GENOME: an organisms complete set of genetic material In humans, ~3 billion base pairs CHROMOSOME: Part of the genome; structure that holds tightly wound DNA In humans, 23 pairs GENE: part of a chromosome A sequence of DNA that encodes for a protein - several to hundreds of nucleotides in length CODON: Part of a gene; three nucleotides that code for an amino acid Ribonucleic acid Single-stranded copies of DNA sugar phosphate backbone Nucleotides: C=G A=U mRNA: messenger rRNA: ribosomal tRNA: transfer 1.TRANSCRIPTION - a segment of the DNA is transcribed into mRNA - mRNA is matured - mRNA leaves the nucleus for a ribosome 2.TRANSLATION - ribosome reads the mRNA - matching tRNAs insert amino acids in the correct order RNA transcription translation CENTRAL DOGMA DNA PROTEINS RNA polymerase A G U U C A G C A U G T C A A G T C G T A CDNAmRNA EXONS: coding regions; code for amino acids INTRONS: non-coding regions; useless DNA; spam TRANSCRIPTION 1.A segment of the DNA is unzipped from its double helix by RNA polymerase promoter region start stop 2. As RNA Polymerase unzips the double helix, it reads the DNA and makes a complimentary strand called mRNA DNA = template mRNA = copy 3. RNA Maturation: non-coding introns are cut out, and coding exons leave the nucleus RIBOSOME mRNA RIBOSOME mRNA Protein Strand 1. mRNA enters the RIBOSOME in the cytoplasm or on the Rough ER 2. The ribosome reads the mRNA one codon (3 base pairs) at a time 3. tRNA molecules that match the mRNA attach to the ribosomes and drop off their amino acids 4. Empty tRNA molecules leave and the protein strand grows https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5m S2ls T G A C G A T A C C G G A A G G G T C A G T G G A T A A T T A T C A C T DNA A C U G C U A U G G C C U U C C C A G U C A C C U A U U A A U A G U G A mRNA Protein fragment MET ALAPHEPROVALTHRTYR