

1576: construction begins for

URANIBORGoutfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements

Ty c h o B r a h e

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements

Observes the Great Comet of 1577

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies



Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

Work goes on 1576-1597



Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

Work goes on 1576-1597 — Star charts — Angular positions of planets as fn. of time



Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

Work goes on 1576-1597 — Star charts — Angular positions of planets as fn. of time


Beginning of “BIG SCIENCE”

Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571

Lepanto (İnebahtı)

1630Kepler

K e p l e r


Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler

K e p l e rSN 1604


Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler

K e p l e r

Analyzes Tycho’s data (trying to find orbit radius etc. for Mars)

SN 1604


Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

— Observational error: 2’ — Pseudo-Ptolemaic model’s error: up to 8’ — Copernican model’s error: up to 4’

1571


1630Kepler

K e p l e r


SN 1604


Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies


1571


1630Kepler

K e p l e r


1605: Hits on elliptic orbit around Sun.

SN 1604


Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies


1571


1630Kepler

K e p l e r


1605: Hits on elliptic orbit around Sun.

SN 1604

Perfect fit

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler

Kepler’s Laws

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler

Kepler’s Laws1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with

the Sun at one focus (not the center!)

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler



2. A line from the Sun to the planet sweeps equal areas in equal time

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler




3. The square of the orbital period and the cube of the length of the ellipse are proportional: T2 ∝ a3

Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601



Sokollu dies

1571


1630Kepler




3. The square of the orbital period and the cube of the length of the ellipse are proportional: T2 ∝ a3

Still no answers to Aristotelian objections…

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42

GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin

G a l i l e o (1564-1642)

Questions Aristotelian mechanics “Heavier objects fall faster” “Natural motion is no motion”

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


G a l i l e o (1564-1642)

Questions Aristotelian mechanics “Heavier objects fall faster” “Natural motion is no motion”

Experiments → — Universality of free fall — Principle of Inertia

Objects in undisturbed motion stay in motion

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Accepts Heliocentrism

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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30

Kepler64 42


Accepts HeliocentrismAristotelian objections answered by the

Principle of Inertia !

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42



Makes telescope, discovers

Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42





— Many new stars:

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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Kepler64 42





— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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30

Kepler64 42





— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter:

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42





— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that

can be orbited

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Sokollu dies

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30

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can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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30

Kepler64 42







— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”— Venus can be farther away than Sun

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42








— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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30

Kepler64 42








— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon— Sunspots

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

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30

Kepler64 42








— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon— Sunspots — Sun and Moon are NOT perfect bodies

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42

GalileoMurad IV dies

Kasr-ı Şirin

N e w t o n (1643-1727)

43 1727Siege of Vienna

Karlofça

Newton

PasarofçaPrinting press

Tulip per.

Cambridge 1661 — then 1665-66 Lincolnshire Village

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin

N e w t o n (1643-1727)

Worked out basic laws of mechanics


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.


1. Pr. of Inertia (Galileo) 2. F = m a 3. Action = Reaction

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin

N e w t o n (1643-1727)



Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.



Force: A vector, realizable by springs, etc.

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin

N e w t o n (1643-1727)



Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.



Force: A vector, realizable by springs, etc.

Velocity: How fast position changes; a vectorAcceleration: How fast velocity changes; a vector

1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe

Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.


💡 What if force on Moon and force on falling apple are the same phenomenon

F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !

?

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.




?Moon’s acceleration known from v2/r, apple’s is g ;

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.




?Moon’s acceleration known from v2/r, apple’s is g ;

Compare, use F = m a → again

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

1665-66 Lincolnshire Village

💡 If this force exists between

Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.



Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.



Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?The math: Three differential

equations

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.




equations [unknown and its derivative(s)]

N e w t o n



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.





N e w t o n

— Had to invent the derivative to formulate the math



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.





N e w t o n

— Had to invent the derivative to formulate the math— Had to invent the integral to solve.



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.


💡 If the force existed betweenthe Sun and some object, how would that object move ??

Three families of solutions:

N e w t o n

— Elliptic orbits (with all the properties described by Kepler) — Parabolic orbits — Hyperbolic orbits

(satisfying Kepler’s second law)



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.


💡 If the force existed betweenthe Sun and some object, how would that object move ??

Three families of solutions:

N e w t o n

— Elliptic orbits (with all the properties described by Kepler) — Parabolic orbits — Hyperbolic orbits

(satisfying Kepler’s second law)

Soon, comets on elliptic (Halley’s) and hyperbolic orbits discovered.



71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

Hence: Newton’s universal law of gravitation

Motion of everything in the Solar System completely understood, incl. what makes them move.

Laws on Earth and laws in the sky are NOT different!

Much better predictive power, incl. eclipses and periodic comets (new)

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,The Scientific Revolution → The Industrial Revolution

Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601



Sokollu dies

71


30

Kepler64 42


Kasr-ı Şirin


Karlofça

Newton


Tulip per.

If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,The Scientific Revolution → The Industrial Revolution

Newton: If I have been able to see far, it was because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.

Documents

Geo to Helio - boun.edu.tr · Kanuni (1520-1566) Sokollu dies 1571 Lepanto (İnebahtı) 1630 Kepler Kepler’s Laws 1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus (not