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Genetic Evaluations for Fitness and Fertility in the US and Other Nations. Which Traits?. “A key priority in research and education should be to identify those traits that really affect cost of producing milk and concentrate selection on them” ( McDaniel, 1976 National Workshop) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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2003
P.M. VanRadenP.M. VanRadenAnimal Improvement Programs LaboratoryAgricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, [email protected]
Genetic Evaluations for Genetic Evaluations for Fitness and Fertility in the Fitness and Fertility in the
US and Other NationsUS and Other Nations
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (2) P.M. VanRaden200
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Which Traits?Which Traits?
“A key priority in research and education should be to identify those traits that really affect cost of producing milk and concentrate selection on them” (McDaniel, 1976 National Workshop)
Still good advice today
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (3) P.M. VanRaden200
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Genetic progressGenetic progress
G = accuracy genetic SD selection intensity generation interval
(Dickerson & Hazel, 1944)
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (4) P.M. VanRaden200
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Heritability of N RecordsHeritability of N Records= N h**2 / [1 + (N – 1) Repeatability]= N h**2 / [1 + (N – 1) Repeatability]
(Lush, 1948)(Lush, 1948)
TraitRepeat-ability
Lactations
1 2 3 4 5Protein .55 .30 .39 .43 .45 .47SCS .35 .10 .15 .18 .20 .21DPR .13 .04 .07 .10 .12 .13PL .04 .07 .08 .085
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Average accuracyAverage accuracy= square root of reliability / 100= square root of reliability / 100
Cows born 1995
Bulls born 1994-98
Protein (kg) .71 .92SCS .60 .77PL .58 .78DPR .57 .75Service sire CE .55 .85Daughter CE .54 .77Feet & Legs .62 .84
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (6) P.M. VanRaden200
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Coefficients of variation (CV)Coefficients of variation (CV)
Trait MeanPheno-
typic SD
CV (%)Pheno typic
Gen-etic
Protein (lb) 692 91 13 7Stature (in) 57 1.6 3 2
PL (mo) 24 13 54 16DPR (%) 23 15 65 13
DPR = daughter pregnancy rate, PL = productive life,
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (7) P.M. VanRaden200
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Trait HarmonizationTrait HarmonizationMark, 2003 EAAP meetingMark, 2003 EAAP meeting
Trait
Countries
Average corr.
Avg. cor w / USA
Protein 27 .87 .89Stature 21 .89 .90Fore Udd. 21 .75 .79SCS 20 .85 .86Longevity 14 .59 .74SCE 10 .83 .86DCE 10 .58 .64
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (8) P.M. VanRaden200
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MACE Longevity CorrelationsMACE Longevity CorrelationsJakobsen, 2003 Interbull meetingJakobsen, 2003 Interbull meeting
USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBRUSA .83 .61 .55 .80 .93 .83DEU .65 .44 .83 .81 .74FRA .40 .68 .62 .51NZL .43 .52 .58NLD .80 .70CAN .89Avg (14)
.74 .69 .62 .49 .68 .73 .67
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (9) P.M. VanRaden200
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MACE for Calving EaseMACE for Calving EaseJakobsen, 2003 Interbull meetingJakobsen, 2003 Interbull meeting
Avg. cor (10 x 10) USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN DNK
Service sire CE
.86 .87 .85 .69 .81 .75 .90
Daugh-ter CE
.64 .54 .68 … .68 .78 .59
USA cor DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN DNKSCE .70 .82 .72 .86 .82 .94
DCE .61 .92 … .93 .88 .76
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (10) P.M. VanRaden200
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Pregnancy RatePregnancy Rate
Rate that cows become pregnant Can be derived from days open
Non-linear: 21 / (DO – VWP + 11) Linear approx: (233 – DO) / 4
Advantages over days open Positive numbers are desirable Earlier measure of herd fertility
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (11) P.M. VanRaden200
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Pregnancy Rate vs Days OpenPregnancy Rate vs Days Open
0102030405060708090
100
60 81 102 123 144 165 186 207 228 249Number of Chances
Preg
nanc
y R
ate
987654321
Days Open
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (12) P.M. VanRaden200
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Cow Fertility TraitsCow Fertility Traits Evaluated in Largest Holstein Populations Evaluated in Largest Holstein Populations
CountryTrait USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS
Ability to cycle Yes Yes Yes
Ability to conceive Yes Yes Yes Yes
Combined trait Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Emphasis 7% 2% 13% 10% 7% 8%
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (13) P.M. VanRaden200
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Prediction of UK Calving IntervalPrediction of UK Calving IntervalWall et al, 2003 Interbull meetingWall et al, 2003 Interbull meeting
Country, trait BullsMin Rel
UK Rel
PTA Corr.
USA preg rate 108 70 65 .76AUS preg rate 65 70 50 .73NLD fert. index 46 60 60 .71IRL calv. int. 68 65 70 .69DNK fert. index 103 70 60 .51NZL fert. index 42 60 50 .51
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (14) P.M. VanRaden200
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International Fertility CorrelationsInternational Fertility Correlations UK, DEU, FRA, NLD (Wall, 2003)
Non-return, PTA correlation avg = .54 DNK, FIN, SWE (Mark, 2001)
Days to 1st AI, genetic cor avg = .67 Non-return rate, genetic cor avg = .44
Ayr from NOR, DNK, FIN, SWE (Svendsen, 2001) Fertility index, genetic cor avg = .73
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (15) P.M. VanRaden200
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Value of Cow FertilityValue of Cow Fertility Optimum days open
Pregnancy rate affects mean and variance Reduced yield/day vs longer lactations
Fertility expenses per day open Heat detection ($20 / lact .005) = $.10 Semen ($15 / unit + $5 labor) *.025 = $.50 Pregnancy exam ($10 / exam)*.012 = $.12 Lactations too long or short = $.75
Relative value of DPR = 7% of total
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (16) P.M. VanRaden200
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Value of Calving EaseValue of Calving Ease
Daughter CE value / difficult birth Veterinary, labor costs = $50 Calf death (20% prob) = $25 Cow deaths before 1st test (1% prob) = $15
Service sire CE also includes Yield losses / lactation = $40 Fertility and longevity losses = $30
Relative values of each are 2% of total
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (17) P.M. VanRaden200
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National Selection Indexes:National Selection Indexes:Yield and Health TraitsYield and Health Traits
Country (Interbull Code)USA USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE
% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5
Index Name NM$ New RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI
TraitProtein 36 33 36 35 34 35 43 57 36 42 21 21
Fat 21 22 9 10 13 8 14 11 12 12 10 4Milk 5 0 -17 -14 -19 -20 -3 -4
% Protein 4 2 3% Fat 1 2 2
Longevity 14 11 25 13 8 12 8 15 12 8 6 6SCS / mastitis 9 9 5 13 11 3 7 10 15 12
Fertility 7 2 13 10 7 9 10Other diseases 2 3
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (18) P.M. VanRaden200
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National Selection Indexes:National Selection Indexes:Conformation and Management TraitsConformation and Management Traits
Country (Interbull Code)USA USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE
% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5Index Name NM$ New RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI
TraitUdder traits 7 7 6 8 17 13 9 12
Feet / legs 4 4 4 1 3 11 6 5 9Size -4 -3 2 2 -18 4 -4 2
Dairy character 2Rump 1 1
Final score 4 2Calving ease 4 4 10 6 12
Growth / meat 4 6Milking Speed <1 4 6Temperament 5 2 3
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (19) P.M. VanRaden200
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Response to NM$ SelectionResponse to NM$ Selection
TraitNM$ 2000
NM$ 2003 Trait
NM$ 2000
NM$ 2003
Protein .81 .74 Udder .19 .22Fat .68 .67 F & L .17 .16
Milk .68 .58 Size -.10 -.10PL .51 .58 SCE -.13 -.23
SCS -.35 -.38 DCE -.11 -.21DPR .00 .15
National Dairy Genetics Workshop – Fertility Evaluations (20) P.M. VanRaden200
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Changes for November 2003Changes for November 2003
Earlier evaluation of DPR Records in progress used at 130
instead of 250 DIM 6% gain in REL of DPR for new bulls Developed by Melvin Kuhn
Use of DPR, SCE, DCE to predict PL 4% gain in REL of PL for recent bulls
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ConclusionsConclusions
Most fitness traits are less heritable but more variable than yield and type
In August 2003 NM$, cow fertility receives 7% and calving ease traits each receive 2% of total selection
Reasonable progress is expected National fitness trait evaluations need
to reach foreign customers