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Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep DeShana Collett, MSPAS, PA‐C, PhD Susan LeLacheur, DrPH, PA‐C

Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

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Page 1: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than 

Skin Deep

• DeShana Collett, MSPAS, PA‐C, PhD

• Susan LeLacheur, DrPH, PA‐C

Page 2: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Objectives

Describe advances and gaps in clinical applications of precision medicine.

1Discuss dilemmas in teaching physician assistants about genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes.

2Describe ways of teaching students to incorporate modern understanding of genomics along with social, behavioral and environmental factors into personalized care for the patient.

3

Page 3: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

What is Precision and Personalized Medicine?

The current landscape and impact of precision medicine on the four (4) P's

Predictive Analytics• Artificial Intelligence• Big Data, Deep Learning IntelligencePersonalization• GenomicsPrevention

Participatory

Page 4: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Human Genome Project and the Precision Medicine Initiative

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY‐NC‐ND.This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY‐ND.

Page 5: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

What is includedWhat is 

Artificial Intelligence Genomics Pharmacogenetics

GlobalMetabolomics Assessment

Microbiome testing

EMR System Intergrations

Research: Undiagnosed Disease Network

Education: Future and Current Healthcare workforce

Page 6: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Current State of Precision Medicine

Page 7: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Clinical Applications

Advil

Cut

DIE

Ibuprofen

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

Never

Page 8: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Genetic Testing

Predictive

Diagnostic

Pharmacogenetic

Screening: Carrier, Prenatal, 

Newborn

Preimplantation

DTC

Forensic

Page 9: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Human Genomic Sequencing: What is all the hype about!

• Genotype Testing• Direct To Consumer (DTC)

• Whole Exome Sequencing

• Whole Genome Sequencing

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY‐NC.

Page 10: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Pharmacogenetics

•Opioid Crisis= What about pharmacogenomics ?•CYP2D6= Codeine, Tramadol. CPIC guidelines 2014• Anti‐depressants?•CYP2D6& CYP2C19= CPIC guidelines SSRI, 2015, TCA(2016),•Others through CYP2D6& CYP2C19= : Ondansetron (2017) Tamoxifen (2018)•Warfarin metabolism!!!= CYP2C9,VKOR1, CYP4F2, rs12777823

Page 11: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching
Page 12: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

• Clinical instruments• Sequencing• Analysis

Page 13: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Direct‐ To Consumer Test and Consumer Controlled Market

• Direct to Consumer • Consumer Controlled Consent

Page 14: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Nutrigenomics 

Page 15: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

HealthCare System Integrations

Geisinger Health

Humanwide Project

Page 16: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

No more "One Size Fits All" Approach

©2019 Forbes Media LLC. All Rights Reserved

Page 17: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Author: Joe Heller (2000)

Key Clinical Ethics Concerns

• The capacity to act on your own decisions freely and independently• Respect a patient’s dignity/rt to make decisions• (What is adequate Informed Consent to genetic testing?)

Autonomy

• Treating patients fairly and equitably • (How do we ensure that all patients are treated fairly?)

Justice

Beneficence/Non‐maleficence

• Risk/Benefit Analysis• (How do we engage in genetic testing responsibly?) 

First do no harm 

• (What are the limits to these duties?)

Privacy/Confidentiality

Page 18: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Autonomy

• At what age is an individual competent to consent?• Should newborns be given a chance to decide later in life?

• Do family members have a right to know a relative’s genetic test result?

• What if a patient does not want to know genetic test results? (long term probabilistic vs. lifesaving knowledge)

Page 19: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Do No Harm

• Testing• When do we provide testing?• How do we prevent the use of unnecessary procedures?

• Counseling• How do we provide genetic/genomic information responsibly?• Psychological harms

• When do we provide counseling?• Some proteins reveal genetic risk–counsel before or after protein testing?

Page 20: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Molly Nash, 6, receives a stem cell transplant from her IVF conceived brother who was tested for HLA compatibility, 2007

Page 21: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Fairness 

Is it possible to treat patients fairly when some patients have variants of unknown significance?

Why do some doctors order genetic tests for African‐American women at lower rates? 

Page 22: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Diversity & Inclusion96% of participants in genome‐wide association studies of European descent (2009)Participants of Asian ancestry increased to 20%African American and Latino participation under 4%

Population descriptors• 'black cases' and 'sub‐Saharan African', were 

often used to describe people of African ancestry.

• More often “geographically specific and informative descriptions were those used for samples of European origin. . .”

Page 23: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching
Page 24: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Self‐perpetuating Bias

Ferryman K & Pitcan M. Fairness in Precision Medicine, Data & Society 2018 https://datasociety.net/wp‐content/uploads/2018/02/Data.Society.Fairness.In_.Precision.Medicine.Feb2018.FINAL‐2.26.18.pdf

Bias in Datasets: datasets can become unintentionally biased through a) a lack of cohort diversity, b) technical processes of data collection and cleaning, and c) the 

specific incorporation of electronic health record data.

Bias in Outcomes: the outcomes of precision medicine research can be discriminatory in many ways. These include a) too much focus on individual responsibility for health, b) the marginalization of those population groups 

with lower health literacy or in less resourced areas, and c) the potential to shift the accepted forms of biomedical research.

Page 25: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching
Page 26: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Mersha, T. B., & Abebe, T. (2015). Self‐reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Hum Genomics, 9, 1.

Page 27: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Mersha TB & Abebe T, Human Genomics 2015

“One of the great truths to emerge from this triumphant expedition inside the human genome is that in genetic terms, all human beings, regardless of race, are more than 99.9 percent the same.”

Page 28: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Scholz v. Kaiser Foundation Hospital, RG12614636,Alameda Sup. Ct. (filed Jan. 30, 2012)

Payne PW, Jr. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 2008

Page 29: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Privacy/Confidentiality 

• The interest of others• Public or Employer Interest

• Examples• Eddie Curry and Ryan Clark• Fatal heart condition

• Sickle cell trait• Employee DNA testing

• Prohibited by GINA

Page 30: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Ethical Recommendations

Foreseeable, identifiable victim & serious risk

TARASOFF v. THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Page 31: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Ethical Recommendations

• A clinician’s duty may be fulfilled by encouraging patients to communicate with relatives ‐ American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2010

Page 32: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Ethical Recommendations • Should the physician have a duty to find and notify relatives?

• The AMA Code of Medical Ethics, Opinion 2.131 (Based on 2003 Report)• Finding and notifying family members is not a  physician’s duty

• Physicians should inform patients in advance of what they expect them to disclose to their families and be available to assist in this communication

Page 33: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Ethical RecommendationsThe Committee on Genetic Risks of the Institute of Medicine (1994)• Confidentiality may be breached, and the relatives informed of the risks when:

• Attempts to elicit voluntary disclosure fail• There is a high probability of irreversible or fatal harm to the relative• The disclosure of the information will prevent harm• The disclosure is limited to the information necessary for diagnosis or treatment of the relative

• There is no other way to avert harm

Page 34: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Law

• Example questions• Can you be sued for malpractice for failing to order a genetic test?

• What is the legal standard for ordering genetic testing services?

• What is the legal standard for following drug label guidance?

• What is the legal standard for discussing genetic test results with patients?

Page 35: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Can you be sued for medical malpractice?

• Failure to diagnose, interpret, offer, disclose 

• Examples• Negligent delivery of a newborn• Failure to completely review the medical record • Failure to order a genetic test or refer to a specialist • Adverse drug reactions• Unsuccessful tumor treatment 

Page 36: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Keel v. Banach (Ala. 1993)

• Duty to perform standard of care to patient• Prudent care /custom, lit, state of the science?

• SOC Breach • Failed to detect risk of abnormality  before or 

during pregnancy.  

• Causation• Proximate cause: negligently performed or 

omitted counseling, prenatal testing  lack of informed decision re conception  

• Court: Parents may maintain action for wrongful birth if the result of negligent failure of the attending prenatal physician to discover and inform them of the existence of fetal defects. 

Page 37: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Molloy v. Meier (Minn. 2004)• Medical Negligence (Wrongful Conception)

• Facts• failure to diagnose Fragile X in 1st daughter (with ex husband) 2nd child, son

• Pediatrician noticed developmental delays; tests failed to reveal source; reasonable to test for Fragile X but excluded –general report negative. • Series of Drs failed to diagnose, incl neurologists (Dr. Backus & Green)

Page 38: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Molloy v. Meier (Minn. 2004)

• Expert testimony: pediatrician and pediatric neurologist• The prevailing standard of care in the medical community with respect to testing and counseling for genetic disorders is that if patient exhibits the symptoms of Fragile X and has a family history of mental disability –patient should be tested for Fragile X

• Physician has additional duties to (a) follow up to confirm that the tests are performed and (b) provide genetic counseling to child’s family.

Page 39: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Molloy v. Meier (Minn. 2004)

• Plaintiffs argue on Appeal• Duty arising from Dr‐patient relationship• Requires warning mother about pregnancy risks as carrier of Fragile X.

• Foreseeability of injury requires Dr. to warn others of a patient’s genetic disorder (i.e. 3rd party family members)

Page 40: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Additional Legal Considerations • Negligence (Duty, breach of duty, injury, 

causation)• Professional Guidance• Statutes/Regulations• Cases

• Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) 

• Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) 

• GINA versus the American with Disabilities Act (ADA)• When does a genetic mutation become a disability?

• Insurance only covers disabilities & disease 

Page 41: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Application to Physician Assistants

What will hold up in Court?

• Providing an “ordinary standard of care”, which• Includes the highest possible degree of vigilance, prudence, and thoughtfulness.  

• Evidence that patient was warned. • Evidence of consultation with specialist.

When is it too soon to test?  

• Is there enough clinical evidence?• Standard in the field?• Are there other equally efficient methods that can be employed?

Page 42: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Emerging Concerns

• Early adoption by consumers (Patient Right to know?) 

• Blurred lines between research and discovery (i.e., genomic incidental findings) 

Callier, S. 2015

Page 43: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

I don't want people having 

my DNA!!!

• 60% of American with European Descent can be identified through DTC testing companies( Erlich, Yaniv, Tal Shor, Itsik Pe'er, and Shai Carmi. "Identity Inference of Genomic Data Using Long‐range Familial Searches." Science (New York, N.Y.) 362.6415 (2018): 690‐94. Web)• Even if you never tested you are likely to be identified through cross referencing of anonymized DNA data with public datasets!

Page 44: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. of 

2008: GINA

• Protects against discrimination  based on genetic information.• Employment• Health Insurance

• Does not protect discrimination with• Life, long‐term, or disability insurance

• Health benefits of  military  and  federal government employees, 

• Benefits of Veterans Health , or Indian Health Service

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY‐NC‐ND.

Page 45: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

GedMatch and CODIS

• Read Terms of Service for use• Gedmatch= 2010 public gedcom DNA matching software. No terms of service initially. Opt‐out is the default. ( rapes, murders, FBI‐Violent crimes and unidentified bodies

• Gives information if you match any of the Law Enforcement kits.

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

Page 46: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Page 47: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Teaching PA Students

Page 48: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

Future for how we educate

Education will be at a more complex molecular and biological level

Critical analysis of genomic and computational literature

Guidance on how to effectively integrate emerging precision medicine with current evidence‐based medicine.

Page 49: Genomics and Precision Medicine, Its More than Skin Deep · genomics and precision medicine as the scientific, legal and ethical context rapidly changes. 2 Describe ways of teaching

References

• Banda, Y., Kvale, M.N., Hoffmann, T.J., Hesselson, S.E., Ranatunga, D., Tang, H., Sabatti, C., Croen, L.A., Dispensa, B.P., et al., 2015. Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort. Genetics 200:1285‐95.

• Bonham, V.L., Green, E.D., Pérez‐Stable, E.J., 2018. Examining How Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry Data Are Used in Biomedical Research. JAMA 320:1533‐34.

• Bonham, V.L., Sellers, S.L., Woolford, S.J.B.H.S.R., 2014. Physicians’ knowledge, beliefs, and use of race and human genetic variation: new measures and insights. 14:456.

• Dunseath, S., Weibel, N., Bloss, C.S., Nebeker, C., 2018a. NIH support of mobile, imaging, pervasive sensing, social media and location tracking (MISST) research: laying the foundation to examine research ethics in the digital age. NPJ digital medicine 1:20171.

• Erlich, Y., Shor, T., Pe'Er, I., Carmi, S., 2018. Identity inference of genomic data using long‐range familial searches. Science (New York, N.Y.) 362:690‐94.

• Ferryman K & Pitcan M. Fairness in Precision Medicine, Data & Society 2018 https://datasociety.net/wp‐content/uploads/2018/02/Data.Society.Fairness.In_.Precision.Medicine.Feb2018.FINAL‐2.26.18.pdf

• Guttmacher, A.E., Collins, F.S., 2002. Genomic Medicine — A Primer. New England Journal of Medicine 347:1512‐20.

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References

• Hernandez, W., Gamazon, E.R., Aquino‐Michaels, K., (...), Cavallari, L.H., Perera, M.A.• Landry, L.G., Ali, N., Williams, D.R., Rehm, H.L., Bonham, V.L., 2018. Lack Of Diversity In Genomic Databases Is A Barrier To 

Translating Precision Medicine Research Into Practice. Health affairs (Project Hope) 37:780‐85.• Levy, K.D., Blake, K., Fletcher‐Hoppe, C., Franciosi, J., Goto, D., Hicks, J.K., Holmes, A.M., Kanuri, S.H., Madden, E.B., et al., 

2019. Opportunities to implement a sustainable genomic medicine program: lessons learned from the IGNITE Network. Genetics in Medicine 21:743‐47.

• Mersha, T.B., Abebe, T., 2015. Self‐reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Hum Genomics 9:1.

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