generic topics

8/7/2019 generic topics

1/11

How Do We Define the Air Pollution ?

Sources of Pollution

Health Effects

Primary and Secondary Pollutants

Objective of Air Monitoring

Guidelines for carrying out Ambient Air QualityMonitoring developed by CPCB


2/11

The presence in outdoor atmosphere, of one or more

contaminants such as fumes, dust, gases, mist, grit, odor,

smoke, smog or vapors in considerable quantities and of

duration which is injurious to human, animal or plant life of

which unreasonably interferes with comfortable

enjoyment of life and property.

How Do We Define the Air Pollution ?


3/11

Natural Sources

Volcanic Eruptions

Forest Fires

Natural Decays

Marsh Gases

Cosmic Dusts

Soil Debris

Pollen Grains

Fungal Spores

Anthropogenic

SourcesIncrease in Population

Vehicular Pollution

Deforestation

Burning of Fossil Fuels

Rapid Industrialization

Agricultural Activities

Wars

Sources of Pollution


4/11

Health Effects

Pollutants Health Effects

SPM & RSPM Respiratory diseases, reduce visibility

SO2 Irritation of eyes, respiratory system, increased

mucus production, cough and shortness of breath.

NOX Irritation of pulmonary tract affecting functioning of

lungs.

CO Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood,

prone to cardiovascular diseases

Hydrocarbons Lung cancer, irritation of mucus membrane.

Pb Cumulative poison, impairment of central nervoussystem, disruption of pathways of haem

synthesis,increase in d-aminolevulinic acid

dehydratase activity in red cells/or elevated levels

of erythrocyte protoporphyrin

Benzene Leukaemia, Chromosomal damage


5/11

Pollutants Health Effects

Ammonia Eye, Nose, Throat irritation, Dyspnea,

Bronchospasm, Chest Pain, Pulmonary edema,

Pink frothy sputum,Skin burns, vesiculation

Nickel Head verti, nausea, vomit, epigastric, substernal

pain, cough, hyperneaArsenic Ulceration of nasal septum, gastrointestinal

disturbances, hyperpigmentation of skin

Benjo(a)Pyrene Carcinogenic

Health Effects


6/11

Penetration of RSPM in Respiratory System


7/11

Primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly

from a source.

Secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but

forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react inthe atmosphere.

Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which

is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides

(NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight; NO2, which is

formed as NO combines with oxygen in the air; and acid

rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen

oxides react with water.

Primary and Secondary Pollutants


8/11

Objective of Air Monitoring

To assess health hazards and potential damage toproperty;

To determine the background pollution level forapplication in industrial zoning, town planning orlocation of sites for certain types of industriesrequiring stringent air quality criteria;

To determine the degree of air pollution controlrequired for existing industries;

To identify industrial and other source of pollution;

Conti.


9/11

To collect data for formulating and testing air pollution models;

To identify and control pollution from vehicular emission;

To monitor the criteria pollutants depending on the locations;

To determine present air quality status and trend;

To control and regulate pollution from industries and other sources to meet the airquality standards.


10/11

Guidelines for carrying out Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring developed by CPCB

Site selection criteria;

Quality assurance and quality control in air quality monitoring;

Type of pollutants to be monitored in a city;

Frequency and duration of monitoring;

Data reporting and compilation procedures;

Measurement methods of various air pollutants etc.


11/11

Site Selection Criteria

The site should be representative of the location

being assessed. It should not be unduly influenced by

immediate surroundings unless those influences are

specifically being measured, for example, near a busy

road, a factory stack or a dusty quarry.

The site should not be subject to flooding, and the

site classification or situation should not change over

time.

Documents

generic topics