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http://www.milkeninstitute.org
Biotech Timeline: First Three Hundred Years
1660
1830
1850
1870
1900
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1663Cells
described
1830Proteins
discovered1855
E.Coli discovered
1856Gene
established
1871DNA
discovered
1940DNA,
“transforming factor”
demonstrated
1920Human growth
hormone discovered
1909Word “gene”
introduced 1944Genes
encoded by DNA
discovered
1953“Double-
helix” described
1960Proteins
responsible for cutting DNA discovered
1966Genetic code
cracked1975
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
developed
1972Recombinant
DNA technology constructed
1973Plasmid to clone
DNA used
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1980First U.S. Patent for
gene cloning received
First biotech IPO
1982First biotechnology
drug releasedFirst transgenic
plants introduced
1983Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) technique conceived
1989Epogen, first biotech
product approvedGene responsible for
cystic fibrosis discovered
1990Human Genome Project (HGP)
launched
1986Recombinant
anti-hemophilic factor approved
1991Neupogen, second
biotech product approved
1994Breast cancer
susceptibility gene discovered
1995Full gene
sequence of a living organism other than virus
completed
1997Dolly, the
sheep, cloned
1998Enbrel, treatment for rheumatoid
arthritis, approved
2000Draft of human
genome completed
2001First endangered species cloned
2002First domestic cat
cloned
1996First transgenic plants available commercially
Biotech Time: Last Three Decades
Biotech Patents Granted
0100999897969594939291908988
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Number (Thous)
U.S. Origin
Foreign Origin
U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry(Rising R&D Yields Fewer Drugs)
2000199519901985198019751970
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
Number US$ Billions
R&D (R)
New Drugs Approved (L)
Number of Pivotal Trials by Disease Category
Phase II or III, 2000
HepatitisAIDS
CardiovascularNeurology
Cancer
80
60
40
20
0
Number
S&P 500 Biotech vs. S&P 500 Index
S&P 500 Biotech
S&P 500 Index
200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Index 1994=100
Top 10 Biotech Drugs
Disease Treated Sales(US$ Millions)
Procrit Anemia 2,709Epogen Anemia 1,963Neupogen Leukemia 1,224Intron A/Rebetron Hepatitis C & Cancer 1,360Humulin Diabetes 1,115Avonex Multiple Sclerosis 761Enbrel Rheumatoid Arthritis 690Cerezyme Type 1 Gaucher Disease 537Rituxan non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 444Synagis Respiratory Syncytial Virus 427
Causes of Death and Age-Adjusted Death Rates in the U.S.
Death Rate / 100,000 People
1. Heart disease 257.52. Cancer 200.53. Stroke 60.34. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 44.95. Accidents 34.06. Diabetes mellitus 24.97. Influenza and pneumonia 24.38. Alzheimer's disease 17.89. Kidney disease 13.7
10. Septicemia 11.5
U.S. Biotech Industry Performance
1999 2000
Total Revenue 22.3 25.0 12.2
R&D Expense 10.7 13.8 29.2
Net Income -5.6 -5.8 -2.7
Market Capitalization 353.5 330.8 -6.4
Employees 162,000 174,000 7.4
(US$ Billions)
Percent Change
(%)
Biotech – Market Value of Top 10 Firms
Name
Current Market Cap
(US$ Billions)
Amgen Inc. 64.32
Genentech Inc. 27.26
Immunex Corp. 17.07
Idec Pharmaceuticals Corp. 10.03
Genzyme Corp. - Genl Division 9.10
Chiron Corp. 8.85
Biogen Inc. 7.13
Millennium Pharmaceuticals 6.25
Human Genome Sciences Inc. 2.87
Icos Corporation 2.81
Asia Pacific Biotech – Market Value(Top 10 Companies)
Note: data as of 4/3/02
Company CountryMarket
Capitalization ($US Millions)
1. LG Chem Investment Ltd S. Korea 1,144.92. Sonic Healthcare Ltd Australia 821.33. Kunming Yunda Science-A China 420.64. Beijing Tiantan Biological-A China 387.15. Star Lake Bioscience Co Inc China 339.66. Ginwa Enterprise Group Inc-A China 288.97. Guangxi Beisheng Pharm-A China 173.98. Apex Biotechnology Corp Taiwan 128.59. Medical & Biological Labs Co Japan 114.5
10. Rubicon Limited New Zealand 103.8
U.S. Biotech Industry Revenues Increase(Public and Private Co.)
200019991998199719961995199419931992199119901989
25
20
15
10
5
0
US$ Billions
U.S. Biotech Industry Revenues Increase(Public Co.)
0100999897969594939291908988878685848382
25
20
15
10
5
0
US$ Billions
*estimated
*
U.S. Biotech Industry
200120001999199819971996199519941993
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
420
360
300
240
180
120
60
0
Number US$ Billions
Public Companies (L)
Market Cap (R)
Public Biotech Companies by Region 2000
L.A/Orange CountySan DiegoSan Francisco Bay
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
Number US$ Billions
Number of Public Companies (L)
R&D (R)
Public Spending on Biotech R&D2000
GermanyUKFranceItaly
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Millions of € €
Total (L) € per Capita (R)
Equity Investments in Biotech2000
Appendix: US healthcare spending as a percent of GDP is the highest in world
US Italy Japan* UKCanadaFrance*Germany
Source: OECD Health Data, 1999. *Denotes 1998 data.
% of GDP
0.0%
1.5%
3.0%
4.5%
6.0%
7.5%
9.0%
10.5%
12.0%
13.5%
15.0%
Appendix: US healthcare spending continues to grow
$ Billions
Source: Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (HCFA), 2002
$246
$696
$990
$1,299
$1,426
$1,546
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
1980 1990 1995 2000 2001e 2002e