Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome, Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics, …

Zentrum für Technomathematik Mathematik / InformatikFachbereich 3

Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome,

Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics, …

Attempt of an overview and systematics

Uttendorf 2004


Overwiev

1. Cells

2. Molecules of live

3. Genes and genome

4. Proteomics

5. On some concepts of signal processing in life science


1. Cells• procaryotic

/eucariotic

• nucleus (chro-mosomes) / cytoplasma (i.e. mitochon- dria, ribosomes)

• Cell cycle


2. Molecules of liveSmall molecules• nucleotides (i.e. DNA bases A, C, G and T)• 20 different amino acids as the building blocks for proteins, i.e.


Proteins

• main building blocks and functional molecules of the cell

• 20% of cell weight (water: 70%)

• four levels of structure

• 3 – 10 nm


DNA• main information carrier molecule in a cell

• polynucleotide, i.e. consists of several nucleotides A, G, C and T

• simplest case: single stranded; directed chain of 4 different small molecules called nucleotides, i.e. A → G → T → C → C → A → A → G → C → G → A → A → T → G

• Complementary strand: mutually exchange A with T and C with Gand change direction; for our example:T ← C ← A ← G ← G ← T ← T ← C ← G ← C ← T ← T ← A ← C

• Complementary nucleotides bind weakly → longer compl. strands tend to stick together A-G-T-C-C-A-A-G-C-G-A-A-T-G-C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |T-C-A-G-G-T-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-C-G



RNA

• similar to DNA, but single stranded

• functionally different types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA


3. Genes and genomesGenome: an organism‘s complete set of DNA

Organism No. ofChrom.

Genome size in base pairs

Bacteria 1 ~400.000 - ~10.000.000

Yeast 12 14.000.000

Worm 6 100.000.000

Fly 4 300.000.000

Weed 5 125.000.000

Human 23 3.000.000.000


Genes and protein synthesis

• Gene: continuous stretch of DNA, from which a particular type of proteins can be made

• Proteine syntesis

1. Transcription


2. Splicing

pre-mRNA


3. Translation

Result: Preprotein


Protein synthesis (summary)


Genetics vs. Genomics

Genetics: Study of single genes and their effectsGenomics: study not just of single genes, but of the

functions and interactions

Qualitative shift in medical applications:

concept of one desease ↔ concept of information (Genetics) (Genomics)


4. ProteomicsOne genome -

different proteomes!

Proteome: Constellation of all proteines in a cell


Just one special tool: 2D-Gelelektrophorese

I.e. analysis of proteine pattern for brain tissue

More proteine GFAP is produced in case of Alzheimer


Proteine Chemistry vs. Proteomics

Proteine Chemistry Proteomics

• Individual proteins• Complete sequence analysis• Emphasis on structure and function

• Structural biology

• Complex mixtures• Partial sequence analysis• Emphasis on identification by database matching• Systems biology


5. On some concepts of signal processing in life

science


Summary

DNA

mRNA

Proteins

Cell functions

Genome“Genomics”

Proteome“Proteomics”

Documents

Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome, Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics, …