GENETICS Copyright © 2018 TET2 coactivates gene expression ... · Wang et al., Sci. Adv. 2018 4 : eaau6986 7 November 2018 SCIENCE ADANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 of 9 blotting (Fig

Wang et al., Sci. Adv. 2018; 4 : eaau6986 7 November 2018

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TET2 coactivates gene expression through demethylation of enhancersLu Wang1,2, Patrick A. Ozark1,2, Edwin R. Smith1,2, Zibo Zhao1,2, Stacy A. Marshall1,2, Emily J. Rendleman1,2, Andrea Piunti1,2, Caila Ryan1,2, Anna L. Whelan1,2, Kathryn A. Helmin3, Marc Alard Morgan1,2, Lihua Zou1,2, Benjamin D. Singer1,3,2, Ali Shilatifard1,2*

The tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the modified DNA base 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. TET2 is frequently mutated or dysregulated in multiple human cancers, and loss of TET2 is associated with changes in DNA methylation patterns. Here, using newly developed TET2-specific antibodies and the estrogen response as a model system for studying the regulation of gene expres-sion, we demonstrate that endogenous TET2 occupies active enhancers and facilitates the proper recruitment of estrogen receptor (ER). Knockout of TET2 by CRISPR-CAS9 leads to a global increase of DNA methylation at enhancers, resulting in attenuation of the estrogen response. We further identified a positive feedback loop be-tween TET2 and ER, which further requires MLL3 COMPASS at these enhancers. Together, this study reveals an epigenetic axis coordinating a transcriptional program through enhancer activation via DNA demethylation.

INTRODUCTIONThe epigenetic pathways that regulate the methylation of cytosine bases in DNA, modifications of histone amino acids, and positioning of nucleosomes are commonly found to be dysregulated in human diseases, especially in cancer. Failure to maintain these epigenetic marks can result in changes in the expression pattern of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, which leads to the development and pro-gression of cancer (1–3). The tet methylcytosine dioxygenase en-zymes (TET1, TET2, and TET3) were demonstrated to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5- hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) (4, 5). The 5hmC and its oxidized derivatives are subsequently replaced with an unmodified cytosine by base excision repair to achieve de-methylation (6). Different from the TET1 and TET3 genes, the hu-man TET2 gene lacks the CpG DNA binding CXXC domain. The TET2 gene is the product of a gene fission event during vertebrate evolution, whereby a separate protein is encoded by the new CXXC4 gene, with the CXXC4 protein regulating the stability of the catalytic domain–containing TET2 protein (7). In human hematopoietic cells, loss of TET2 can lead to DNA hypermethylation at up to 25% of active transcriptional enhancer elements (8). In mouse embryon-ic stem cells, depletion of TET2 causes extensive loss of 5hmC at enhancers, leading to enhancer hypermethylation and reduction of enhancer activity (9). These studies suggested that TET2 plays a nonredundant, critical role in maintaining enhancer demethylation and activity. However, because of a lack of commercially available TET2 antibodies suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation se-quencing (ChIP-seq), whether TET2 directly or indirectly regulates enhancer DNA methylation and how TET2 is recruited to specific loci remain under debate (8, 10).

In tumors, aberrant DNA methylation can lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes and thus can contribute to malignancy (11). Decreased expression of the TET genes and the resulting loss of 5hmC

have been found in multiple human cancers, including leukemia, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer (12–14), suggesting that this gene family has a critical role in regulating DNA methylation for the maintenance of normal cellular function (15, 16).

The MLL3 and MLL4 branches of the COMPASS family of histone H3K4 methyltransferases have been shown to be epigenetic regulators of enhancer function (17, 18). Mutation or loss of ex-pression of MLL3/4 COMPASS has been identified in multiple hu-man cancers (19–22). Genome-wide studies revealed that MLL3 COMPASS implements monomethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) at enhancers and positively regulates tumor suppressor gene expression (23, 24). In our current study, we report that TET2 binds to active enhancers and can facilitate the proper recruitment and function of transcription factors, as exemplified by estrogen re-ceptor (ER) in response to estrogen signaling. We further report a positive feedback between TET2 and ER, which is directly medi-ated by MLL3 activity at enhancers, that underlies the proper regu-lation of ER gene expression.

RESULTSTET2 is a transcriptional coactivator in the estrogen responseMutation or depletion of the TET methylcytosine dioxygenase en-zymes (TET1, TET2, and TET3) was previously demonstrated to be pervasive in tumors and proposed to be a cancer hallmark (13). To begin to investigate the role of TET proteins in human breast cancer, we first determined the correlation between the mRNA level of TET1 to TET3 and breast cancer patient survival. We found a significant correlation between TET2 expression and patient survival, with lower levels of TET2 predicting shortened patient life span (fig. S1A).

To assess the function of TET2 in breast cancer cell lines, we used CRISPR-CAS9 technology to knock out the TET2 gene in both ER+ and ER− cell lines. Exon 3, which contains the start codon for TET2, was chosen as the target for CRIPSR (fig. S1B). Poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons within and outside exon 3 were used to confirm successful knockout (KO) of TET2 in both MCF7 (ER+) and CAL51 (ER−) cell lines (fig. S1, B and C). Western

1Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. 2Department of Bio-chemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medi-cine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. 3Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

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blotting (Fig. 1A) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq; fig. S1D) were further used to ensure that no protein product of the TET2 gene was made in the KO cells, while ER protein levels were not altered by TET2-KO (Fig. 1A).

We found that loss of TET2 does not significantly affect ER− breast cancer cell growth (Fig. 1B, left) or alter cell morphology (fig. S1E); how-ever, loss of TET2 in MCF7 (ER+) cells results in a significant growth defect in regular medium (Fig. 1B, right). Accordingly, cell morphol-

ogy of MCF7-TET2-KO cells is distinct from that of parental cells (Fig. 1C). On the basis of this observation, we hypothesized that the estrogen response and estrogen-dependent growth of MCF7 cells may be affected by TET2 depletion. To determine the sensitivity of MCF7-WT (wild-type) and MCF7-TET2-KO cells to estrogen stimu-lation, we grew cells in phenol red–free medium supplemented with charcoal-stripped FBS for 4 days before treatment with DMSO or 10 nM 17-estradiol (E2). TET2-KO cells exhibited estrogen-dependent

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Fig. 1. TET2 is a coactivator of ER. (A) TET2 and ER protein levels were determined by Western blotting in TET2-WT and TET2-KO CAL51 cells (ER−) and MCF7 cells (ER+). HSP90 was used as an internal control (n = 3). (B) Cells (2 × 104) of each cell line were seeded in six-well plates, and the cell growth ability of TET2-WT and TET2-KO cells was determined by cell counting at the indicated days. Data are means ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (C) Representative images of the cell morphology of MCF7-TET2-WT and MCF7-TET2-KO clones (n = 3). (D) MCF7-TET2-WT and MCF7-TET2-KO cells were maintained in phenol red–free medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 4 days. Subsequently, 5 × 104 cells were seeded in six-well plates in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or E2 at 10 nM, and cell growth was determined by cell counting at the indicated days. Data are means ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (E) Schematic of the RNA-seq experimental workflow using MCF7-TET2-WT or MCF7-TET2-KO cells treated with either DMSO or E2 (10 nM) for 4 hours (n = 2). (F and G) Venn diagrams (F) and heat maps (G) showing the overlap of genes induced by E2 between TET2-WT and TET2-KO cells. Log2FC, log2 fold change. (H) Representative RNA-seq tracks of genes differentially induced by E2 in TET2-WT and TET2-KO cells (n = 2).


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cell growth defects (Fig. 1D). To determine whether the estrogen- controlled gene expression profile is also altered in TET2-depleted cells, we performed RNA-seq with parental MCF7 cells and TET2-KO MCF7 cells treated with either DMSO or E2 (10 nM) for 4 hours (Fig. 1E). In parental MCF7 cells, treatment with E2 resulted in an increased expression of 803 genes and a decreased expression of 205 genes, while in TET2-KO cells, 481 genes are induced and 222 genes are suppressed by E2 treatment (Fig. 1F). In general, TET2 loss was associated with an impaired estrogen response, as seen by gene ex-pression analysis (Fig. 1, G and H).

TET2 mediates proper recruitment of ER to enhancersTo determine how loss of TET2 affects E2-dependent gene expres-sion, we performed ChIP-seq of ER to identify sites where the re-cruitment of ER is altered in response to E2 treatment. Consistent with previous studies, we found that most ER was recruited to non-TSS (transcription start site) regions after E2 treatment (Fig. 2A) (25). K-means clustering was used to divide TSS and non-TSS peaks into three clusters each. We found that ER has the strongest en-richment in cluster 1 of the non-TSS regions. Cluster 1 peaks are enriched for H3K4me1 and H3K27ac (fig. S2A), indicating that ER is recruited to active enhancers in response to E2 treatment. Notably, we found that E2-dependent recruitment of ER was de-creased in TET2-KO cells [Fig. 2, A (right) and B (left), and fig. S2B]. E2-dependent induction of genes nearest to these non-TSS ER peaks is also attenuated in TET2-KO cells (Fig. 2B, right). These data sug-gested that loss of TET2 affects proper recruitment of ER to active enhancers and thereby attenuates the estrogen response.

Because there are no reliable commercially available TET2-specific ChIP-seq grade antibodies, and to determine whether TET2 directly binds to ER active enhancers, we generated polyclonal antibodies toward the N terminus of human TET2 protein (fig. S2C). To vali-date the specificity of our antibodies, we performed Western blot-ting and ChIP-seq in nontargeting and TET2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) cells and observed decreased signal by both assays (fig. S2, D and E). We further validated our antibodies in TET2-WT and TET2-KO MCF7 cells and found that the TET2 peaks detected by the antibodies are reduced in TET2-KO cells (fig. S2F).

To determine whether TET2 binds to ER-bound active enhancers, we sorted TET2 peaks according to ER-clustered peaks in Fig. 2A and found enrichment for TET2 in cluster 1 with the active enhancer peaks (Fig. 2C). Furthermore, loss of TET2 impairs the proper and full recruitment of ER at TET2-bound active enhancers (Fig. 2D). In these cells, there are 773 ER active enhancer peaks that are co-occupied by TET2 (Fig. 2E), and pathway analysis by GREAT (Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool) analysis demon-strated that these loci are associated with genes for response to hor-mone stimulus (fig. S2G). We further compared the occupancy of H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac at the 773 ER/TET2 co-bound peaks with 1869 ER-only peaks. We found that H3K4me1 and H3K27Ac levels are significantly higher at TET2-ER co-bound peaks (P < 2.2 × 10−16; Fig. 2F). To determine whether loss of TET2 protein affects DNA methylation at ER-bound loci, we performed modified reduced representation bisulfite sequenc-ing (mRRBS) with TET2-WT and TET2-KO MCF7 cells. We found that loss of TET2 does not lead to increased DNA methylation glob-ally (fig. S2H), active promoters (fig. S2, I and J), or at ER only–bound TSS peaks (Fig. 2G). However, as can be seen in two different TET2-KO clones, loss of TET2 leads to an increase of CpG methyl-

ation at the ER–non-TSS peaks, especially at cluster 1 loci (Fig. 2, H to J, and fig. S2K).

Positive feedback loop between TET2 and ER regulates the estrogen responseOur RNA-seq analysis identified TET2 as an E2-inducible gene (Fig. 3A). Real-time PCR confirms that TET2, but not TET1 or TET3, is induced by E2 treatment (Fig. 3B). Accordingly, Western blotting of TET2 protein levels at different time points of E2 treat-ment demonstrated a steady increase in TET2 protein levels over a 24-hour period (Fig. 3C). These data suggested that there is a posi-tive feedback loop between TET2 and ER. To understand the role of ER in regulating TET2 expression, we performed H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K4me1 ChIP-seq in cells treated with either DMSO or E2 (100 nM for 45 min). We found that ER was recruited to three putative enhancer elements (E1, E2, and E3) upstream of the TET2 gene in an E2-dependent manner (Fig. 3D).

To further test whether TET2 is a direct target of ER, we treated MCF7 cells with the ER antagonist tamoxifen for 72 hours. Tamoxi-fen treatment led to significant decreases of TET2 at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 3, E and F). We next tested whether tamoxi-fen treatment affected chromatin occupancy of TET2. We found that treatment of tamoxifen broadly led to reduced TET2 chromatin oc-cupancy (Fig. 3, G and H). Together, these results demonstrate that TET2 is a direct target of E2, and that the TET2-ER positive feed-back loop is disrupted by tamoxifen treatment, raising the possibility that disruption of the TET2-ER axis may be involved in the develop-ment of resistance to endocrine therapy.

Loss of MLL3, but not MLL4, COMPASS disrupts the TET2-ER axis by reducing TET2 expressionBecause MLL3 and MLL4 members of the COMPASS family are ma-jor regulators of enhancer activity in mammals (26, 27) (Fig. 4A), we hypothesized that MLL3 and MLL4 COMPASS may be involved in the E2-regulated TET2 expression at enhancers. To test our model, we knocked down MLL3 and MLL4 levels with two different shRNAs and performed real-time PCR and Western blotting to determine the TET2 expression in MCF7 cells. Depleting cells of MLL3, but not MLL4, led to decreased levels of TET2 RNA and protein (Fig. 4, B and C). To determine whether MLL3 COMPASS chromatin occupancy is altered upon E2 treatment, we performed MLL3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac ChIP-seq in MCF7 cells treated with DMSO or E2. E2 treat-ment led to increased recruitment of MLL3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac levels at the cluster 1 active enhancers (Fig. 4D). When MCF7 cells were cultured in regular serum-containing medium, MLL3 COMPASS was found to be highly enriched at Enhancer 2 of the TET2 gene (Fig. 4E). In addition, induction of the estrogen response with E2 led to increased occupancy of MLL3 to Enhancers 1 and 2 of the TET2 gene (Fig. 4F). Similar to TET2 depletion, depletion of MLL3 led to a global decrease in the E2 response in MCF7 cells (fig. S3, A to D). Consistently, induction of TET2 expression, but not TET1 or TET3 expression, by E2 was attenuated in MLL3-depleted cells (Fig. 4G and fig. S3B). In contrast, depletion of MLL3 does not affect TET2 gene expression in ER− cells (fig. S4A). Consistent with the RNA-seq data, MLL3 is not enriched at the TET2 enhancers in ER− cells, as seen by ChIP-seq (fig. S4B). Moreover, consistent with our cell line–based studies impli-cating MLL3 in the TET2-ER axis, examination of data from human breast cancer patient samples finds a greater correlation between MLL3 and TET2 in ER+ than in ER−, tumors (fig. S4C).


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Fig. 2. Enhancer TET2 mediates proper recruitment of ER. (A) TET2-WT and TET2-KO MCF7 cells were maintained in phenol red–free medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 4 days, followed by treatment with either DMSO or E2 at 100 nM for 45 min. Heat maps generated from ChIP-seq data showing the occupancy of ER in DMSO- and E2-treated cells. All rows are centered on ER peaks and further divided into TSS and non-TSS regions. TSS and non-TSS regions were further divided into three clusters each by k-means (n = 2). (B) Left: Log2 fold change heat map shows the comparison of ER occupancy between TET2-WT and TET2-KO cells treated with DMSO versus E2. Right: Log2 (fold change) of nearby gene expression in Tet2-WT or Tet2-KO cells treated with either DMSO or E2 (n = 2). (C) Heat maps generated from ChIP-seq data showing the occupancy of TET2, which is centered on the ER peaks, and rows ordered as in (A) (n = 2). (D) Representative genome browser tracks of TET2 and ER occupancy at enhancers. (E) Venn diagram showing common peaks between total TET2 peaks and ER cluster 1 peaks. (F) Box plot quantifying changes on H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac occupancy at ER alone and ER/TET2 co-occupied cluster 1 peaks. (G to J) Well-observed CpG methylation around ER-binding sites overlapping TSS sites (G) and non-TSS regions (H to J) separated by clusters identified in (A). Average CpG methylation values ± SEM for two biological replicates per cell type are plotted for the center of ER-binding sites ± 2500 base pairs (bp). NTD, N-terminal domain.


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DISCUSSIONHere, through the generation of TET2-specific antibodies, we have defined a role for TET2 as a transcriptional coactivator functioning through epigenetic regulation of gene expression by maintaining un-methylated DNA at enhancers. We have further identified a transcrip-tional feedback loop between TET2 and estrogen signaling, whereby the

TET2 gene is a direct transcriptional target of ER, and the TET2 pro-tein serves as a coactivator for ER. TET2 enhances ER occupancy at enhancers by maintaining low levels of CpG methylation. We further identified putative cell type–specific enhancers for TET2 that are oc-cupied by ER, and these and other TET2-ER enhancers are regulated by the MLL3, but not the MLL4, branch of the COMPASS family.

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Fig. 3. Positive feedback between TET2 and ER at enhancers. (A) Parental MCF7 cells were maintained in phenol red–free medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 4 days, followed by treatment with either DMSO or E2 at 10 nM for 4 hours. Heat maps generated from RNA-seq data showing the expression changes of selected epigenetic factors including histone and DNA modifiers (n = 2). (B) Real-time PCR was performed to determine the expression of TET1 to TET3 after E2 treatment. Data are means ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (C) Parental MCF7 cells were maintained in phenol red–free medium contain-ing 5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 4 days, followed by E2 treatment for the indicated times. TET2 protein levels were determined by Western blotting. HSP90 was used as an internal control (n = 3). (D) Parental MCF7 cells were maintained in phenol red–free medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped FBS for 4 days, followed by treatment with either DMSO or E2 (100 nM) for 45 min. Representative genome browser tracks showing the occupancy of ER, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K4me1 levels at TET2 (n = 2). MCF7 cells were treated with tamoxifen (1 M) for 72 hours. (E) Protein levels of TET2 were determined by Western blotting. HSP90 was used as an internal control (n = 3). (F) Representative RNA-seq tracks showing TET2 expression changes in response to tamoxifen treatment (n = 2). (G and H) Representative ChIP-seq tracks (G) and average plot (H) showing loss of TET2 chromatin occupancy in response to tamoxifen treatment.


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Although there are several studies that provided evidence of TET2 chromatin binding (28–30), the genome-wide binding pat-tern of TET2 remains under debate. Although it had been reported that TET2 mainly binds to, and functions at, promoter regions, it was

demonstrated by multiple groups that loss of TET2 primarily af-fects 5hmC level at active enhancers in the same cell lines (9). These contradictory results led us to generate our own TET2-specific antibodies, which we validated by ChIP-seq in TET2 knockdown

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Fig. 4. Loss of MLL3, but not MLL4, COMPASS disrupts the TET2-ER axis. (A) Cartoon of MLL3 and MLL4 COMPASS regulation of gene expression from enhancers. (B) Level of expression of MLL3, MLL4, and TET2, as assessed by real-time PCR in MCF7 cells treated with shNONT, shMLL3, and shMLL4. Data are means ± SD; n = 3 inde-pendent experiments. **P < 0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (C) Protein levels of MLL3, MLL4, and TET2 as determined by Western blotting in MCF7 cells treated with shNONT, shMLL3, and shMLL4 (n = 3). (D) Heat maps of MLL3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac log2 fold changes in response to E2 treatment. Rows are centered on the non-TSS ER peaks and ordered as in Fig. 2A (n = 2). (E) Representative genome browser tracks showing the occupancy of MLL3 at TET2 enhancers (n = 2). (F) Representative tracks showing the recruitment of MLL3 and increased occupancy of H3K4me1 at TET2 enhancers induced by E2 treatment (n = 2). (G) Representative RNA-seq tracks showing the expression of TET2 induced by E2 in shNONT and shMLL3 cells (n = 2).


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and KO cells. In our current studies, although we also observed that a portion of TET2 peaks are localized at TSS region, we did not see an obvious change of DNA methylation pattern at TSS regions after TET2-KO. In agreement with previous studies (8, 9), we found that loss of TET2 altered the methylation level of DNA at enhancers, which we found were directly bound by TET2. Consistent with our findings, a most recent study shows that TET2 binds to enhancers and facilitates transcription factor recruitment in hematopoietic cells (31). We cannot rule out at this point whether TET2 may function redundantly at promoter regions with other TET enzymes or may have catalytic-independent activities at these regions (32).

The function of ER in breast cancer has been well studied; however, the regulation of ER recruitment remains unclear. Recently, emerging studies revealed that DNA methylation at enhancers may affect ER bind-ing (33) to these regions and participate in ER+ breast cancer resistance to anti-estrogen treatment (34). These studies strongly implied that there might be unknown enhancer binding factors that maintain enhancer DNA methylation status in breast cancer pathogenesis (35). In our current study, we demonstrated that loss of TET2 results in increased enhancer DNA methylation, which is accompanied by decreased ER recruitment. Notably, we found that cells lacking TET2 have limited E2-dependent growth, indicating that loss of TET2 may be involved in the development of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

MLL3 and MLL4 COMPASS are enhancer binding factors that are responsible for enhancer activation and downstream gene expression (17, 23). MLL3 and MLL4 are among the most mutated histone modi-fiers in multiple human cancers (22). Our genome-wide studies demon-strated that the loss of MLL3, but not MLL4, attenuates TET2 induction by E2. A recent study found that loss of MLL3 was found to directly promote hormone-independent outgrowth (36), which strongly sup-ports our model because loss of MLL3 also leads to decreased TET2 expression, thereby disrupting the TET2-ER epigenetic axis.

In human prostate cancer, TET2 was found to be repressed by an-drogen signaling. The androgen receptor (AR) induces the expression of miR-29, which directly binds to the 3′ untranslated region of the TET2 gene, and further regulates the stability of TET2 mRNA. Knocking down TET2 in prostate cancer stimulates the gene expres-sion response by androgen, suggesting that there is a negative feedback between TET2 and AR signaling (29). In contrast, our study reveals a positive feedback between TET2 and ER signaling, which is further facilitated by MLL3 COMPASS (fig. S4D). Mutations or dysregulations of MLL3 or TET2, which is a common feature in numerous human cancers, may disrupt the transcriptional axis, leading to malignant pro-gression of cancer or resistance to endocrine treatment. Our study also suggested distinct regulation of TET2 in male and female cancers, which could provide new transcriptional targets for endocrine therapy.

In conclusion, our study shows that TET2 specifically functions at enhancers by demethylating these loci and preparing them for recruit-ment of transcription factors. Furthermore, we have found that MLL3 COMPASS is required for this process through direct regulation of TET2 expression in an ER-dependent manner. These findings reveal the existence of an epigenetic axis coordinating a transcriptional pro-gram through enhancer activity requiring DNA demethylation.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAntibodiesER (sc-543) and HSP90 (sc-7947) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and TET2 [A304-247A, for Western blotting and

immunoprecipitation (IP)] was purchased from Bethyl Labora-tories. TET2 (#18950, for ChIP-seq) and H3K27ac (#8173) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. MLL3, MLL4, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 antibodies were made in-house, as described before (24). Rabbit anti- TET2 (for ChIP-seq and Western blotting) was generated against the N-terminal peptide of TET2 at Pocono Rabbit Farm and Laboratory.

Cell lines and RNA interferenceMCF7 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collec-tion, and CAL51 cells were obtained from Leibniz Institute DSMZ (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures). All these cells were maintained with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 10% FBS (Sigma). For E2 induction, the MCF7 cells were maintained in phenol red–free DMEM (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 5% charcoal- stripped FBS (Sigma). For shTET2, shMLL3, and shMLL4 infection, cells were infected with lentivirus containing shRNAs in the presence of poly-brene (4 g/ml; Sigma) for 24 hours in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. The infected cells were selected with puromycin (2 g/ml) for an extra 48 hours before harvest.

CRISPR-mediated KOsSingle-guide RNAs were designed with CRISPRtool (http://crispr.mit.edu) and then cloned into lentiCRISPR v2 (Addgene, 52961) vector. Targeting vector and single-stranded DNA donor were cotrans-fected in cells for 24 hours and followed by 2 days of puromycin selection. Targeted single-cell clones were screened by PCR.

Next-generation sequencing sample preparationChIP-seq libraries were prepared using the KAPA HTP Library Preparation Kit and multiplexed with NEXTflex DNA Barcodes from Bioo Scientific. DNA (10 ng) was used as starting material for input and IP samples. Libraries were amplified using 13 cycles on the thermo-cycler. Post-amplification libraries were size selected at 250 to 450 bp in length using Agencourt AMPure XP beads from Beckman Coulter. Libraries were validated using the Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit. RNA-seq libraries were prepared using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Preparation Kit with Ribo-Depletion. Input RNA quality was validated using the Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit. Total RNA (1 g) was used as starting material. Libraries were validated using the Agilent DNA 1000 Kit.

RNA-seq analysisGene counts were computed by HTSeq (37) and used as input for edgeR 3.0.8 (38). Genes with Benjamini-Hochberg–adjusted P values less than 0.01 were considered to be differentially expressed, unless otherwise specified. RNA-seq heat maps adjacent to ChIP-seq heat maps display log2 fold change values of genes corresponding to TSSs nearest to ChIP-seq peaks and were displayed using Java TreeView (39). Gene Ontology functional analysis was carried out using Metascape with default parameters (40).

ChIP-seq analysisChIP-seq was performed as previously described (41). For ChIP-seq analysis, TET2 peaks in both TET2-WT and TET2-KO or shNONT and shTET2 conditions were called with the MACS v1.4.2 software (42) using default parameters and corresponding input samples. Metaplots and heat maps were generated using ngsplot (43). The


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GREAT online software suite was used to analyze cis-regulatory func-tion for select clusters (44).

Modified reduced representation bisulfite sequencingmRRBS was performed as previously reported (45). Briefly, genomic DNA was digested with Msp I (New England BioLabs) before size selection of 100- to 250-bp fragments with solid-phase reversible immobilization beads (MagBio Genomics). DNA was bisulfite con-verted with the EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning Kit (Zymo Research). Libraries were prepared with the Pico Methyl-Seq Library Prep Kit (Zymo Research) using Illumina TruSeq indices and sequenced using single-end reads (NextSeq 500, Illumina) with a 500/550 V2 High Output reagent kit (1 × 75 cycles).

Bioinformatic processing and alignment of the sequenced libraries to the hg19 reference genome were performed as previously reported (45). Well-observed CpG positions were obtained by performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA)–like test for differential methylation with the DSS v2.26.0 R/Bioconductor package (46) and quantified using the SeqMonk platform (v1.40.1) with the bisulfite feature methylation pipeline. Metagene-style plots of all well-observed CpGs were generated in SeqMonk as a quantitation trend plot and visual-ized with GraphPad Prism v7.04.

Kaplan-Meier survival analysisWe used a combined cohort of breast cancer patient data with en-docrine therapy in Kaplan-Meier plotter (http://kmplot.com/) for the survival analysis. The data and method used for the analysis were described previously (47). Briefly, patients are stratified into high- or low-expression groups according to the median level of individual gene probe. The survival analysis was performed using the survival package in the R statistical environment. Proportional hazard was computed using the coxph package.

Statistical analysesFor statistical analyses, GraphPad Prism 6 and 7, Microsoft Excel, and R were used. All the data, where a statistical analysis was reported, meet the criteria to use the appropriate statistical test. For the normal distribution of data, the empirical rule was used to infer the distri-bution. For growth curves and time course, RNA-seq t tests were calculated between the area under the curve values. Statistical tests used were reported in the figure legends.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALSSupplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/11/eaau6986/DC1Fig. S1. TET2 is a coactivator of ER.Fig. S2. Enhancer-bound TET2 mediates proper recruitment of ER.Fig. S3. MLL3 COMPASS is responsible for proper estrogen induction of gene expression.Fig. S4. Cell type–specific enhancer specificity of MLL3 COMPASS.

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Acknowledgments: We thank F. Zheng for the gifts of the Px330 and lentiCRISPR v2 vectors. Funding: This work was supported by the Training Program in Signal Transduction and Cancer (grant T32 CA070085 to L.W.); NIH/NCI training grant T32CA070085, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, and Northwestern Mutual (to Z.Z.); NIH grant R50CA211428 (to E.R.S.); and NIH grant K08HL128867 and the Francis Family Foundation’s Parker B. Francis Research Opportunity Award (to B.D.S.). Studies in the Shilatifard laboratory related to COMPASS are supported by the NCI’s Outstanding Investigator Award R35CA197569 to A.S. Author contributions: L.W. and A.S. designed the study. L.W., Z.Z., C.R., and A.L.W. performed most of the experiments and part of the analyses. L.W., E.R.S., M.A.M., and A.S. wrote and edited the manuscript. S.A.M. and E.J.R generated and sequenced the next-generation sequencing (NGS) libraries. P.A.O. performed all of the RNA-seq and ChIP-seq bioinformatic analyses. L.Z. performed the clinical data analysis. A.P., K.A.H., and B.D.S. performed the DNA methylation sequencing. B.D.S. analyzed the DNA methylation data. L.W., E.R.S., and A.S. revised the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. Raw and processed NGS data will be deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information GEO database under accession number GSE120756.

Submitted 6 July 2018Accepted 11 October 2018Published 7 November 201810.1126/sciadv.aau6986

Citation: L. Wang, P. A. Ozark, E. R. Smith, Z. Zhao, S. A. Marshall, E. J. Rendleman, A. Piunti, C. Ryan, A. L. Whelan, K. A. Helmin, M. A. Morgan, L. Zou, B. D. Singer, A. Shilatifard, TET2 coactivates gene expression through demethylation of enhancers. Sci. Adv. 4, eaau6986 (2018).


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TET2 coactivates gene expression through demethylation of enhancers

Anna L. Whelan, Kathryn A. Helmin, Marc Alard Morgan, Lihua Zou, Benjamin D. Singer and Ali ShilatifardLu Wang, Patrick A. Ozark, Edwin R. Smith, Zibo Zhao, Stacy A. Marshall, Emily J. Rendleman, Andrea Piunti, Caila Ryan,

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6986 (11), eaau6986.4Sci Adv

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