GENERAL OF THE ANATOMY VETERINER

1. INTRODUCTION2. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY AND THEIR

CONNECTION.3. GENERAL MYOLOGY & THEIR

SUPPORT.4. GENERAL SYNDESMOLOGY5. GENERAL ANGIO-NEUROLOGY

ANATOMY : (according to Vesalius 1543): should rightly be regarded as the firm foundation of the whole art of medicine and its essential preliminary.

The anatomy introduces the student to a large portion of the medical terminology

INTRODUCTION

THINK OF DIVERSITY……..> PHILOSOPHY

….> ……BIOLOGY ……..>ANATOMY.

NATURAL SCIENCES

*ABIOLOGY (physic, mathematic, etc )

*BIOLOGY : * Physiology * morphology: -anatomi phytotomy, zootomy. -embriology -histology

ANATOMY

ANATEM (YUNANI): THE CUTTING APART OR DISASSOCIATION OF PARTS OF THE BODY.

IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE WHICH DEAL WITH THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANISM.

PARTS OF THE ANATOMYPARTS OF THE ANATOMY

• MACROSKOPIS ANATOMY ( GROSS ANATOMY)

• MICROSKOPIS ANATOMI (HISTOLOGY )

DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF THE ORGANISMTHE ORGANISM

• EMBRIOLOGY: development of the foetus from fertilisation - till partus

• ONTOGENY: is used to designated the entire development of the individual.

• PHILOGENY (THE ANCESTRAL HISTORY): is constituted by the evolutionary changes which it has undergone, as disclosed by the geological record.

ORGANISM AS STUDYING OBJECT

*SPECIAL ANATOMY : anthropotomy, kinotomy dan hippotomy

*COMPARATIVE ANATOMY : is the discription and comparison of the structure of animals, and forms the basis for their classification.

VETERINARY ANATOMY

Is a branch which deals with the form and structure of the the principal domesticated animals.

It is usually pursued with regard to professional requirements, and is therefore largely descriptive in character.

HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY

SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY APPLIED ANATOMY

SISTEMATIC ANATOMY

Contains of :OsteologySyndesmologyMyologySplanchnologyAngiologyNeurologyaesthesiology

LATIN LANGUAGE TERMS

VALID IN THE BODYDorsalVentralCranialCaudalanal

dorsal

ventral

cranialcaudal

Long Axis

Proximal - distal

Proximal: going upDistal : goin down

Cranial/rostral – aboral (only in the head)

rostral

oral

aboral

LATIN TERMS

dorsal

ventral

caudal

cranial

anal

CRANIAL

The terms are only in the head

Oral Apical Aboral Nuchal Anterior posterior

Superior Inferior

Moving bones

Proximal Distal Dorsal Volar Palmar plantar Ulnar Radial

fibular Tibial Lateral Medial Median Sagittal Transversal horizontal

Plana median

Median: divides the body in the middle

bilateral simetris.

SAGITTAL

Cutting the body parallelwith median plane

Direction orientasion

Dexter Sinister Externus Internus Profundus Superficialis Transversus longitudinal

Ecto Meso Endo Epi Peri Dia Hypo dan Hyper basis dan apex margo

CHARACTERIZATION

MagnusBrevisMajor/ majusMinor/ minusDorumMolleSupra and infra

Form and the structure terms

faciesFoveaFacialisFasciaForamenSulcusFasciculuscanalis

CavumCaverna(caverno-

sus)CaputCondylusCollumSpinacrista

PROC TRANSVERSUS

Proc transversus

PROC SPINOSUS

Proc spinosus

ANATOMY in the RADIOLOGY

X-RAYS WAS INVENTED IN 1895 BY CONRAD ROENTGEN.

FOR DIAGNOSE, TREATMENT AND RESEARCH THE X-RAYS BEAM IS SO TINY. IT CAN PASS

THROUGH THE ATOMS OF THE TISSUE OF AN ANIMALS WHICH ONLY CERTAIN PARTS OF THE X-RAY BEAM BEING “STOPPED” OR “ABSORBED” BY ORBITING ELECTRONS, PROTONS OR NEUTRONS IN THE EXPOSED TISSUES.

BONES SYSTEM AND THEIR CONNECTIONS

FERTILISATION ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage) MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA divides into 3:

- ectoderm : external layer skin & nerve

- endoderm: internal layerviscera - mesoderm: middle layer muscles &

bones

SKELETON FUNCTIONSSKELETON FUNCTIONS

• SUPPORT THE BODYSUPPORT THE BODY

• TO MAKE A BODY FORM TO MAKE A BODY FORM

• TO PROTECT THE WEAK ORGANSTO PROTECT THE WEAK ORGANS

• PASSIVE MOVING ORGANSPASSIVE MOVING ORGANS

• FOR FIXING THE MUSCLESFOR FIXING THE MUSCLES

• PLACE TO PRODUCES BLOODPLACE TO PRODUCES BLOOD

• RESERVOAR OF THE CHEMICALS: Ca & PRESERVOAR OF THE CHEMICALS: Ca & P

ZUM OF THE BONES

Every animals are different example: horse 205 parts

cattle 191 – 193 parts

chickens 160 parts

human 206 parts (old), 270 (

birth)

Factors ras & ages

THE POSITION OF THE THE POSITION OF THE SKELETONSKELETON

Skeleton axialisSkeleton axialis Skeleton appendicularisSkeleton appendicularis Skeleton visceralis :Skeleton visceralis :

examples: examples: os penis : dog & catos penis : dog & cat

os cordis : cattleos cordis : cattle

os glandis : catos glandis : cat

os hyodeus: vertebrataos hyodeus: vertebrata

Morphology of the bones

OSSA LONGA OSSA PLANA OSSA BREVIA OSSA IRREGULARIA

OSSA LONGA(long bones)

Ossa plana(plain bones)

OSSA BREVIA(short bones)

OSSA IRREGULARIA

Development of the bone(osteogenesis)

1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): mesenchym cells osteoblast osteocyt matrix becomes thick & compact (osteoid) calcifications punctum ossification.

2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):

starts by soft bones: mesenchym cells chondroblast chondrocyt (depend on the length of the bones) ossification.

Osteoblast :to destroy the bones that have been made physiologically.

Ossifiction centers

Development : interstitial development

( from middle of the tissue) Appostitional development

(from the lateral, the changes of the connective tissue covering the bones)

PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal

GROUP I horse nihil cattle nihil sheep nihil

GROUP II human 31 rabbbit 32 dog 34 cat 34 pig 3 guinea pig 3

Mature (adult)1. mature of the genital: start from genital

function actively and properly. ♂: wet dream & ♀: menstruation

2. mature of the body : all bones already finish their punctum ossification means the development and growth of the bones stop.

genital & body mature

ANIMALS GENITAL BODY horse 1 year 4-5 yrs cattle 5-9 months 4-5 yrs Sheep/goat 6 months 4-5 yrs pig 3-4 months 4-7 yrs dog 8 months 1,5-2 yrs

Bones Structures macroscopic structuremicroscopic structurechemicals and physicals structures

STRUCTURE MACROSCOPIC

SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA

SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA

compact and spons bones

compact

spongiosa

parts of long bone

DIAPHISA EPIPHYSA

Ossa pneumatica

SINUS : air spaces within compact substance instead of spongy bone and marrow and hence, are called pneumatic bones. The cavities are termed sinuses and lines with mucous membrane; they communicate indirectly with the external air

SINUS

DIPLOE

The flat bones of the cranial vault and sides are composed of an outer layer of ordinary compact substance, the lamina externa, an inner layer very dense bone, the lamina interna or tabula vitrea, and between these a variable amount of sponge bone, here termes diploe

Physic of long bone

capsula cartilago

Osseousepiphysis

epiphise plate

Osseousmetaphisis

CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

• chemical: organic : anorganic 1:2• Bone composition: gelatin 33,30% calcium fosfat 57,35% calcium karbonat 3,85% magnesium fosfat 2,05% natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%

BONES APPENDEX

• Periosteum / endosteum:

it has a potential to make new layer bone

• Soft bone (cartilago): it use for shock absorber articulation between bones.

• Tendo, ligamentum: it a fixation apparatus between bones or with muscles.

SYNDESMOLOGY (ARTHROLOGY)• An articulation or joint is formed by the

union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue.

• Bone is the fundamental part of most joints; in some cases a bone and a cartilage, or two cartilages, form a joint.

• The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.

CLASSIFICATION

• 1. fibrous joint (synarthrosis)• 2. cartilagenous joint

(amphiarthrosis).• 3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis).

FIBROUS JOINTS

In this group the segments are united by fibrous tissue = termed fixed or immovable

No joint cavity. most of these joints are temporary, the uniting

medium being invaded by the process of ossification. synostosis.

Divide into : - Suture.(in the head)

- Syndesmosis.(in metacarpal bones)

- Gomphosis.(implantation of the teeth)

CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS

The bones of cartilagenous joints are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, or a combination of the two.

Classified as : -Synchondrosis (hyalin cartilage joint): osseous

fusion occurs in adulthood, and joints are no longer exists. (costochondral junction)

-Symphysis (fibrocartilagenous joints): the contiguous bones are united by fibrocartilage during some phase of their existence. ( symphysis pelvis)

BONES CONNECTION(juncturae ossium)• articulation = syndesmology• Requirement for diarthrosis: 1. it has articulation surface 2. articulation cartilage 3. capsula synoviale 4. ligamentum 5. discus and meniscus 6. marginal cartilago (labrum gleniodale, acetabulare)

SYNOVIAL JOINT

LIGAMENTS

DISCUS

LABRUM GLENOIDALE