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Genres: Structure & Workflow

Genres: Structure & Workflow

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Genres: Structure & Workflow. The Structure of a Pop Song. 8 bars. 16 bars. 16 bars. Repeat V & C. 8 bars. Chorus Repeats. alternating drum fills. Hip-Hop. Time Signature 4/4 four beats to a bar Tempo: 60 – 120 BPM Structure similar to a pop song. Eminen – I’m Shady. Intro (2 bars) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Genres: Structure & Workflow

Page 2: Genres: Structure & Workflow

The Structure of a Pop Song8 bars 16 bars 16 bars 8 bars

alternating drum fills

Repeat V & C Chorus Repeats

Page 3: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Hip-Hop

• Time Signature 4/4• four beats to a bar

• Tempo: 60 – 120 BPM

• Structure similar to a pop song

Page 4: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Eminen – I’m Shady

• Intro (2 bars)• Verse (16 bars) – piano melody after 8• Chorus (8 bars)• Repeat Verse & Chorus twice (48 bars)• Outro (8 bars) • Bass & Drums same throughout V & C• Piano Line & Vocals provide change

Page 5: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Other Examples (Hip-Hop)

• Massive Attack - Five Man Army• Intro, Verse, Verse, Verse, Verse, Outro

• DMX - Slippin’• Intro, Chorus, Verse, C, V, Outro

• Dead Prez - Don’t Forget Where You’re Coming From• Intro (Chorus fade in), Chorus, Verse, Chorus

Page 6: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Comparison of Examples

• Slippin’ & Don’t Forget - drums and bass the same throughout

• I’m Shady & Don’t Forget - vocal replaces rap in chorus

• Slippin’:• spoken part & vocal in chorus• vocal melody is an emphasis of the oboe line that

backs the verse

Page 7: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Comparison of Examples

• I’m Shady - words in Chorus, structure of the words varies over 8 bars

• Don’t Forget - has 2 bar loop repeated 4 times with change in vocals for the last repeat (8 bar section)

Page 8: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Common Workflow Hip-Hop• Create drum track from a loop• Add bass (often at or around kick drum), not

much bass (if any) around snare• If bass sticks out too much low pass filter it• Add accents (e.g. cymbal crashes, scratches,

samples)• Add drop outs • Add vocal & think about structure

Page 9: Genres: Structure & Workflow

House

• Time Signature 4/4• four beats to a bar

• Tempo: 120 – 135 BPM

Page 10: Genres: Structure & Workflow

The Structure of Modern House• 8 bar loop (drum fills at end of 4-8 bars)• Bars 1-16 - Intro - Minimal Instrumentation• Bars 17-24 - Additional Layer of Instrumentation• Bars 25-32 rep. last 8 bars (diff drum fills)• Bars 33-48 rep. 17-32• Bars 49-56 start building tension• Bars 57-64: drop out kick drum, & use more complex rhythm

• add diff. noises/instruments/drs in 2 bar sections• until last 2 bars that forms a peak (snare rush)

• Bars 65-104: drop hook & bring back in kick drum• Let track run (add drum fills & effects)

• Bars 105-120: sparser instrumentation or repeat and build up again (build up/exciting bit often more intense than the last one)

Page 11: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Mr Fingers - Can You Feel It?• intro - vocal• kick drum, bass, vocal (8 bars) • kick, bass, + ride cymbal + synth chords (4 bars) • kick, bass, ride, synth chords + clap (4 bars)• kick, bass, ride, synth chords + snare (4 bars) (synth changes pattern on last bar: doesn’t go down

in pitch)• kick, bass, ride, synth chords, snare + hi-hats + synth melody (4 bars)• kick, bass, synth chords, clap, hi-hats, - synth melody -ride (4 bars) ( - ride gives a feeling of clarity)• kick, bass, synth chords, snare, hi-hats + synth melody (4 bars)• kick, bass, synth chords, snare, hi-hats, - synth melody + ride (4 bars) (bass dr pattern change last

two bars)• kick, bass, synth chords, snare, hi-hats, ride + synth melody (4 bars)• kick, bass, snare, synth chords, preacher vocal (8 bars)• kick, bass, snare, synth chords, preacher vocal, +hi-hats (4 bars)• kick, bass, snare, synth chords, preach. vocal, hi-hats, rim shot, new synth melody (4 bars)• and so on…

Page 12: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Stardust – Music Sounds Better With You

• loop – high pass filtered (8 bars)• loop (3 bars) loop raised in pitch a bit (1 bar) (16 bars)• slightly diff. loop (1 bar) s.d.loop raised in pitch a bit less (1 bar), vocal (8 bars)• loop (3 bars) loop raised in pitch a bit (1 bar), vocal (16 bars)• s.d.loop (1 bar) s.d.loop raised in pitch a bit less (1 bar), vocal (8 bars)• Kick (2 bars)• loop (3 bars) loop raised in pitch a bit (1 bar), vocal, extra loop bit (8 bars)• s.d.loop (1 bar) s.d.loop raised in pitch a bit less (1 bar), vocal, extra loop bit (8

bars)• Filtered everything but vocal• loop (3 bars) loop raised in pitch a bit (1 bar), vocal (16 bars)• Kick (2 bars)• s.d.loop (1 bar) s.d.loop raised in pitch a bit less (1 bar), vocal (8 bars)• loop (3 bars) loop raised in pitch a bit (1 bar), vocal, extra loop bit (8 bars)• etc..

Page 13: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Drum & Bass

• Time Signature 4/4• four beats to a bar

• Tempo: 160 – 190 BPM

Page 14: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Drum & Bass Structure• 8 bar loop (drum fills every 4 bars)• Intro (16 bars) • Synth. Chords & Samples & lighter break• Build up

• Drop break & bass line • Vary drums (&/or fills), add synths, reintroduce

parts of intro.• Cut out drums (breakdown), bring them back in

after build up• Add effects

Page 15: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Drum & Bass: Workflow• Create basic drum track• to produce standard breakbeat using a drum

machine:• set dr. machine to provide 16 steps (16ths) in each bar• place a kick drum on 1st & 11th 16ths • place a snare on the 5th & 13th • add percussion (hi-hats/rides)

• add a different drum fill every 4 bars and vary like in the pop song example

Page 16: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Drum Patterns• The drum pattern in the last slide is also a basic drum

pattern used very commonly in:

• hip-hop (but at a slower tempo)• dub-step (at 69-70 BPM, with a double speed bass

line)

• Or copy the amen drum break:

R-R-R-R-R-R-R-R-----S--S-S--S--SK-K-------KK----

Page 17: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Drum & Bass: Workflow (cont.)• add bass at or around kick drum• create a four bar bass line that repeats; if the bass sticks

out too much low pass filter it• not much bass around the snare• work on synth lines/add samples etc. until hook done• work on intro and build up/breakdown bits• often the track is inspired by samples or synth lines and

the break and bass are constructed to drive these home

Page 18: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Marky & Xrs - LK• break, guitar loop (4 bars long), synth note (8 bars)• break, guitar loop, synth note, synth chords; bar 7&8 voice samps (8 bars)

• break, guitar loop, synth note, synth chords, +break2, synth melody (8 bars) • break, guitar loop, synth note, synth chords, +break2, synth melody increasing cut

off freq; bar 7&8 voice samps (8 bars)

• guitar loop, synth note, synth chords, synth melody, swishing noise (8 bars)• guitar loop, synth note, synth chords, synth melody, swishing noise; bar 7&8 voice

samples (8 bars)

• crash, vocal loop (2 bars long), synth chords that give a similar feel to the guitar loop (cut off raised throughout) (16 bars)

• crash, guitar loop2, vocal loop, synth chords that give a similar feel to the guitar loop (cut off raised throughout); bar 15&16: another vocal loop, kick from the impending break, then snare (16 bars)

Page 19: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Marky & Xrs – LK (Cont.)• crash, break, break2, bass line, guitar loop2, synth chords (16 bars)• crash, break, break2, bass line, guitar loop2, synth chords (cuts these out a bit in

time with the beat towards end of this section) (16 bars)

• crash, break, break2, bass line, guitar loop2, synth chords, + synth melody (from before); bar 15&16 voice samples (16 bars)

• crash, break, break2, bass line, - guitar loop2, guitar loop 3, synth chords, + synth melody (from before); bar 15&16 voice samples (16 bars)

• etc: breakdown, build up (includes another synth line brought in), build up more intense using kick drums, break kicks in, break cut out again, break brought in again, vocal loop brought in

Page 20: Genres: Structure & Workflow

N.B.C.– Rock the Funky Beat• synth (2 bars long) (8 bars) • synth, bleep (8 bars)

• synth, bleep, weird noise; bar 8 cymbal roll from break brought in (8 bars)• break, synth, bleep, weird noise; bar 4 break cut out, break kick echoed; bar 8

break cut out (8 bars)

• vocal samples, break, synth, bleep, weird noise; bar 8 break cut out (8 bars)• vocal samples, break, synth, bleep, weird noise; bar 8 break cut out (8 bars)

• vocal samples left to echo out (8 bars) • vocal samples2 (rearranged) (8 bars)

• break2, bass line, vocal samples2; bar 4 - fill1; bar 8 - fill2 (8 bars)• break2, bass line, vocal samples2; bar 4 - fill1; bar 8 - fill2 (8 bars)

Page 21: Genres: Structure & Workflow

N.B.C.– R.F.B. (Cont.)• break2, bass line, vocal samples3 (rearranged again); bar 4 - fill2; bar 8 - fill3

(more intense) (8 bars)• break2 rearranged, - bass line, vocal samples4 rearranged; bars 2-6 vocal samples

“check” each beat; bar 7&8 “check this this this this this out - ” (8 bars)

• break2 with hi hats, bass line; bar 4 - fill 4; bar 8 - fill5 (made with break3) (8 bars)• + new break3, break2 with hi hats, bass line (8 bars)• break3, break2 with hi hats, bass line; bar (8 bars)

• etc: vocal samples and drum fills in 8 bar loops, public enemy sample re-introduced, breakdown, build up with added synth line (the usual basically)

Page 22: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Dub Step

• Time Signature 4/4• four beats to a bar

• Tempo: 138 – 142 BPM• With a half time beat (one snare per bar)• Often there’s a bass-line double the speed of

the beat

Page 23: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Coki - Goblin• Track built completely on the bass line• Percussion loops running underneath• Other samples used to provide intro and

breakdown midway through (during which the bass line is absent)

• Percussion loops are 8 bars long (normally 1-2 bars in D&B, House & Hip-Hop)

• Bass line varied occasionally by adding extra parts

Page 24: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Rusko – Hammertime!

• Built around bass line• Attention paid to production clarity• Percussion loops 2 bars• Samples added to beat & to replace drums or

bass in places (e.g. end of every 8 bars)• Bass line varied each 8 bars to provide

narrative

Page 25: Genres: Structure & Workflow

Joker – Stuck in the System

• Built around a ‘sample’ that includes strings & a brass section

• Intro: strings, thunder sample, beat• ‘Sample’ brought in - then SNARE• Bass line, hi-hats added to beat, snare varied (reverb

added/snare gated), strings to build to… • Repeat last two steps (sound of bass line varied)