General Terms Substance Abuse Substance Abuse: any unnecessary
or improper use of a chemical substance for non-medical purposes
Illegal Drugs Illegal Drugs: a chemical substance that people of
any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell.
Illicit Drug Use Illicit Drug Use: the use or sale of any substance
that is illegal.
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Overdose Overdose: a strong or sometimes fatal reaction to
taking a drug. Addiction Addiction: a physiological or
psychological dependence on a drug. Tolerance Tolerance: a
condition in which the body becomes accustomed to the drug and
causes the user to experience a need for more of the drug to
achieve the desired effect.
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Psychological Dependence Psychological Dependence: a condition
that develops over time and causes a person to believe that a drug
is needed to function normally. Physiological Dependence
Physiological Dependence: a condition in which the user develops a
chemical need for a drug. Symptoms of withdrawal occur when the
effects of the drug wear off.
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Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect the central nervous
system. Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, and Hallucinogens.
Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants have medical value while
hallucinogens do not.
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Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants speed up the body Narcotics
relieve pain Depressants slow down the body Hallucinogen alter
perception (time, sight, touch, smell)
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Hallucinogens LSD: First synthesized LSD in 1938. LSD is sold
as tablets, capsules, and occasionally in liquid form Is often
added to absorbent paper and divided into small decorated
squares
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Hallucinogens (LSD ) Schedule I Street names: Acid, micro-dots,
Effects: alters personality, mood, and expectations. Lasts up to 12
hours. LSD users often have flashbacks. In addition, LSD users may
develop long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe
depression Pictures
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Hallucinogens PCP (Phencyclidine) Street names: PCP, Angel
Dust, Supergrass, Killer Weed. PCP is most commonly sold as a
powder or liquid.
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Hallucinogens PCP (Phencyclidine) PCP may be snorted, smoked,
injected, or swallowed Numbness, slurred speech, loss of
coordination, rapid and involuntary eye movements Auditory
hallucinations, image distortion, severe mood disorders, amnesia,
PCP use is associated with a number of risks and many believe it to
be one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse
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Heroin Illegal & highly addictive drug. It is both the most
abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is
processed from morphine. Heroin can be injected, smoked, or
sniffed/snorted Schedule: I Street names: Smack, thunder, hell
dust, big H, nose drops Harmful effects: collapsed veins, infection
of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulites, and liver
disease Pictures
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Predatory Drugs Drugs used to take advantage of someone. (Rape
in most cases) GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid) Rohypnol
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Predatory Drugs GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid) Street Names:
Liquid Ecstasy, Scoop, Georgia Home Boy, Liquid X. An odorless,
colorless liquid form
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GHB Usually ingested in a liquid mixture; most commonly mixed
with alcohol GHB has become popular among teens and young adults at
dance clubs and "raves." Body builders sometimes use GHB for its
alleged anabolic effects
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GHB In lower doses, GHB causes drowsiness, dizziness, nausea,
and visual disturbances. At higher dosages, unconsciousness,
seizures, severe respiratory depression, and coma can occur.
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Rohypnol Street Names : Mexican Valium, roophies. Rohypnol is
usually taken orally in pill form, but can also be crushed and
snorted Rohypnol continues to be abused among teenagers and young
adults, usually at raves and nightclubs.
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Rohypnol One of the significant effects of the drug is drug
amnesia, a factor that strongly contributed to its inclusion in the
Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996. Amnesia is
a condition in which events that occurred while under the influence
of the drug are forgotten.
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Cocaine Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant. Cocaine is
one of the oldest known drugs. Street names: Blow, nose candy,
snowball. Harmful effects: Increased heart rate, irritability,
restlessness, and paranoia Pictures
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Methamphetamines A highly addictive drug with potent central
nervous system stimulant properties The drug has limited medical
uses for the treatment of narcolepsy, attention deficit disorders,
and obesity. Schedule II
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Methamphetamines Street Names: Speed, Meth, Ice, Crystal.
Effects: As a powerful stimulant, methamphetamine, even in small
doses, can increase wakefulness and physical activity and decrease
appetite.
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Methamphetamines Abusers exhibit symptoms that can include
violent behavior, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia. They also can
display a number of psychotic features, including paranoia,
auditory hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions (for
example, the sensation of insects creeping on the skin, which is
called formication). The paranoia can result in homicidal as well
as suicidal thoughts. Pictures
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Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in
the United States. A dry, shredded green/brown mix of flowers,
stems, seeds, and leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa, it usually
is smoked as a cigarette (joint, nail), or in a pipe (bong). It
also is smoked in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied
of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, often in combination with
another drug. It might also be mixed in food or brewed as a tea
Street names: Grass, pot, weed, bud, Mary Jane, dope.
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Marijuana Within a few minutes after inhaling marijuana smoke,
an individuals heart begins beating more rapidly As THC enters the
brain, it causes a user to feel euphoric or highby acting in the
brains reward system A marijuana user may experience pleasant
sensations, colors and sounds may seem more intense, and time
appears to pass very slowly
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Marijuana Occasionally, marijuana use produces anxiety, fear,
distrust, or panic. Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have
many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers do, such
as daily cough and phlegm production, more frequent acute chest
illnesses, a heightened risk of lung infections Pictures
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Marijuana Cancer of the respiratory tract and lungs may also be
promoted by marijuana smoke. Marijuana smoke contains 50 percent to
70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke
Marijuana's damage to short-term memory seems to occur because THC
alters the way in which information is processed by the
hippocampus, a brain area responsible for memory formation.
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MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMD is a synthetic, psychoactive drug
chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the
hallucinogen mescaline. MDMA is an illegal drug that acts as both a
stimulant and hallucinogen, producing an energizing effect, as well
as distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment from
tactile (touch) experiences.
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MDMA (Ecstasy) Street Names: Ecstasy, XTC, E, X Schedule I MDMA
can interfere with the bodys ability to regulate temperature. This
can lead to a sharp increase in body temperature (hyperthermia),
resulting in liver, kidney, and cardiovascular system failure, and
death
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MDMA (Ecstasy) Long term effects: Brain damage, as well as
impaired thought, judgment and mood. Pictures
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Inhalants Inhalants are a diverse group of substances that
include volatile solvents, gases, and nitrites that are sniffed,
snorted, huffed, or bagged to produce intoxicating effects similar
to alcohol. These substances are found in common household products
like glues, lighter fluid, cleaning fluids, and paint products
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Inhalants Affects: Use of inhalants has been associated with
serious health problems. Sniffing glue and paint thinner causes
kidney abnormalities, while sniffing the solvents toluene and
trichloroethylene cause liver damage. Memory impairment, attention
deficits, and diminished non-verbal intelligence have been related
to the abuse of inhalants. Deaths resulting from heart failure,
asphyxiation, or aspiration have occurred.
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Inhalants Most inhalants act directly on the central nervous
system (CNS) to produce psychoactive, or mind- altering, effects.
They have short-term effects similar to anesthetics, which slow the
body's functions Alcohol-like effects may include slurred speech,
an inability to coordinate movements, euphoria, and dizziness. In
addition, users may experience lightheadedness, hallucinations, and
delusions.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Androstenedione What is it?
Androstenedione (andro) is a hormone produced by the adrenal
glands, ovaries and testes. It's a hormone that's normally
converted to testosterone and in both men and women. Andro is
available in prescription and nonprescription forms. The
prescription version is a controlled substance. Andro is also sold
without a prescription as a nutritional supplement. Manufacturers
and bodybuilding magazines tout its ability to allow athletes to
train harder and recover more quickly. However, its use as a
performance-enhancing drug is illegal in the United States.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Androstenedione Risks Side effects
of andro in men include: Acne Diminished sperm production Shrinking
of the testicles Enlargement of the breasts In women, side effects
include: Acne Masculinization, such as deepening of the voice and
male-pattern baldness In both men and women, andro can decrease HDL
cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol), which puts you at greater
risk of heart attack and stroke.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Human growth hormone What is it?
Human growth hormone, also known as gonadotropin, is a hormone that
has an anabolic effect. Athletes take it to improve muscle mass and
performance. However, it hasn't been shown conclusively to improve
either strength or endurance. It is available only by prescription
and is administered
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Human growth hormone Risks Adverse
effects related to human growth hormone range in severity and may
include: Joint pain Muscle weakness Fluid retention Carpal tunnel
syndrome Impaired glucose regulation Cardiomyopathy
Hyperlipidemia
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Erythropoietin What is it?
Erythropoietin is a type of hormone used to treat anemia in people
with severe kidney disease. It increases production of red blood
cells and hemoglobin, resulting in improved movement of oxygen to
the muscles. Epoetin, a synthetic form of erythropoietin, is
commonly used by endurance athletes. Risks Erythropoietin use among
competitive cyclists was common in the 1990s and allegedly
contributed to at least 18 deaths. Inappropriate use of
erythropoietin may increase the risk of thrombotic events, such as
stroke, heart attack and pulmonary edema.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Stimulants What are they? Some
athletes use stimulants to stimulate the central nervous system and
increase heart rate and blood pressure. Stimulants can: Improve
endurance Reduce fatigue Suppress appetite Increase alertness and
aggressiveness Common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines.
Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine or
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The street drugs cocaine and
methamphetamine also are stimulants
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Stimulants Risks Although
stimulants can boost physical performance and promote
aggressiveness on the field, they have side effects that can impair
athletic performance. Nervousness and irritability make it hard to
concentrate on the game. Insomnia can prevent an athlete from
getting needed sleep. Dehydration Heatstroke Athletes may become
psychologically addicted or develop a tolerance so that they need
greater amounts to achieve the desired effect, meaning they'll take
doses that are much higher than the intended medical dose.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Stimulants Risks Other side effects
include: Heart palpitations Heart rhythm abnormalities Weight loss
Tremors Mild hypertension Hallucinations Convulsions Stroke Heart
attack and other circulatory problems
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Creatine What is it? Many athletes
take nutritional supplements instead of or in addition to
performance-enhancing drugs. Supplements are available
over-the-counter as powders or pills. The most popular supplement
among athletes is probably creatine monohydrate. Creatine is a
naturally occurring compound produced by your body that helps your
muscles release energy.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Creatine Scientific research
indicates that creatine may have some athletic benefit by producing
small gains in short-term bursts of power. There's no evidence,
however, that creatine enhances performance in aerobic or endurance
sports Your liver produces about 0.07 ounces (2 grams) of creatine
each day. You also get creatine from the meat in your diet.
Creatine is stored in your muscles, and levels are relatively
easily maintained. Because your kidneys remove excess creatine, the
value of supplements to someone who already has adequate muscle
creatine content is questionable.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Creatine Risks Supplements are
considered food and not drugs by the FDA. This means supplement
manufacturers are not required to conform to the same standards as
drug manufacturers do. In some cases, supplements have been found
to be contaminated with other substances, which may inadvertently
lead to a positive test for performance-enhancing drugs. Possible
side effects of creatine that can decrease athletic performance
include: Stomach cramps Muscle cramps Nausea Diarrhea Weight
gain
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Creatine Weight gain is sought
after by athletes who want to increase their size. But with
prolonged creatine use, weight gain is more likely the result of
water retention than an increase in muscle mass. Water is drawn
into your muscle tissue, away from other parts of your body. This
puts you at risk of dehydration. High-dose creatine use may
potentially damage your: Kidneys Liver It appears safe for adults
to use creatine at the doses recommended by manufacturers. But it's
unknown what kind of effect taking creatine has over the long term,
especially in teens and children.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Anabolic steroids What are they?
Some athletes take a form of steroids known as anabolic-androgen
steroids or just anabolic steroids to increase their muscle mass
and strength. The main anabolic steroid hormone produced by your
body is testosterone. Testosterone has two main effects on your
body: Anabolic effects promote muscle building. Androgenic effects
are responsible for male traits, such as facial hair and a deeper
voice.
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Anabolic steroids Anabolic steroids
come with serious physical side effects as well. Men may develop:
Prominent breasts Baldness Shrunken testicles Infertility Women may
develop: A deeper voice An enlarged clitoris Increased body hair
Baldness
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Performance Enhancing Drugs Anabolic steroids Both men and
women might experience: Severe acne Increased risk of tendinitis
and tendon rupture Liver abnormalities and tumors Increased
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol)
Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good"
cholesterol) Hypertension Heart and circulatory problems Aggressive
behaviors, rage or violence Psychiatric disorders, such as
depression Infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if
you're injecting the drugs Inhibited growth and development, and
risk of future health problems in teenagers
