SPRING 3.6 SPRING 3.6 Geo-referenced Information

Processing System

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Geoprocessing

• Technologies to collect and treat spatial information for a specific goal. Geoprocessing systems must provide storage, management, manipulation and analysis resources of geographically referred data.

• a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information.

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GIS StructureInterface

Input and DataIntegration

Geographical Geographical Data BaseData Base

Query and Spatial Analysis

Visualization Plotting

Spatial Data Manager

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• SPRING is a state-of-the-art GIS and remote sensing image processing system

• Developed at INPE by Image Processing Department - DPI

SPRING

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• A multi-platform system, with support for

Windows95/98/NT, Linux and Solaris.

• Integration of raster and vector data representations

in a single environment.

• New algorithms (spatial analysis).

• Totally free on http://www.dpi.inpe.br.

• Size: 36 MB.

• Training courses: http://www.dpi.inpe/cursos.

SPRING

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• SPRING provides mechanisms to: combine information through manipulation

and analysis algorithms,

query, retrieve and display data base contents.

create maps.

• SPRING integrates at the same database: Cartographic data. Census data. Urban and Rural Cadastral data. Remote sensing imagery. Network data. Digital Elevation data.

SPRING

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• A map is a simple model from the real data.• It represents a set of abstract entities over the

Earth surface, usually with a defined scale.

Vegetation Map

What is a Map ?

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• Maps: several data sources and formats.

• SPRING treats:– Thematic Maps: qualitative measurements.– Numerical Maps: quantitative measurements.– Images: remote sensing data.– Cadastral Maps: objects in a map.– Networks Maps: special cadastral map.

GIS Data Type

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Thematic Maps• Geographical regions defined by one or

more polygons. • Topological representation: Arc – Node -

Region.• Digitized data or from image

classification.• Stored as raster or vector.

Slope Map

Examples: Soil Map, Geologic Map, Slope Classes Map, Land Use/ Land Cover Map.

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• Phenomenon which has continuous variation in space, like terrain elevation, precipitation, soil and subsoil properties, pH, etc. are represented in Numerical Maps.

• Regular grids or triangular

irregular networks (TIN)

Topographical or Hypsometric Maps from Elevation values

Cut and Fill earth analysis for roads and dams projects

Slop and Exposition maps – geomorphology and erosion

Geophysical and geo-chemical variable analysis and 3D visualization

Numerical Maps

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• Classification methods are necessary to differentiate geographical objects .

• Characteristics: Spectral resolution, Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Temporal resolution.

Image• Obtained by satellites, aerial

photographs or air transported scanners.

• Stored in matrix format. • Value of each element - "pixel" is

function of the target reflectance.

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• Geographical objects are represented in Cadastral Maps.

• Each geographical object has attributes stored in relational tables.

• A geographical object can have several graphical representations, depending on the map scale.

• Point, Lines and Polygons to describe the objects location.

• Stored in vector format, with arc-node-polygon topology.

Cadastral Maps

Block population

Ex: Rural Property Map, Parcel Map, Block Map.

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id label capacidade

22 Eng. Dentro 3.000 kVA

id label Transf.

2345 32-17-95 Classe 3

Sub-estações

Postes

• Special types of geographical objects are represented in Networks Maps.

• Each object has a exact geographical location and attributes in the data base.

• Stored in vector format, with arc-node topology: Arcs with flow direction and nodes as sources or "whirlpool", creating a graph.

• Since spatial data are simple, data base links are important. Applications should be adapted to user requirements.

Examples:

Public uility services as water, electrical power, and telephone.

Drainage network (hodrographic basin).

Road network

Network Maps

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SPRING ModulesImpima – read images and convert

formats (data ingestion)

Spring – data input, processing and analysis

Scarta – maps elaboration (layout)

Auxiliary modules

Iplot – printout the maps or save map files

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IMPIMA

InputBSQBILTIFFGEOTIFFRAWSITIMGRIB

OutputGRIB

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InputTIFFRAWSITIMGRIB

DXFASCIIArcINFOShapeFile

OutputTIFFRAWJPEGgeotiff

DXFASCIIArcINFOShapeFile

SPRING

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Input Infolayer

of a Data Base and a Project

Output File format

Plotter format

SCARTA

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IPLOT

Input

IPL

OutputPrinterPlotter

PostScriptGIFTIFGEOTIFJPG

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SPRING Data Model

• How should be the data set modelled in the Database?

• Which types of category should be created?

• What is the geographical location of the study site?

• Which maps and information are needed?

• How should these maps be represented in the

database?

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Database

• The database contains all SPRING data and information.

• Several database available, but only one can be activated each time.

• It is not related to the geographical coordinates.

• It can support more than one Project.

• C:\springdb\Database

– A folder in the directory system.

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Project• The Project defines a region of interest

with:Bounding box defined by points 1 e 2.A defined Geographical Projection.Data in scale.

• It has a set of infolayers related to the same geographic region, such as:

Soil Map;Landsat images;Elevation Map, etc.

• C:\springdb\Database\Project

– Each project is a new folder in the database directory.

1

2

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InfoLayer• An infoLayer represents the geographic space

with common basic characteristics defined by its category.

• A project and a category has to be already created.• Each InfoLayer is associated to only one data

category.• A category defines the data type of several

infoLayers.Ex: - Land use Map for 1970 and 1980 (Tematic).

- TM/Landsat Bands 3, 4, and 5 (Image). - Altimetry Map (Numerical). - Farm Map (Cadastral).

• C:\springdb\Database\Project\PI.lin

– InfoLayer files are stored at the Project directory.

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Data Model

• A Data model defines all Categories and Classes of the Database.

• A Category assembles similar geographical data, according to its nature and the data types: Thematic, Numeric, Image, Cadastral or Object.

• Several InfoLayer in different Projects can be associated to the same Category.

Land Use (Thematic):

Classes: Forest, Water bodies, Urban, agriculture, etc.

TM/Landsat Image (Image), Photo_10000 (Image).

Altimetry (Numeric), DBO (Numerical), pH (Numerical).

Farm (Object).

Attributes: Owner, Registration, Productivity, etc.

Rural properties (Cadastral).

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Category

Pl - 1

Project A Project B

•Name•Folder

• Name • Projection• area

• Name• Category • Resolution • Scale

Pl - 2 Pl - 3 Pl - 4 Pl - 1 Pl - 2

• Image• Numerical• Register• Object• Thematic

Cl-1 Cl-2

Register MapRegister Map

Numerical mapNumerical map

ImageImage

Thematic MapThematic MapThematic MapThematic Map

SPRING Data ModelData Base

InfoLayers

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SPRING 3.6

General Presentation