GENETICSVOCABULARY

HTTP://WWW.NEWSCIENTIST.COM/DATA/IMAGES/NS/CMS/DN9966/DN9966-1_300.JPG

GENE

SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES THAT CARRIES THE INFORMATION FOR A GIVEN TRAIT

HTTP://WWW.GENOMENEWSNETWORK.ORG/GNN_IMAGES/WHATS_A_GENOME/GENE.GIF

ALLELE

ALL POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR A GIVEN GENE

HTTP://1.BP.BLOGSPOT.COM/-2-MWFZJPXP8/UD4TQJRQYBI/AAAAAAAABF4/4AWEUU3BW1G/S1600/ALLELE.JPG

HOMOZYGOUSHETEROZYGOUS

HOMOZYGOUS

BOTH COPIES OF THE ALLELE ARE THE SAME

HETEROZYGOUS

ALLELE COPIES ARE DIFFERENT

HTTP://3.BP.BLOGSPOT.COM/-PGBY-R13BGY/TX_WIPCTNMI/AAAAAAAAADQ/ZXJKM045KCI/S1600/LOCUS.JPG

GENOTYPEPHENOTYPE

GENOTYPE: THE GENETIC, INHERITABLE INFORMATION (THE LETTERS)

PHENOTYPE: THE PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF THE GENETIC CODE(WHAT CAN BE SEEN)

HTTP://CYBERBRIDGE.MCB.HARVARD.EDU/IMAGES/EVOLUTION2_3.PNG

DOMINANTRECESSIVE

DOMINANT

A GENE THAT IS ALWAYS EXPRESSED IF IT IS PRESENT IN THE GENOTYPE

RECESSIVE

A GENE THAT IS EXPRESSED ONLY IF THE NO DOMINANT GENE IS PRESENT

HTTP://WWW.CANCER.GOV/PUBLISHEDCONTENT/IMAGES/IMAGES/DOCUMENTS/2BB8687B-EB2B-4E62-BA30-A0572DEE414E/CANCER15.JPG

LAW OF SEGREGATION

ALLELES SEPARATE DURING GAMETE FORMATION

THE ALLELE FROM MOM AND THE ALLELE FROM DAD SEPARATE WHEN SEX CELLS ARE MADE.

HTTP://WWW.SCIENCECLARIFIED.COM/IMAGES/UESC_07_IMG0360.JPG

HTTP://COURSE1.WINONA.EDU/SBERG/ILLUST/METPHSIB.GIF

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

ALLELES ARE INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER

HTTP://BIO1151.NICERWEB.COM/LOCKED/MEDIA/CH13/13_10INDEPENDENTASSORT_L.JPG

FOR EXAMPLE, THE ALLELES FOR DIMPLES ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE ALLELES FOR TONGUE-ROLLING (UNLESS THEY ARE ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME)

MONOHYBRID CROSS

USED TO PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF A CROSS BETWEEN TWO PARENTS FOR ONE GENE AT A TIME

HTTP://IB.BERKELEY.EDU/COURSES/IB162/WEEK2A_FILES/IMAGE006.JPG

DIHYBRID CROSS

USED TO PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF A CROSS BETWEEN TWO PARENTS FOR TWO GENES AT A TIME

HTTP://WWW.BIOLOGYCORNER.COM/RESOURCES/DIHYBRID_CROSS.GIF

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

PHENOTYPES ARE “BLENDED;” OFFSPRING HAVE APPEARANCE IN BETWEEN THE PHENOTYPES OF THE PARENTS

HTTP://BUFFONESCIENCE9.WIKISPACES.COM/FILE/VIEW/INCOMPLETE_DOMINANCE.JPG/313412010/INCOMPLETE_DOMINANCE.JPG

CODOMINANCE

BOTH ALLELES ARE EXPRESSED IN THE PHENOTYPE

HTTP://KMBIOLOGY.WEEBLY.COM/UPLOADS/6/0/1/1/6011704/928894.JPG?571

HTTP://BIO1100.NICERWEB.COM/LOCKED/MEDIA/CH10/10_19.JPG

HTTP://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/F/F3/CO-DOMINANCE_RHODODENDRON.JPG

PLEIOTROPY

ONE GENE INFLUENCES MULTIPLE CHARACTERISTICS

HTTP://MUMTAZTICLOFT.COM/IMAGES/PLEIOTROPY.PNG

POLYGENIC TRAITS

ONE CHARACTERISTIC IS AFFECTED BY MANY GENES

Ex: skin color…looks like ≥ 3 alleles control skin color A, B, and C…someone who is AABBCC is very dark-skinned and someone who is aabbcc is very light skinned and then there is a huge gamut in between

HTTP://2.BP.BLOGSPOT.COM/_AE3QBI0TWV4/TMOKHIMVEEI/AAAAAAAAAU8/RUL_D15LUGS/S1600/POLYGENIC_SKIN.JPG

SEX LINKED TRAITS

Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes.  

Most are X-linked b/c the Y chromosome is very small and mostly carries genes that determine that a human is male.

X-linked traits are more commonly expressed in males b/c males only have one X. Write genotype to include the sex chromosomes.   HTTP://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/THUMB/D/D5/

X_DOMINANT_AFFECTED_MOTHER.SVG/250PX-X_DOMINANT_AFFECTED_MOTHER.SVG.PNG

ADDITIONAL INFO

HTTP://GREATNECK.K12.NY.US/GNPS/SHS/DEPT/SCIENCE/KRAUZ/BIO_H/IMAGES/14_05LAWOFSEGREGATION_2_L.JPG