Climatology

ClimatologyIndian geography1

Climatic Regions of the world2Equatorial regionHot desertContinental desertsTropical grasslandsTemperate grasslandsTropical monsoon

7) Mediterranean climate8) China type9) British type10) Laurentian type11) Taiga12) Tundra

Climatic regions of the world3Equatorial regions in the world1st

4climateVegetationEquatorial Regions

5Tropical Deserts

Off-Shore Trade windsEffect of Cold currents2nd 6climate

vegetationTropical desert7ChinaSouth AmericaContinental Desert

Continentality Rain-shadow region 3th 8climateExtreme weatherHot summer- cold winterHigh annual temperature range

VegetationContinental deserts9Tropical grasslands

3th 10South AmericaSavannah in AfricaTropical grasslands

CamposEquatorial RainforestSavannahSavannahSahara DesertEquatorial Rainforest11ClimateDistinct hot and dry weatherSummer rainfall

VegetationTropical grasslands

12Savanna tressBaoab treesTropical grasslands

13Prairies of North AmericaPampas of S. AmeTemperate grasslands

5thMississippi-Missouri BasinParana-Paraguay Basin14Steppe of Central AsiaVeldt of AfricaTemperate grasslands

15Downs of AustraliaClimate Temperate grasslands

DOWNSMurray-Darling BasinCool and wetUnder westerlies16Grass vegetationTemperate grasslands

17AgricultureAnimal husbandryDairy- meat productionWheat productionTruck-farming

Economy Temperate Grasslands

18Tropical Monsoon

6th19climateVegetationTropical Monsoon

20Intensive agricultureShifting cultivationTropical Monsoon: economy

2122Mediterranean climateArea around Mediterranean SeaCalifornia, USACentral Chile, South AmericaSouthern tip of South AfricaSouth Australia

Warm temperate western margin

7th23

Shifting wind beltIn summer apparent movement of the sun towards north region comes under influence of off-shore North trade winds => no rainDistinct dry season

Mediterranean climate24

In winters apparent movement of the sun towards south region comes under influence of westerlies => rainfall Winter rainfall

Mediterranean climate25

Movement of Jet streams26Winter cyclonic rain in Atlantic -> these cyclones are carried by STWJ to Northern India in winter western disturbances in northern India during winter

Mediterranean climate

STWJSTWJ27Shrubs and bushes with scattered stunted treesThe natural grass is so wiry and bunchy not suitable for cattle rearing => Mediterranean region net importer of dairy products

Mediterranean climate

28

Trees without shed, stunted massive trunks, wide spread roots because winter rain growth limited to autumn and spring when moisture content is sufficient

Mediterranean vegetation29Different names of medi. vegetationcountryName of vegetationSouthern FranceMaquisItalyMacchiaCaliforniaChaparralAustraliaMallee scrub30

Not suitable for agriculture but cultivation using irrigation networkWheat and barley grown Chief cooking oil olivesAgriculture in Mediterranean31Citrus fruit plantation Worlds orchard lands fruit trees long deep root, to survive during dry summeroranges, grapes, lemonCalifornia Sunkist orangesNegev desert of Israel Jaffa orangesSpain Seville oranges

Mediterranean agriculture

32CountryName of wineSouthern SpainsherryPortugalPort wine ItalyChianti and MarsalaFranceChampagne, Bordeaux, Burgundyviticulture33

Viticulture:Ebro basin in Spain Po valley in ItalyRhone basin in FranceSicily Island of ItalyAlgeria in Africa: exports wine

Mediterranean in Europe34

California state of USASan Francisco, Los Angeles, San DiegoFruit plantation oranges, grapes, OlivesCalifornia high productivity

Mediterranean in USA35

Central ChileCities: Santiago (cap. Of Chile)ValparaisoWine manufacturing

Mediterranean in South America36

Southern tip of AustraliaCities: Perth and AdelaideFruit plantationMediterranean in Australia37

Imp Cities:Cape town, Port ElizabethFruit plantation

Mediterranean in South Africa38Warm temperate eastern margin

8th39China typeGulf typeNatal typeCentral and north chinaS E USANatal, South AfricaSouthern Japan(gulf of Mexico)Eastern AustraliaSouthern BrazilWarm temperate eastern margin40

Similar to tropical monsoon But Rainfall throughout the year summer intense heating of central Asiasouth east monsoon

China Type41

In winter -> north-west monsoon Siberian plateau HP anticyclone, cold air flow outwards as North West monsoon- snow fall and rain on windward side of the mountains

China typeYellow sea42Rainfall is also due to local storms typhoons (China) in late summersMore rainfall than Mediterranean climate though being on the same latitude

China Type

43

Less annual temperature range warm due to gulf stream (ocean current) and on-shore trade windsImp cities: New Orleans, AtlantaGulf Type44

No distinct dry seasonRainfall maximum in summer-mT unstable air mass - thunderstorms

Gulf type45Late Summer-HurricanesWinter- temperate cycloneGulf type

46

Narrow land, dominance of maritime climateSouth east trade winds bring even distribution of rainfall throughout the yearImp City: Durban

Natal Type47High rainfall, warm temp, long growing seasonEvergreen vegetation broadleaved forest grass, ferns, bamboos, palms

vegetation

48

Intensive agricultureRice cultivation largest rice productionSericultureYangtze, Si-kiang river basins

Agriculture in China type49

Best suited for cotton cultivationLong growing season, frost free days, bright sunlight, high rainfallTobacco cultivationFamous Virginia tobacco

Agriculture in gulf type50CountryEconomic activityChinaRice, tea, cotton, maize, mulberryNatal SugarcaneSouth AmericaCoffee and maizeUSAMaize region cotton tobacco (Virginia tobacco)Economic activities in China type51

British typeBritain, Northern France, Northern Germany, NorwayWestern Canada Vancouver IslandTasmania, New ZealandSouthern ChileNot in Africa

cool temperate western margin9th52Best climate for human habitationWarm current moderate climate North Atlantic drift, Alaskan currentModerate climate warm summer, cool wintersLow annual temperature range

British type

53

Rainfall from westerlies western coast receive the most rainfall decreas towards interiorTemperate cyclones rainfall in winters

British type54Tall trees with good canopy cover soft wood trees in pure standOak, elm, birch

British type

55

Lumbering in Canada Vancouver citySystematic lumberingWinter cutting wood logs float in the rivers to industriesWood furniture and paper making

British type56

Agriculture market gardening => cultivation of fruits and vegetables Tasmania (Aus.) apple farming

British type57Laurentian TypeTransition between British and Siberian climateLaurentian plateau, Labrador plateau Quebec stateNew England region of USAChina Manchurian part, South east part of Russia, Northern Japan

Cool temperate Eastern margin

10th58Not in southern hemisphere- because hardly any land beyond 40 degree latitudeSouth America Andes block the westerlies oceanic influence

Laurentian type

59

Rainfall throughout the yearSummer - Westerlies bring rain due to moisture content of Great lakesWinter - Gulf stream increases moisture content of polar easterly wind from Atlantic

Laurentian climate, N. AmericaNEW England statesGreat LakesSuperiorMichiganHuronErieOntarioWesterlies60

In china summer maxsummer intense heating of land rainfall - wind from pacificWinter anti-cyclonic condition in the heart of Asia cold wind blows out snow fall in mountainous area

Laurentian type, China61

Rainfall from south east monsoon in summer north west monsoon in winter dry wind from Siberia become moist from east china seaMaritime influenceClimate of JapanSea of Japan62

Coniferous forest lumbering Oak, birch, beech, mapleAgriculture: Potatoes, oats, barley, soya beansNova scotia (Canada) apple farming

Laurentian type63

Temperate regions fish in large shoals Cod, mackerel, tuna, salmonEconomically profitableMechanised sophisticated fishingSt.Johns port in Newfoundland grand banks

Laurentian type64Not in southern hemisphereSiberia in Russia, Northern Canada, Scandinavia Very cold winter, warm summerBlizzard in Canada, Buran in SiberiaVery high annual temperature range

Taiga

11th65Rainfall throughout the yearTemperate cyclonesEvergreen coniferous forest ( Juniper, Spruce, Birch) soft wood in pure strands

Taiga

66

Fur bearing animals warm blooded muskrat, mink, silver fox

Taiga: limited economic prospectsHard weather

Taiga67Arctic or polar climateNorthern Canada and Northern RussiaPeriglacial climateFreezing winter, thawing in summerSummer short and coolMosses, linchens (algae and fungi) ephemeral flowering plants

Tundra

12th68Aborigines:Canada Inuits, AleutiansRussia Chukchi, Buriyat (baikal)Norway- Finland LappsNomadic herders

Tundra

69Prelims2002Q. Consider the following statements:In equatorial regions, the year is divided into four main seasonsIn Mediterranean region, summer month receives more rainIn china type climate, rainfall occurs throughout the yearTropical high lands exhibit vertical zonation of different climateUPSCQuestion70Prelims2002Which of these statements are correct?1,2,3 and 41,2 and 31,2 and 43 and 4

Ans. D)

UPSCQuestion71

With increasing height decrease in moistureSoil layer becomes thinnerChanges in vegetation patternVertical zonation in highlands72Prelims2002Q. Consider the ecosystems:TaigaTropical evergreenTropical deciduous TundraThe correct sequence in decreasing order of albedo values of these ecosystem is:UPSCQuestion73