geo 11

• Indus + 5 tributaries• After partition: Indus

water Treaty 1960• Indus, Jhelum, Chenab

to Pak• Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to

India• Chej doab, ReChna doab,

Bari doab, Bist doab

Indus river

• Cities on Indus –LehTributaries:• Shyok from Siachin

glacier• Suru (Obsequent tri) –

originate from Deosai mt. , Burzil la pass, kargil on it, chutak dam

• Gilgit – last tri in India

Tributaries of IndusHunza rivGilgit

rivSuru riv Shy

ok riv

Indus rivZaskar riv

Siachin glacier

• Jhelum river:• Rises at Verinag• Shrinagar • Kishanganga joins on

right• Kishanganga river

dispute with Pakistan• Jhelum enters Pakistan

near Baramulla

Tributaries of Indus: Jhelum

Kishanganga river

Jhelum river

• Two headward tributaries: Chandra and Bhaga

• Chnadra originate near Zozi la and Bhaga at Baracha la

• Dhulhasti, Baglihar and Salal dams

Tributaries of Indus: Chenab

Chandra river

Bhaga river

• Source near Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh

• Drains between Pripanjal and Dhauladhar

• Chamba is located on Ravi

Tributaries of Indus: Ravi

• Source near Rohtang pass - at southern end of Pir Panjal (HP)

• Meets Satluj at Harike• Kulllu on Beas’s

tributary Parbati• It is entirely within

India

Tributaries of Indus: Beas

• Originate near Man sarovar

• Enters India through Shipki la pass

• Imp tributary: Spiti

• Neptha-jhakhari dam

Tributaries of Indus: Satluj

Prelims2009

Q. Which one of the following rivers does not originate in India?a) Beasb) Chenabc) Ravid) Sutlej

Ans. D)

UPSC

Question

Prelims2006

Q. From north to south, which one of the following is the correct sequence of given rivers in India?a) Shyok- Spiti-Zaskar-Sutlejb) Shyok-Zaskar-Spiti-Sutlejc) Zaskar- Shyok-Sutlej-Spitid) Zaskar-Sultej-Shyok-Spiti

Ans. b)

UPSC

Question

Northern rivers

Indus

Ganga

Brahmaputra

• Originate as Bhagirathi from Gangotri

• Alaknanda originates from Badrinath

• Dhauliganga meet Alaknanda at Vishnu prayag

• Pindar river (from Nanda devi) meet Alaknanda at Karn Prayag

Ganga system

• Mandakini (from Kedarnath) meet at Rudra prayag

• Alaknanda and Bhagirathi meet at Dev prayag

• After merger known as Ganga

Ganga system

Left Bank tributaries• Ramganga• Gomati• Ghaghar• Gandak• Kosi

• Yamuna• Son• Hugli

Right Bank tributaries

Ganga System

• Ramganga• Gomati• Ghaghra

(Saryu)• Gandak• Kosi

Ganga system: left bank tributaries

• Ramganga• Originate near

Garhwal• Gomati: north UP • Lucknow is on

Gomati• Both originate

within India


Ramganga

GomatiGanga

• Ghaghara – originate from Gurala mandhata peak (South of Man sarovar) in Tibet

• Two headward streams: kali (Sarda) and Karnali

• Ayodhya, Faizabad located on Ghaghara

Ganga system: left bank tributariesMan sarovar lake

Ghaghara river

Karnali river

Kali (Sarda) river

Gurla mandhata peak

Rapti river

• Gandak originated near Nepal-Tibet border

• Kali Gandaki and Trishuli imp tributaries

• Merge in Ganga near Patna


Kali Gandaki

• Kosi- ‘Saptkaushi’• 7 streams• Located in snow

covered areas – heavy rainfall – huge volume of water

• 7 streams -> 3 stream -> merged at Triveni (mahabharat range) to form Kosi


Kosi

1) Yamuna• Originates from

Yamnotri glacier – Bandarpunch peak –Garhwal

• Imp tributaries:• Right bank -Tons-

rises from Bandar punch glacier

Ganga system: right bank tributaries

• Delhi, Agra and Mathura on Yamuna

• Its imp right bank tributaries from Vindhyan range

• Chambal, Sindh, Betwa and Ken

• Banas tri of Chmabal originate from Aravalli


Chamb

al Sind

hBetw

a

Dhas

anKe

n

Parb

ati

Kali

sind

h

Banas

2) SonFrom Amarkantak plateauImp tributaries: Rihand – source Ramgarh hillsGovind vallabh pant sagar on RihandNorth Koel – source –Chhota Nagpur plateau


Son river

Rihand

Ramgarh hills

Amarkantak plt

BaghelKaimur hills

3) HugliDistributary of GangaTributary: AjayKolkata on river Hugli


Ajay river

Hugli riverKolkata

Prelims2010

Q. Rivers that pass through Himachal Pradesh are:a) Beas and Chenabb) Beas and Ravic) Chenab, Ravi and

Satlejd) Beas, Chenab, Ravi,

Satlej and Yamuna

UPSC

Question

• Chenab• Ravi• Beas• Satlej – Spiti• Yamuna on border

between HP and Uttarakhand

Rivers in Himachal Pradesh

ChenabRavi

Beas

Satlej

Spiti

Yamu

na

Prelims2010

Q. Rivers that pass through Himachal Pradesh are:a) Beas and Chenabb) Beas and Ravic) Chenab, Ravi and

Satlejd) Beas, Chenab, Ravi,

Satlej and Yamuna

Ans. D)

UPSC

Question

Northern rivers

Indus

Ganga

Brahmaputra

• Originate from Chemayungdung glacier in Kailash

• Passes in Indus-Tsangpo sature zone (between Great Himalayas and Kailash range)

• Enters into India as Dibang

Brahmaputra system

Dihang

Kailash range

• Enters into Assam Plains near Sadiya

• After Sadiya it is known as Brahmaputra

• Tributaries: Manas, Subansiri, Dhansiri, Dibang, Lohit and Kapilli

Brahmaputra systemManas Subansiri Dihang

Dhansiri

Lohit

Kapilli

Garo

Khasi

Jaintia

Barail range

Naga hills

• enters Bangladesh as Jamuna

• Merged with Ganga – unitedly known as Padma

• Meghana river joins• Now known as Meghna• Large delta formation

Brahmaputra systemBrahmaputra

Ganga

Padma

Meghna

Meghna

Delta

Prelims2014

Q. Consider the following rivers:1. Barak2. Lohit3. Subansiri

Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?

UPSC

Question

Barak river

Barak river

Naga Hills

Prelims2014

a) 1 onlyb) 2 and 3c) 1 and 3d) 1,2 and 3

Ans. B)

UPSC

Question

Northern rivers

Indus

Ganga

Brahmaputra

1) West flowing rivers: Narmada – Tapi

2) East-flowing rivers: Damodar, Subarnarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc

Peninsular rivers

1) Narmada:Source: Amarkantak plateauFlow in rift valley btwn Vindhyan and SatpuraMP-MH and GJDuandhar fall in MPMerged near Bharuch in GJSardar Sarovar dam

West flowing Peninsular rivers

Prelims2013

Q. Narmada river flows to east to west, while most other large peninsular rivers flow west to east. Why?1. It occupies a linear

rift valley2. It flows between

vindhyan and Satpura

3. The land slope to west from central India

UPSC

Question

Prelims2013

a) 1 onlyb) 2 and 3c) 1 and 3d) None

Ans. A)

UPSC

Question

Prelims2009

Q. At which one of the following places do two important rivers of India originate; while one of them flows towards north and merge with another important rivers flowing towards Bay of Bengal, the other one flows towards Arabian sea?a) Amarkantak plateaub) Badrinath

UPSC

Question

Prelims2009

c) Mahabaleshward) Nasik

Ans. A) River Son- flows towards north merges with Ganga – towards Bay of BengalRiver Narmada – flows towards Arabian sea

UPSC

Question

2) TapiSource: Betul plateauFlow south of SatpuraImp tributary: Purna riverMerged into sea near SuratMP-MH-GJ


Tapi river

Purna river

Betul plateau

Rajpipla range

Gawilgarh range

Others:Sabarmati from Aravalli rangeMahi from Vindhyans


Aravalli

Vindhyan

Sabarmati

Mahi

• West flowing rivers from Western Ghats

• Mandovi and Zuari in GOA

West Flowing Peninsular rivers

Mandovi river

Zuari river

• Kalinadi, Sharavati in KN• Shravati- Jog fall

(highest)


Kalinadi

Sharavati

Netravati

Periyar and Pamba in KR


kochi

Vembnad lake

Periyar river

Annamalai hills

Cardamom hills

Pamba river

Northern rivers

Indus

Ganga

Brahmaputra

1) DamodarSource: chhota Nagpur plateauTributary: BarakarIron and steel industry

East Flowing Peninsular rivers

Barakar river

Damodar riverChhota Nagpur plt

2) Subarnarekha, Baitrani and BrahmaniSubarnrekha – from Ranchi plateauBaitrani- Garhjat hillsBrahmani – headward streams, South Koel and Sankh from Chhota Nagpur plateau


Subarnrekha

Baitrani

Brahmani

Garhjat hills

Ranchi plateau

3) MahanadiSource: DanadkarnyaLeft bank: Sheonath, Hasdo and MandRight bank: Tel, Jonk, OngHirakund dam


Mahana

di

Sheonath

Hasdo

Mand

Tel

Ong

4) RushikulyaSource: Nayagarh hillsMouth known for: hatching site of Olive ridley turtles


Rushikulya river

Chilka lake

• The smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world

• They live in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.

• Olive ridley turtles IUCN status- “endangered”

Oilve Ridley turtles

• known for their unique mass nesting called “Arribada”= thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.

• Orissa coast is the largest mass hatching site of Olive ridley turtle in the world.

Olive Ridley turtles on Odisha coast

5) Godavari:Source: Trimbak pltLeft bank tri: Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga (combined = Pranhita), Indravati (fall), Sabari and sileru Right bank tri:Manjara


Sileru

Sabari

Indravati

Wenga

ngaWardha

Penganga

Manjara

Pranhita

Balaghat

6) Krishna:• Source:

Mahabaleshwar• Left bank tri:• Musi, Sina,Bhima,

Ghat prabha, Malprabha, Tungbhadra, Hagari


Musi Bhima

Sina

Malprabha

Ghatprabha

Tungbhadra

Hagari

7) Penneru/Penner:Source: Nandi durg peak in KNTri: Kunder, Charavati, Papagni, Punchu


8) Kaveri:• Source: Tal

kaveri at Brahmagiri hills

• Left bank tri:• Shimsa,

Hemvati, Kabani, Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati

East Flowing Peninsular rivers Shimsa

Bhavani

NoyilAmravati

hemvati

Kabani

9) Vaigai:• Source: Varushand

Hills• Madurai located

on Vaigai river• Dry channel• Disappear then

again re-appear


Varushand Hills

Prelims2002

Q. The correct sequence of eastward flowing rivers of Peninsular India from north to south is:a) Subarnarekha- Mahanadi-

Godavari- Krishna-Pennar- Cauveri- Vaigai

b) Subarnarekha – Mahanadi- Krishna –Cauveri- Pennar- vaigai

UPSC

Question

Prelims2002

c) Mahadnadi- Subarnarekha- Godavari- Krishna- Cauveri- Pennar- Vaigaid) Mahanadi- Subarnarekha- Krishna- Godavari- Cauveri- Vaigai-Pennar

Ans. A)

UPSC

Question

Prelims2004

(A)west-flowing rivers of Peninsular India have no deltas

(R) These rivers do not carry any alluvial sediments

a) Both correct and R is correct explanation of A

b) Both correct but R is not correct explanation of A

UPSC

Question

Prelims2004

c) A is true R is falsed) A is false R is true

Ans. A)West flowing river- short distance – no alluvial – no delta

UPSC

Question

• First time recommended by Sir Arthur Cotton in 19th cent

• Aims to transfer surplus water of some rivers to water deficit river basins

• K.L. Rao, MoWR: Ganga-Kaveri link• Dishaw Dastur, pilot: transferring of water

using garland canal

River linking project

1) Transfer of water of Ganga and Brahmaputra towards west and east in south using 14 canals

2) In peninsula plateau: linking of rivers using 16 canals


• Largest inter-basin transfer of water in the world if executed

• Project will take 50-100 years to complete• May produce 35GW of power


• Favour:1) Management of flood and drought2) Expansion of irrigation network3) Drinking water supply


• Challenges:1) Indian monsoon climate: rainy months and dry

months occur at the same in the entire country

2) Dams and canals- not proper solution to floods3) Plateau higher (upland) than northern plains –

difficult to pumping of water from plains to peninsula


4) That require large amount of energy and canals5) Submergence of forests and villages6) Blocking of rivers – damage to riverine ecosystem 7) International water disputes and inter-state water disputes


Documents

geo 11