generation of intel processor

7/30/2019 generation of intel processor

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INTRODUCTION

Compact discs- revolutionary product-helping hand to both users

and programmers. Followed by DVDs-limitations

the company Constellation3D demonstrates a new format- FMD concept of the volumetric storage of information.

Data recorded on multiple layers located inside a disc or a card, asopposed to the single layer method available in compact discs, anddouble layer method available in DVD’s.

When excited by an external light source, the fluorescent materialembedded in pits and grooves each layer emits radiation. Theinformation is then decoded as modulations of the intensity andcolor of the emitted radiation.



OPTICAL STORAGE MEDIA TODAY

CD ROM - intd in 1984 - CD-ROM drives and discs quickly evolved toa low-cost digital storage option because of the established CD-audio industry-Data bits are permanently stored on a CD in the form

of physically moulded pits in the surface of a plastic data layer,coated with reflective aluminum. Common data transfer rates areapproximately 5 MB/ sec. Faster speeds reduce data access time,but vibration and noise problems limit maximum speeds toapproximately 52X.

DVD ROM - intd in 1995- as a result of the consortium of 10companies -7 times the storage capacity of CDs- DVD-ROM drivesrotate the disc more slowly than CD drives, but data throughput isconsiderably higher because the data density is much greater thanon CDs.



FLUORESCENT MULTILAYER

DISCS

CDs & DVDs use single & dual metallic layers, respectively, forstorage, where a laser beam cannot accurately penetrate the solid,reflective layer where data is stored. In the case of DVD, the laser

can penetrate one layer deep to read the second layer, but afterthat, the laser becomes diffused and unable to read the data clearly.

FMD-ROM is a totally clear disc. Instead of reading a single layer,the data is stored on fluorescent materials in multiple layers, whichgive off light. Constellation 3D has talked about 10 or more layers

per disc. The five-inch disc, which is the same size as CD-ROMs andDVD-ROMs, can hold up to 140GB of data -- almost 30 times thecapacity of a DVD-ROM disc.



TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Transparent disc Principle- PHOTOCHROMISM An informational element of FM-

disc (photochrome) can changeits physical properties (colour and

fluorescence) under influence of alaser of definite power andwavelength.

When switching on a laser , aphotochemical reaction startswhich causes fluorescentproperties to appear on aphotochrome, which initially don’t

possess those properties. The fluorescence is caught up by

a photo-receiver and is fixed as avalue "1".



TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

The figure shows how thelaser beam strikes and getdeflected from the surface of aFluorescent Multi Layer Disc

this technology allowsprevention of the problem of multiple interference betweenlayers, since the reflected lightis not coherent; it passes

through layers without anydifficulty and is easily definedby a receiver.



TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

In case of fluorescent discs thequality of the signal getsaffected much slower withincreasing number of layers.

According to FMD-ROMdevelopers, even with ahundred layers a useful signalwill be acceptable.

They also state that with a

blue laser (480 nm) it ispossible to increase recorddensity up to tens of Terabyteon one FM disc.

Also features parallel reading.



FMD- SOME FEATURES

Multilayer disc is transparent and homogeneous Negligible loss of useful signal while passing through several

layers Fluorescence of a separate element easily passes through disc

layers Less sensitivity (than of CD/DVD) to different imperfections of

reading devices. Fluorescent technology does not require special

manufacturing conditions Reflective fluorescent light from any layer is not coherent, it

prevents the problem of multiple interferences. FMD-technology is compatible with CD and DVD formats

supporting the same data distribution system on each layer.



CD & FMD PRODUCTION

CDs- As a storage device they use a glass plate covered with a thinphoto resistive layer. A laser beam, intensity of which is modulatedwith digital information, gets into photo resist which causesmarkings that correspond to bits of digital code. Then the photoresist is developed and covered with a metallic layer. This Master-copy after recording, contains digital information in the form of pits.Then they make exact negative copies by a galvanic way whichlater serves as a press-matrix. This negative may be used for CDmanufacture.

In FMD technology an exact copy of pit is of vital importance. That'swhy these two technologies differ. Here, a master-copy is a nickelmatrix (a stamp). It is a negative copy, like that of CD-technology. An FM disc consists of several layers and that's why the processcontains several steps: informational layers are produced separatelyand then they are combined together.



TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS

The technological process of FMD manufacture is divided into two.Hot stamping & Photo Polymerization

Hot stamping- In this method each layer is formed by pressingpolycarbonate layer with two stamps (Master-copies) at high

temperature. So we receive one layer with two informational sides.Then the pits are filled with fluorescent material. And when itbecomes hard the informational layers are pressed.

Photo Polymerization- This method uses a process of photopolymerization , where multiple discs are produced by stackingdiscs one after the other, that are made from thin informationallayers.



RECORDING OF FMD ROM

No prototype yet. Still under development

A technology of manufacturing these discs will be the same asfor FMD ROM except the fact that they will use anotherfluorescent material capable of change under the influence of

a laser. While recording one must observe the following rules:-

The power of a laser is sufficient enough to provide anelement with fluorescent properties

The threshold power of laser should be used for recording (inorder to change fluorescent properties of the material) andfor reading less power must be made use of.



FMD RECORDING

The first principle (thermal) implies usage of material thatpossesses fluorescent properties from the beginning (logical one). And when recording those segments, which are thermally actedupon with a laser, lose these properties (logical zero).

The second principle (chemical) means usage of a material thatdoesn't possess fluorescent properties form the beginning. Whenacting upon with a laser, a photochemical reaction starts, and thematerial gets fluorescent properties. There, a low- power laser isenough, or even a usual LED. With the latter (LED matrix) asimultaneous record of the whole array of information is possible.



FMD READ DEVICES

Parallel Reading- thistechnology allows parallelreading; it means that asequence of bits is recordednot along a track but deep into

layers. That's why we receivethree types of data reading:successive, successive-paralleland parallel.

And the reading speed reaches1 Gigabit/s. We should notice

that mechanical speed of thedrive is 450 times lower thanthat of DVD.





ABOUT THE COMPANY C3D & THEIR

PRODUCT

Founded in 1995 Aimed at developing progressive technologies in the field of data

storage and in production in the sphere of consumption and

education. The first generation of disc production from Constellation 3D will be

a family of 120 mm multilayer FM-discs with capacity up to 140Gigabytes and with read speed up to 1 Gigabytes.

New discs will be capable, for example, to keep up to 20 hours of

compressed movies in HDTV format Constellation 3D Holding's FMD technology allows for the creation of

a huge variety of advanced consumer products.

Vast applications in various fields



CONCLUSION

While current storage needs are being met, storagetechnologies must continue to improve in order to keeppace with the rapidly increasing demand .

Man’s need for additional storage space is somethingthat is ever increasing. Hence no solution or datastorage media is expected to achieve the status of acomplete storage solution for long periods of timeespecially due to rapid developments taking place inmany storage related fields. But for now the FMD, whichcan provide us with a staggering 140 GB of storagespace seems to be an enticing solution for the storage-hungry masses.



THANK YOU……………

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generation of intel processor