Generating Electricity from wastewaterGenerating Electricity from wastewaterCreation of wealth from wasteCreation of wealth from waste

SLK FOUNDATION

Tel 080-41211865, 9916302638www.Slkfoundaation.in

panditpank@gmail.com; pankajpandit@hotmail.com

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About SLK FoundationAbout SLK Foundation

SLK Foundation is a registered charitable trust, with a mission statement-"Creation of wealth from waste". The trust is named after S.L Kirloskar, doyen of the Kirloskar group, to commemorate his memory.

Pankaj Narayan Pandit, is founder and managing trustee of SLK Foundation; it has no connection whatsoever with the Kirloskar group.

SLK Foundation has used All India Radio to broadcast over 55 talks in radio program named ”Parisar”, to create awareness on environmental issues such as household garbage, Recycling of Potable water, and other choices of sustainable lifestyle.

Goal, Vision, Mission & Charter of SLK Foundation Goal, Vision, Mission & Charter of SLK Foundation

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Goal:

To be a channel in partnering with nature to offer practical solutions for water treatment and to bring awareness and enrollment of the community to participate and contribute in solving problem of water shortage * .

*As per Deepak Chopra, changing awareness about an issue is the key. Reason is that people act in certain way, out of a ignorant belief. If that ignorance changes with awareness drive, the behavior can change for better of planet

Vision:

Every type of wastewater , be it manmade or natural , is nothing but a misplaced resource. With awareness about issue, that water is recyclable, we can reuse such waste water to make our country , SUJALAM.

Various things we would do..Various things we would do..

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The intention and primary purpose for SLK Foundation is to create awareness among citizens to participate and contribute in solution of the various problems such as eliminating garbage, proper sanitation, conservation of water, etc. All urban problems have been created by our own wrong habits acquired in adoption of changing life style.

Towards this intention we propose to do the following: Solid Waste Disposal : Working with Govt./societies for solving problem of garbage

by going towards root of it. Keep garbage separate Ie not mixing all sorts of garbage in one bin

Empowerment of rag pickers: Working with poorest of unban poor for sustainable model to recycle plastic in each area. i.e. recognizing and rewarding ragpickers in each locality

Conduct awareness campaigns: Partnering with Bombay Art Society to raise awareness thru art exhibition organized during 27th Mar-31st Mar 2009 at CKP, Bangalore. Over 2000 persons reached out with “concept of Zero waste garbage “ http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Mar312009/metro-

tue20090330127107.asp Environment: Awareness sessions for children, distribute seeds, buy saplings, plant

trees on major arterial roads of Bangalore

Various things we would do..Various things we would do..

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Founder, Managing trustee has published following articles on environment Article published on World Environment day-5th June 2009

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/06/05/stories/2009060550170700.htm

Article published on World Environment day-5th June 2006http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/06/06/stories/

2006060600331100.htm Article published World Environment day 5th June 2005http://www.blonnet.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060300300900.htm

Visited St Mira School at BTM, Bangalore on 6th June for “Awareness sessions for children, distribute seeds, buy saplings, plant trees “

Presented Zero Waste Garbage solution to Adarsh Society, Kanakpura Road, and Royal Country welfare association, JP Nagar 9th Phase. Both societies have implemented Zero Waste Garbage solution

World Average of “% withdrawal of fresh water: is 9%. Asia withdraws 18.1%, while NAM, EU , Africa withdraw 8-6%

Asia has 60% of world’s population, and only 36% of water resources.

More than increase in population, it is changing dietary habits, urbanization, and more wealth that adds to per capita water use. ◦ Over past 50 years, world’s population

rose from 3 bill to 6.5 billion. Water use has trebled.

◦ To grow 1 KG of wheat, requires 1000 Liters, but to produce 1 KG of beef, requires 15000 Liters of water. Thus shift in India/China from veg diet to non veg diet has huge implications for water use.

◦ Global warming is making wet areas more sodden, and arid ones more dry.

◦ Bio fuels like corn, are taking at present are using 2% of irrigated water.

World Water use by sectors(The Economist-Apr'09)

72%

19%

9%

Agriculture Industry Domestic/ Municipal

Watre use per person(Source: UN World Water Devp Report)

1664

644

574

507

265

626

0 500 1000 1500 2000

NAM

Europe

Africa

Water use per person(Cubic Mtrs)-2000

Brief History of sanitationBrief History of sanitation

Water closet, using water to flush out human excreta was invented as late as in 18th century in England. Till then, the practice was to empty dry human feces into a pit. The traditional agricultural techniques would make use of microbes on land to slowly work and reduce such waste into bio-fertilizer. This would provide rich nitrogenous inputs as nutrients to the soil. After all, all other animal waste also recharges soil in a similar way.

However the pathogens in human feces, if not discomposed fully, spreads diseases like Typhoid, Polio, and Cholera. The problem of incorrect disposal of human feces is acute in highly dense human populated cities, before sewage water treatment was invented.

Use of water closet to flush out faces, proved a convenient solution yet imposed additional responsibilities on municipalities, to treat such water, before releasing into water bodies. The western societies woke up to this problem only after a famine in 1860’s that spread Typhoid and Cholera in England. However, developing countries have not yet implemented fully sewage treatment thought they have happily adapted WC to flush human excreta.

Is flushing out human faeces end of problem Is flushing out human faeces end of problem or its beginning? or its beginning?

Use of water closet to flush out human waste proved Convenient yet imposed additional responsibilities on our municipalities

The water-closet, popularized in Victorian times has become almost standard equipment used by all trained architects all over civilized world. No doubt that it is quite convenient to deploy on personal level. However, we as a society cannot ignore what happens to such water later if not treated properly.

Municipalities in third world , like India , are not equipped to treat such huge volume sewage, as all waster water pipes, like storm water drains, are combined. ◦ As a result, quantum of waste water swells many folds during Monsoon as storm water drains that

carry rain water are typically combined with all waste water including sewage. Such practice has contributed hugely to water pollution of downstream cities and oceans turning acidic due to raw sewage being discharged in case of coastal cities.

Western countries learnt about hazards of untreated sewage the hard way, due to cholera epidemics that struck London in 1850’s, and set up sewage processing plants at great cost. Even today those sewage plants in London processes and reuses same water at least six times before it eventually escaped to the sea.

Flushing drinking water down drain!Flushing drinking water down drain!

Often water used in flush toilets is of drinking quality. Only 1% of global water is drinkable, therefore, it is a precious resource. Water fit to be drunk is being used for other purposes that can use lesser quality water, such as toilets.

Mixing feces and urine makes their treatment difficult.* All waste water treatment plants use some natural/biological processes, but nature does not normally have this large quantity of waste water, so there are no microbes that can deal with such mix.

In order to treat waste, treatment plants have to do this in stages. Each stage treats a different component of the mix by creating the right environment for microbes to do their work (aerobic, anaerobic, anoxic and the right pH). This is costly and requires energy.

A mix of domestic and industrial effluent in water cannot be treated properly, for heavy metals and other pollutants make this water unsuitable for reuse. This is normally discharged into the ground or water bodies.

Due to the complexity of the treatment process, treatment plants tend to be large. This requires costly infrastructure to build and maintain it, often out of the reach of poorer communities.

By properly managing urine, treatment costs as well as fertilizer costs can be reduced. Feces also contains recognized nutrients, and could be used for modern agriculture, owing to the micronutrient deficiency as a significant problem.

* See notes on use of Urine as fertilizer

Not mixing all waste waterNot mixing all waste waterA Common Sense approach A Common Sense approach Key to cheaper sewage, cheaper waste water processing Key to cheaper sewage, cheaper waste water processing

Waste water has many sources such as, ◦ Household sewage, ◦ Industrial effluents, ◦ Kitchen waste water ◦ Urine from Urinals ◦ Rain water coming from storm water drains.

Except the first two sources, (household sewage, and industrial effluents), other waste water can be reused for gardening purpose with almost no filtration or no processing like primary or secondary treatment.

It is only sewage, and industrial effluents that need processing. By isolating such water, called as black water, we can reduce quantity of waste water.

Lesser quantity of waste water, lesser will be cost of waste water/sewage processing plants

Fact check of India’s rivers : Fact check of India’s rivers : Turned into sewers by use of flush toilets and apathetic municipalities Turned into sewers by use of flush toilets and apathetic municipalities

While Indian culture reveres and worships our rivers as goddesses , including most sacred Ganga. We even promise in our national anthem, (Vande Mataram) of making India Sujalam. Yet in reality we have turned our rivers into sewers.

GAP (Ganga action Plan) began in 1985, with PM heading CGA(Central Ganga Authority). However, as per CAG(Comptroller and Auditor General), more than Rs. 1000 Crores have been wasted since then, while Ganga water is more polluted than ever.

As per CAG report, 52 cities, and 48 towns from Uttarkhand, to W. Bengal, daily discharge 2600 million Litres of sewage and industrial effluent into Ganga..

Story of all other Indian rivers is no different. Dead fish routinely show up from lakes of Bangalore, and other places that indicates that all is not well with our water bodies.

Did you know this?Did you know this?

Majority of Indian cities release untreated sewage. Industries like paper making, distilleries, leather, textile dyes, are releasing

millions of gallons of waste water every day while the centralized water purification plants can handle only part of that waste per day. So the rest reaches lakes, rivers, sea adding to pollution.

Unabsorbed chemical fertilizers create dead zones in rivers, oceans due to algae blooms.

Untreated sewage is polluting all surface water in India. Aeration of waste water is one of the main methods for water treatment .

BWSB’s facilities are woefully inadequate to process all waste water. Hence over 60% of waste water is released with no treatment in lakes.

There is need to build awareness on this problem, thru such campaigns

Let’s EnAct Now…

Falling water table in N IndiaFalling water table in N India

While surface water is so polluted that it can not be used for drinking purpose. So the ground water is used for irrigation, potable purpose.

Unsustainable use of water in India's northern states threatens a major water crisis, distressing 114 million people living there, warns study by scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

More than 26 cubic miles of groundwater vanished from aquifers in the states of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and the National Capital Territory of Delhi since 2002. 'The amount lost is double the capacity of India's largest surface-water reservoir, the Upper Wainganga,

The underground water supply was being pumped and consumed by human activities such as irrigating cropland and was draining the aquifers faster than natural processes can replenish them.

'If measures are not taken to ensure sustainable groundwater usage, the consequences for the 114 million residents of the region may include a collapse of agricultural output and severe shortages of potable water.‘ Although less than a third of farmland there is irrigated, crop irrigation accounts for up to 95 percent of groundwater use. 'If farmers could shift away from water-intensive crops, such as rice, and implement more efficient irrigation methods, that would help.‘

The loss was particularly alarming because it occurred when there was no unusual trend in rainfall. In fact, rainfall was slightly above normal for the period.

Water purification MethodsWater purification Methods Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,

materials, and biological contaminants from raw water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including to meet the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.

In general the methods used include physical process such as filtration and sedimentation , biological processes such as slow sand filters, or activated sludge, chemical process such as flocculation, and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as UV light.

The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain.

Solutions for waste water treatment Solutions for waste water treatment

Aerobic method: After primary treatment, aeration is used to mix oxygen in water to improve its condition. If BOD of waste water is high, such waste water will cause fish, aquatic animals to die, as it takes Oxygen away from water.

Anaerobic method : Bio Gas is extracted from waste water thru digesters.

DEWATS: After sedimentation, water is used to grow plants like grass. Such bio filters make water not potable but acceptable for gardening use.

Iron Filing technique: Dr Wei-Xian Zhang,(Lehig University), Penn and Dr Luming Ma(Tongji University, Shanghai) first used this technique for industrial in Shanghai, and are using this technique for many municipalities in China. Treating iron filings with copper chloride increased costs by 5 cents/Kg , increased effectiveness of iron filings.

Better way is to reduce quantity of sewage water by going to its very source. Dry Toilets, Ecosan, is one such concept.

Generating bio gas from Anaerobic means Generating bio gas from Anaerobic means • M/s Arti, Pune, Mail Hem, Pune, Entec,

Germany have developed gassifier technologies for handling food waste, distillery effluents.

• Such industrial effluents if released untreated cause water pollution. However if they are treated to generate bio gas, not only we are preventing water pollution but generating a resource from nuisance.

• The apparatus consists of Gassifier, and Digester.

• Food waste is first sent to mixer, and liquid slurry enters digestor

Contacts: http://www.arti-india.org; www.mailhem.com; www.entec_boigas.atArti_pune@vsnl.net; adkarve@pn2.vsnl.net.in, p.karve@vsnl.netb.schulz@entec-boigas.at

Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a sanitation process that uses human excreta and household wastewater as resources to be recovered, treated (where necessary), and reused, instead of as waste. Ecological sanitation processes human waste(as well as sometimes animal waste, and organic kitchen waste) to recover nutrients for the purpose of growing crops) that would otherwise be discarded.

The main objectives of ecological sanitation are:◦ To reduce the health risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste ◦ To prevent the pollution of surface and ground water ◦ To prevent the degradation of soil fertility ◦ To optimise the management of nutrients and water resources.

In UDDTs, urine and faeces are collected separately: The urine is collected in the front and lead by a plastic pipe to a storage canister from where it can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture, the faeces fall at the back in one of two ventilated storage chambers and are covered with ash for better dehydration. After about one year of storage the dried material can be removed and used as a soil conditioner in agriculture

Ecological sanitation, old practise reinventedEcological sanitation, old practise reinvented Ecological sanitation is usually set-up through the use of composting

toilets. Sometimes, an extra separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling has been done. Separation of feces and urine has several advantages.

Alternatively, vermicomposting , solar toilets or (in special cases), low-flush toilets with embedded nutrient-recovery systems (eg leach fields, planter cells ) are used. In most cases, it thus eliminates the creation of black water and sometimes immediately eliminates fecal pathogens from any still present. The objectives are to offer economically and ecologically sustainable and culturally acceptable systems that aim to close the natural nutrient and water cycle.

DEWATS-Aerobic method after sedimentation

Building a business case Building a business case For organic effluents like distillery waste water For organic effluents like distillery waste water

Bio Gas project that generates biogas from distillery waste water has a typical payback of 2-3 years. ◦ 30 KLPD(Kilo Liter per day) distillery produces 450 cubic Meters of spent

wash◦ That quantity of spent wash can generate 15000 cubic meters of bio gas. ◦ This gas can be used for thermal applications (like cooking, heating) ◦ Or it can generate 1.2 MW of power.

Untreated waste water from distillery causes water pollution. Distillery can claim 100% depreciation on this project in first year, and also claim

carbon credits for generating green power.

Project Goals : 4R’s Project Goals : 4R’s

Reduce◦ Consumption, and wastage potable water by an awareness campaign◦ Do not use potable water for many purposes like washing cars,

gardening, etc◦ Adopt dry toilets that reduce water need

Reuse, ◦ Waste water for alternate uses stated above

Recycle, ◦ Recycling of water by using host of available technologies

Renew/Recreate◦ Charge ground aquifers by making sumps that collect rain water re

charging bore wells as Natural process of re charging bore wells much slower

◦ Make use of water hyacinth, lotus, to purify lake water and use the bio mass for power generation