Upload
ramiro-crawshaw
View
217
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
• Genetically modified organisms or• Transgenic Organisms - organisms that
have foreign DNA (genes) introduced into them
• Used to increase survival rates• Introducing foreign DNA into bacteria,
plants and animals • Used in research and pharmaceuticals
GMO’s
Genetic Engineering
• Selects useful traits from a range of variation.
• Artificial selection and breeding to acquire beneficial traits.
• Breeding cattle, dogs, corn .
• Now molecular biologists can introduce genes into all kinds of organisms
• Molecular Biologists, know that genes are chains of nucleotides
• With this knowledge, they are able to move genes around and cut and paste pieces of DNA from different organisms.
E.Coli
Plasmid DNA Plasmid DNA + gene
How might we cut open the plasmid to get the gene in?
Plasmid DNA + gene Bacterial cell + your plasmid!
What happens every time the bacterial cell divides and replicates its own DNA?
Gene you are
interested in+
Bacterial cell
+
Recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA is any DNA molecule consisting of two or more DNA segments that are not normally found together in nature. Sometimes called designer genes.
• Joins together pieces of DNA in combinations that benefit scientists.
• DNAse and RNAse are enzymes that actually cut the bonds between nucleotides in DNA or RNA.
• Restriction enzymes are special DNAses that cut DNA at specific locations.
• For instance the EcoRI binds to and cuts DNA wherever it finds the sequence GAATTC.
• This results in many fragments with ends that can be identified and are complimentary (sticky).
• DNA ligase is an enzyme that is used to link together separate pieces of DNA into one continuous strand.
• For example, to make the hormone insulin, researchers inserted a sequence coding for human insulin next to the operator and the promoter for β-galactosidase from E. coli.
• When the bacteria was exposed to lactose, the bacteria produced insulin
Rat Insulin Gene Example
Transgenic crops
GFP Critters!
Green Fluorescent Protein
• Found in one species of jelly fish (Aequorea victoria)
• GFP started to be used in biology in the 1990s
• Nobel Prize in 2008!• Great website:
http://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/GFP-1.htm
So what can we use GFP for?• “Tag” specific
cells and/or specific proteins we are interested in looking at
Interesting Transgenic Animals!
Emerald Sea Slug
• Naturally-occuring!• Sequence identical to
an algal photosynthetic gene in its genomeo Gene somehow
integrated into the slug’s DNA!
Spider Goat
• Spider silko Stronger than steel!o Really flexible
• Goats have spider silk gene inserted into their DNA
• Silk is harvested from the goat’s __________
Super Muscle Trout
• Fish have 20-25% more muscle growth
• Gene inserted that makes a protein that inhibits another protein that SLOWS muscle growth
Brainbow Mouse
• Randomly expressing different ratios of red, green, and blue derivatives of GFP
Gene therapy
• Use genes to try to treat a diseaseo Protein function
has somehow been changed
o Gene therapy tries to fix that!
• Still a very risky procedure!