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____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______
Depletion
CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
_______ is the condition in the atmosphere at a given place and time.
Includes temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, and wind.
__________
_______ is the ______ weather conditions that occur in a place over a period of years.
The two most important factors are __________ and ___________.
________ and _______ help determine climate.
______
Earth’s ____ degree incline on its axis remains same as it travels around sun. As earth spins around sun the seasons change.
Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat
_______ air circulation affected by uneven ______ of earth’s surface by solar energy, seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation.
Figure 5-3Figure 5-3
Definition
____ _______ pressure exerted by the weight of Earth’s atmosphere.
At sea level = to 14.69 pounds per square inch.
_________ used to
measure atmospheric
pressure.
Air Pressure
________ Gradient
Changes from high to low. Arrows on map shows this. A higher pressure gradient means ________ winds
Isobars on weather map would be drawn closer together.
Air Pressure
Cause
Wind caused by ________ gradient force. High pressure means more air, and low pressure means less air. Air moves from high to low, causing wind.
______
________ _______
Global air circulation is affected by the _______ of the earth on its axis.
Figure 5-4Figure 5-4
Fig. 5-4, p. 102
Cold deserts
Equator
Cold deserts
Forests
Forests
Hot desertsSoutheast trades
Westerlies
ForestsWesterlies
Hot desertsNortheast trades
The Coriolis EffectForces in atmosphere, created by rotation of Earth on its axis, that ________ winds to the ______ in the N. Hemisphere and to the _____ in the S.Hemisphere.
Wind
________Combination of pressure gradient force and the coriolis effect. Friction at Earth’s surface causes winds to turn a little. Friction runs parallel to isobars.
______________Little friction up in the upper troposphere, driving surface features. Ex. during big thunderstorms, the wind in the upper level will tell which way the thunderstorm will move.
Wind
__________
Called ________ in Atlantic and ________ in Pacific
Violent storms that form over warm ocean waters and can pass over coastal land.
Giant, rotating storms with winds of at least ____ mph.
Can have wind velocities greater than _____ mph.
Wind
___________
Extensive system of winds spiraling outward from a high-pressure center.
Circles ________ in N. Hemisphere and ________-___________ in S. Hemisphere.
Wind
CharacteristicsHigh, ___________ clouds. Can reach 50,000 feet. An updraft of warm air causes cold air to rush downwards.
Why you feel a sudden ______ breeze right before a thunderstorm. Lightening causes the ozone smell.
Storms____________
Problems•Problems include rain, flooding, hail, lightening, high winds, and loss of life can occur.
Characteristics
Tornadoes are a powerful, rotating _______ of air associated with severe thunderstorms.
Form when a mass of cool, dry air collides with warm, humid air, producing a strong updraft of spinning air on underside of a cloud. It is a tornado if the spinning air descends and touches the _________.
___________
Problems
Can destroy buildings, bridges, and freight trains, and even blow the water out of a river or small lake, leaving it empty. Tornadoes also kill people; more than _________ people in the U.S. died in tornadoes in the 20th century. They are most common in the Great Plains and Midwestern states (especially Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas), as well as states along the Gulf of Mexico.
Tornadoes
Characteristics
Hurricanes are giant, rotating ________ storms with winds of at least 74 miles per hour, with some reaching 155 miles per hour.
Form as strong winds pick up moisture over warm surface waters of tropical oceans and start to spin as a result of rotation of the _______. Spinning causes an upward spiral of massive clouds as air is pulled upward.
__________
Problems
Destructive when they hit land, not so much from strong winds as from resultant storm ______ as waves can rise as much as 25 feet above ocean surface. Can damage property and result in loss of life.
Hurricanes
_____________ __________
Global air __________ is affected by the properties of air water, and land.
Figure 5-5Figure 5-5
Convection Cells
Heat and moisture are distributed over earth’s surface by vertical ________, which form _____ giant convection cells at different latitudes.
Figure 5-6Figure 5-6
Fig. 5-6, p. 103
Cell 3 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 North
Moist air rises,cools, and releasesMoisture as rain
Cell 1 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 South
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 South
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar cap
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropicalrain forest
Equator
Tropical deciduous forest
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar capArctic tundra
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
___________ _______
Wind that rises at the __________. As air rises, it spreads out north & south, then cools and sinks at ____ degrees.
Why most of world’s deserts are found at 30 degrees.
These are called the _______ latitudes because early settlers would get stuck here in their boats & couldn’t move. Would finally throw their horses overboard to lighten the load & get moving again.
Circulation Patterns
Convection Cells
Ocean water ________ heat to atmosphere, especially near hot equator.
This creates convection cells that transport ______ and ______ from one area to another.
Resulting convection cells circulate air, heat, and moisture both vertically and from place-to-place in troposphere, leading to different ________ & patterns of ____________.
Circulation Patterns
Polar Cells_____________
Air rises at about 60 degrees, floats south, and sinks at around 30 degrees, both north and south.
____________
Ocean-to-land breezes that occur during the day.
_____________
Land-to-ocean breezes that occur at night.
Circulation Patterns
Circulation Patterns
________________Cool air coming from top of mountain sinks down on eastern slope, causing increased winds on mountain
_______________Wind blows from plains into valley between two mountains, wind must divert into a smaller area. This causes high winds to form through valleys.
______ vs. ____________
Atmosphere has three prevailing winds. Prevailing winds that blow from northeast near North Pole or from southeast near South Pole are called ______ __________.
Tropical winds that blow from northeast in the N. Hemisphere or from southeast in S. Hemisphere are called _______ ________.
Air Masses and Storms
__________ vs. _________
Continental ______ are generally cool and dry
Maritime (______) fronts are generally warm and moist.
When two air masses converge, the result is usually ______.
Air Masses and Storms
_______ Front
Boundary between an advancing warm air mass and cooler one it is replacing.
Warm air is less dense than cool air, an advancing warm front will rise up over a mass of cool air.
• _____ usually comes
in before front comes
Weather
_____ Front
Leading edge of advancing air mass of cold air. Because cool air is more dense than warm air, an advancing cold front stays close to the ground and wedges underneath less dense, warmer air.
Cold front produces rapidly moving, towering clouds called _______________.
___________ Front
Transitional zone between two nearly stationary air masses of different density.
Results in several days of cloudy, wet weather that can last a _____ or more..
_________ Front
Air front established when a cold front occludes (prevents the passage of) a warm front.
Whether temperatures becomes warmer or cooler depends on temp that was in front of oncoming warm front.
________ can result.
______ ________ ______
As warm moist air flows over mountains, it cools and condenses which leads to rain before it passes over, leaving leeward side dry.
Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients
Ocean currents __________ climate by distributing heat from place to place and mixing and distributing _________.
Ocean Currents____________- warm ocean current flowing from North from Gulf of Mexico, along east coast of U.S. to SE coast of Newfoundland, where it becomes the western terminus of the North Atlantic Current.
_________- annual warming of sea-surface temperatures along the west coast of tropical South America.
_________- periodic cooling of ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific.
Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients
Global ________________:Considerable scientific evidence and climate models indicate that large inputs of __________gases from _____________ activities into the troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in your lifetime.
STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE _________________
Atmosphere consists of several ______ with different temperatures, pressures, and compositions.
Figure 19-2Figure 19-2
STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere’s innermost layer is ______________.
Mostly _________ and _________, with smaller amounts of water vapor and CO2.
_______ (O3) in atmosphere’s second layer ____________filters out most of sun’s UV radiation that is harmful to us and other species.
______________
75% of mass of atmosphere
0 to ___ miles in altitude
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
Location of Earth’s ________
Temperature _______ with altitude until next layer is reached, where there is a sudden temperature rise.
The Earth’s Atmosphere
______________
___ miles to ___ miles in altitudeCalmTemperature ________ with altitudeContains ____x the ozone of the rest of the atmosphere; ozone forms in an equilibrium reaction when oxygen is converted to O3 by lightning and/or sunlight____% of ultraviolet radiation (especially UV-B) is absorbed by the stratosphere
___________
____ to ____ miles in altitude
Temperature ________ with increasing altitude
_______________
___ to ___ miles in altitude
Temperature increases with increasing altitude
Very ____ temperatures
___________ of the Atmosphere
Components – Oxygen ___%, Nitrogen ___%
Layers – troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere (extends from 310 miles to interplanetary space)
Composition of the Atmosphere (cont.)
_________ Pollutants – methane(____), ozone(O3), dust ______, microorganisms, and chlorofluorocarbons (_____’s)
Causes of Primary Pollutants – factories, cars, wind and soil, volcanoes, forest fires, pollen, decaying plants, salt particles from the sea, and refrigerants.
AIR POLLUTION
Some primary air pollutants may ______ with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form _________ air pollutants.
Figure 19-3Figure 19-3
Fig. 19-3, p. 442
Primary Pollutants
CO CO2Secondary Pollutants
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons SO3
Most suspended particles HNO3
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most NO3– and SO4
2– salts
Sources Natural Stationary
Mobile
H3SO4
Major Air Pollutants
______ ________: Carbon monoxide (CO) - highly toxic gas
• forms during incomplete __________ of carbon-containing materials.
93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in troposphere occurs as result of carbon cycle.
7% of CO2 in troposphere occurs as result of human activities (mostly burning ______ fuels).
• It is not _________ as a pollutant under the U.S. ______ ______ ______.
Major Air Pollutants
________ ________ and ______ ______: Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in _______ engines and coal-burning ______. NO can also form from lightening and certain soil bacteria.
• NO reacts with air to form NO2.
• NO2 reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate salts (NO3
-) which are components of _____ deposition.
Major Air Pollutants
______ _________ (SO2) and ______ ____:
One-third of SO2 in troposphere occurs naturally through sulfur cycle.
Two-thirds come from human sources, mostly combustion of sulfur-containing ____ and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide ores.
(____+ ____ _____)
SO2 in atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric acid (______) and sulfate salts (_____) that return to earth as a component of ______ ___________.
Major Air Pollutants
_________ _________ ______ (SPM):Variety of solid particles and liquid droplets small and light enough to remain suspended in air.
Most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles • _________ - average diameter < 10 micrometers• _________ - ultrafine particles
According to EPA, SPM is responsible for about 60,000 premature deaths a year in U.S.
Major Air Pollutants
_____________Highly reactive gas
• Major component of ______________ smog.
It can • Cause and aggravate respiratory illness.
• Can aggravate heart disease.
• Damage plants, rubber in tires, fabrics, and paints.
Major Air Pollutants
________ _________ _________ (VOCs):Most hydorcarbons emitted by leaves of many plants and methane.
• Two thirds of global methane emissions comes from human sources.
Other VOCs include industrial solvents such as trichlorethylene (TCE), benzene, and vinyl chloride.
• Long-term exposure to benzene can cause _______, blood disorders, and immune system damage.
What process produces benzene?
Major Air Pollutants
__________ (Rn):Is a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in some types of soil and rock.
Can seep into homes and buildings sitting above such deposits.
__________ Pollutants
Form when primary pollutants react
URBAN ____________ AIR POLLUTION
____________smog is a mixture of sulfur dioxide, droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended solid particles emitted mostly by burning ______.
In most developed countries where coal and heavy oil is burned, industrial smog is not a problem due to reasonably ______ pollution control or with tall smokestacks that transfer the pollutant to ______ areas.
Sunlight plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog
Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants formed by _______ of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons under the influence of ______________.
Sunlight plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog
________ City - city in sunny, warm, dry climates with many motor vehicles that suffers from photochemical smog.
Figure 19-4Figure 19-4
Factors Influencing Levels of Outdoor Air Pollution
Outdoor air pollution can be _________ by:settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and chemical reactions.
Outdoor air pollution can be _________ by:urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of pollutants), mountains (promote temperature inversions), and high temperatures (promote photochemical reactions).
Temperature ____________
Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded by mountains can _____air pollutants (left).
Areas with sunny climate, light winds, mountains on three sides and an ocean on the other (right) are susceptible to inversions.
Figure 19-5Figure 19-5
____ ____________ (Acid Rain)
Sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates can react in atmosphere to produce acidic chemicals that can travel long _________ before returning to earth’s surface.
Tall ___________ reduce local air pollution but can increase regional air pollution.
ACID DEPOSITION
Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust, or gas with a pH lower than _____. Figure 19-6Figure 19-6
ACID DEPOSITION
_____ measurements in relation to major coal-burning and industrial plants.
Figure 19-7Figure 19-7
ACID DEPOSITION
Acid deposition contributes to chronic ___________ disease.
Can leach toxic metals (such as lead and mercury) from soils and rocks into acidic _______ used as sources for _______ water.
ACID DEPOSITION
Figure 19-8Figure 19-8
ACID DEPOSITION
___ ________ is one of several interacting stresses that can damage, weaken, or kill trees and pollute surface and groundwater.
Figure 19-9Figure 19-9
Fig. 19-10, p. 452
Solutions
Acid Deposition
Prevention Cleanup
Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency
Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes
Reduce coal use
Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes
Increase natural gas use
Increase use of renewable energy resources
Burn low-sulfur coal
Remove SO2 particulates & NOx from smokestack gases
Remove NOx from motor vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Air _______ is better in US; EPA estimates since _____
Particulate Matter (PM)- down 78%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- down 23%
Nitrogen Dioxide (Nox)- up 14%
Lead (Pb)- down 98%
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- down 32%
Air quality is ______ in developing countries:
Mexico City & Beijing: air exceeds ______ standards 350 days/year
________ AIR POLLUTION
Indoor air pollution _____ threat to human health than outdoor air pollution.
According to EPA, _____ most dangerous indoor air pollutants in developed countries are:
Tobacco smoke.
Formaldehyde.
Radioactive radon-222 gas.
Very small fine and ultrafine particles.
Chloroform
Benzo--pyrene
Styrene
Radon-222
Methylene Chloride
Tobacco Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Asbestos
Nitrogen Oxides
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Particulates
FormaldehydeTetrachloroethylene
Para-dichlorobenzene
Fig. 19-11, p. 453
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
______ and household _____ mites that feed on human skin and dust, live in materials such as bedding and furniture fabrics.
Can cause ______ attacks and _______ reactions in some people.
Figure 19-12Figure 19-12
Case Study: ________ _______
Radon-_____, a radioactive gas found in some soils and rocks, can ____ into some houses and ______ risk of lung cancer.
Sources and paths of entry Sources and paths of entry for indoor radon-222 gasfor indoor radon-222 gas.
Figure 19-13Figure 19-13
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who died of emphysema (right).
Figure 19-15Figure 19-15
Air Pollution is a Big Killer
Each year, air pollution prematurely kills about __ million people, mostly from indoor air pollution in developing countries.
In U.S., EPA estimates that annual deaths related to indoor and outdoor air pollution range from _________ to __________.
According to EPA, each year more than 125,000 Americans get cancer from breathing _______ fumes.
Air Pollution is a Big Killer
Spatial distribution of ________ deaths from air pollution in the United States.
Figure 19-16Figure 19-16
PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION
______ _____ _____ in United States have greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from ___ major pollutants:
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxides
Suspended particulate matter (less than PM-10)
Using the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
To help reduce _____ emissions, the Clean Air Act authorized an emission trading (_______________) program.
Enables 110 most polluting power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution rights.
Between 1990-2002, the emission trading system reduced emissions.
In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade system produced ____ emission reductions than were projected.
Solutions: Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution
There are a of ways to prevent and control air pollution from coal-burning facilities.
___________ ___________ - used to attract negatively charged particles in a smokestack into a collector.
_____ _________ - fine mists of water vapor trap particulates and convert them to a sludge that is collected and disposed of usually in a landfill.
Solutions: Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution
# of ways to prevent and control air pollution from motor vehicles.
Because of the Clean Air Act, a new car today in the U.S. emits ____less pollution than did pre-1970 cars.
• _________ ____________
In developing countries there is an increase in motor vehicle use; many have no pollution control devices and burn leaded gasoline.
Fig. 19-19, p. 460
Solutions
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Emission control devices
Mass transit
Bicycles and walking
Less polluting engines
Less polluting fuels
Improve fuel efficiency
Car exhaust inspections twice a year
Get older, polluting cars off the road
Give buyers large tax write-offs or rebates for buying low-polluting, energy efficient vehicles
Stricter emission standards
_______ Air Pollution
Little ______ devoted to reducing indoor air pollution even though poses greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution.
Environmental and health scientists call for a focus on preventing air pollution (especially indoor) in developing countries.
Fig. 19-20, p. 461
Solutions
Indoor Air Pollution
Prevention
Cover ceiling tiles & lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers
Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces
Increase intake of outside airBan smoking or limit it to well ventilated areas
Change air more frequently
Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials
Circulate a building’s air through rooftop green houses
Prevent radon infiltration Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gasUse office machines in well
ventilated areas
Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products
Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves
Cleanup or Dilution
Core Case Study: Studying a Volcano to Understand Climate Change
1991 Philippines ________ exploded cooling the world’s average temperature by ____Co over a 15 month period and then return to normal by 1995.
Figure 20-1Figure 20-1
_____ CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Over past ________ years, troposphere has experienced prolonged periods of global cooling and global warming.
For past ______years, temperatures have remained fairly stable but began to rise during _____ century.
PAST CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Figure 20-2Figure 20-2
How Do We ______ What ____________ Were in the _____?
Scientists analyze tiny air _______ trapped in ice _____ learn about past:
troposphere composition. temperature trends.greenhouse gas concentrations.solar, snowfall, and forest fire activity.
Figure 20-3Figure 20-3
How Do We Know What Temperatures Were in the Past?
In 2005, an ice core showed that _____ levels in the troposphere are the _____ they have been in _________ years.
Figure 20-4Figure 20-4
The Natural Greenhouse Effect
_______ major factors shape the earth’s climate:______.
Greenhouse effect that warms earth’s lower troposphere and surface because of presence of __________ ______.
Oceans store CO2 and heat, evaporate and receive water, move stored heat to other parts of the world.
Natural cooling process through ______ vapor in the troposphere since heat rises.
Major Greenhouse Gases
Major greenhouse gases in lower atmosphere are ________, ____________, _________, and ____________.
These gases have _______ been present in earth’s troposphere in varying concentrations.
____________ in these gases, plus changes in ______ output are major factors causing the changes in tropospheric temperature over past 400,000 years.
Major Greenhouse Gases
_________ in average concentrations of three greenhouse gases in troposphere between 1860 and 2004
Mostly due to fossil fuel ______, ____________, and ___________.
Figure 20-5Figure 20-5
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Evidence that earth’s troposphere is warming, mostly because of human ______:
_____ century was ______ century in past 1000 years.Since 1900, earth’s average tropospheric temperature has risen _____C°.Over past 50 years, ______ temperatures have risen almost twice as fast as those in the rest of world.Glaciers and floating sea ice are _______ and _______ at increasing rates.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Warmer temperatures in Alaska, Russia, and the Arctic are melting ___________
• releases more CO2 and CH4 into troposphere.
During last century, world’s sea level rose by _______ cm, mostly due to runoff from melting and land-based ice and the expansion of ocean water as temperatures rise.
The Scientific Consensus about Future Climate Change
Measured and projected changes in average temperature of atmosphere.
Figure 20-7Figure 20-7
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EARTH’S TEMPERATURE
Some factors can _______ (positive feedback) and some can ______ (negative feedback) projected global warming.
Oceans can remove _____ and _____ from troposphere but uncertain about how much and how long heat and CO2 might remain there.
Warmer temperatures create more ______ that could warm or cool the troposphere.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Between 1979 and 2005, average Arctic sea ice dropped ____% (as shown in blue hues above).
Figure 20-8Figure 20-8
___________
Warm air holds more moisture than cold air. During conduction, _____ & _______ from the ______ or _____ moves into atmosphere.
Ex. cold air moving over warm water (like a lake), forming steam _____.
Heat Transfer
Convection
Causes rising air currents and leads to ______ formation.
Takes heat from lower atmosphere to higher atmosphere where pressure is less, causing air to expand, which in turn ______ the air.
The air cannot hold as much moisture because it is cooler, so clouds form (____________).
Heat Transfer
____________
_____________ drives weather. Heat from sun warms earth, which radiates heat back into atmosphere.
Heat Transfer
___________As sun hits the earth, molecules are __________ into air. This changes the direction of heat coming in. Some are scattered back to space, but others are absorbed. Scattering is what
makes the sky ____.
______ Radiation
________Proportional _________ of Earth’s surface.
Glaciers and ice sheets have _____ albedo and reflect 80-90% of sunlight hitting them.
Asphalt and buildings have ____ albedos and reflect 10-15% and oceans and forests reflect only about 5%.
Solar Radiation
______________70% of solar radiation that falls on Earth is _________ and ____ the water cycle, drives winds and ocean currents, powers photosynthesis, and warms the planet.
Solar Radiation
Control of Temperature
When little moisture in atmosphere & it’s a clear night, we have a large ________ drop (like in ______), but when there is a blanket of _______, temperature stays ______.
Solar Radiation
Rising Sea Levels
During this century, rising seas levels are projected to flood low-lying urban areas, coastal estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, and barrier islands and beaches.
Figure 20-10Figure 20-10
_______ Sea Levels
If seas levels rise by ____cm during this century, most of the Maldives islands and their coral reefs will be flooded.
Figure 20-11Figure 20-11
Changing Ocean Currents
Global warming could alter ocean _______ and cause both excessive warming and severe cooling. Figure 20-12Figure 20-12
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
______ troposphere can decrease ability of ocean to remove and store CO2 by decreasing __________ supply for phytoplankton and increasing the acidity of ocean water.
Will lead to prolonged heat _____ and _______ in some areas and prolonged heavy _____ and increased _______ in other areas.
Stronger ________
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
In a warmer world, agricultural __________ may increase in some areas and decrease in others.
Ex. _________ – decrease with temperature increase
Crop and fish production in some areas could be _______ by rising sea levels that would flood river deltas.
Global warming will increase _____ from:
Heat and disruption of _____ supply.
Spread of tropical ________ to temperate regions.
Increase the number of environmental ________.
DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMINGClimate change is such a difficult problem to deal with because:
Problem is global.
Effects will last a long time.
Problem is a long-term _________ issue.
The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not spread evenly.
Many actions that might reduce the threat are controversial because they can impact _________ and __________.
DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING
Two ways to deal with global warming:_________ that reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
___________, where we recognize that some warming is unavoidable and devise strategies to reduce its harmful effects.
Fig. 20-14, p. 481
Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal)
Shift from coal to natural gas
Improve energy efficiency
Shift to renewable energy resources
Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing countries
Reduce deforestation
Use more sustainableagriculture and forestry
Limit urban sprawl
Reduce poverty
Slow population growth
Remove CO2 from smoke stack and vehicle emissions
Store (sequester)CO2 by planting trees
Sequester CO2 deep underground
Sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking cropland out of production
Sequester CO2 in the deep ocean
Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities
Use animal feeds that reduce CH4 emissions by belching cows
Solutions
Global Warming
Prevention Cleanup
Solutions: _______ the Threat
We can improve ______ efficiency, rely more on carbon-_____ renewable energy resources, and find ways to keep much of the ______ we produce out of troposphere.
WHAT IS BEING DONE TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS?
Getting countries to agree on reducing their greenhouse emissions is _________.
A 2006 poll showed that ____% of Americans want more leadership from federal government on dealing with global warming.
International Climate Negotiations: The _______ _________
______ on global warming which first phase went into effect January, 2005 with ____ countries participating.
It requires ___ participating developed countries to cut their emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012.
Developing countries were excluded.• The ____ did not sign, but California and Maine are
participating.
• U.S. did not sign because developing countries such as ______, India and Brazil were excluded.
Moving Beyond the Kyoto Protocol
Countries could work together to develop a new international approach to slowing global warming.
The Kyoto Protocol will have _____ effect on future global warming without support and action by the U.S., China, and India.
Actions by Some Countries, States, and Businesses
In 2005, the ____ proposed a plan to reduce CO2 levels by 1/3rd by 2020.
________ has adopted a goal of reducing its greenhouse gas emission to 1990 levels by 2020, and 80% below by 2050.
______ companies (BP, IBM, Toyota) have established targets to reduce their greenhouse emissions 10-65% to 1990 levels by 2010.
_________ ____________ IN THE STRATOSPHERE
_____ ozone in stratosphere allows for more harmful _____ radiation to reach the earth’s surface.
The ozone layer keeps about ___% of the sun’s harmful UV radiation from reaching earth’s surface.
________________ (CFCs) have lowered the average concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere.
In ______ CFCs were no longer manufactured.
Fig. 20-18, p. 486
A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2.
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breakingoff a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2. Sun
Repeated many times
The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).
Summary of ReactionsCCl3F + UV Cl + CCl2FCl + O3 ClO + O2
Cl + O Cl + O2
UV radiation
The chlorine atom attacksan ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom offit and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2).
Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone moleculeand begin the cycle again.
Cl
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE
During _____ months of each year, up to half of the ozone in stratosphere over __________ and a smaller amount over the ______ is depleted.
Figure 20-19Figure 20-19
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE
Since 1976, in Antarctica, ozone levels have markedly decreased during ________ and ____________.
Figure 20-20Figure 20-20
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE
______ _______: caused by CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals (ODCs).
Increased ____ radiation reaching the earth’s surface from ozone depletion in stratosphere is _________ to human health, crops, forests, animals, and materials such as plastic and paints.
Human Health• Worse sunburn• More eye cataracts• More skin cancers• Immune system suppression
Food and Forests• Reduced yields for some crops• Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton• Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species
Wildlife• Increased eye cataracts in some species• Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation• Reduced population of surface phytoplankton• Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton
Air Pollution and Materials• Increased acid deposition• Increased photochemical smog• Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics
Global Warming• Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases
Effects of Ozone DepletionNatural Capital Degradation
Fig. 20-21, p. 488
Case Study: ______ ________
Structure of the human skin and relationship between radiation and skin cancer.
Figure 20-22Figure 20-22
Pollution Control ________________control Devices – filter particles
__________ – use water to filter particles and gases
Catalytic ____________ – on cars; finish burning wastes to decrease carbon monoxide levels
1-800-453-_______
Human Impact (Positive)
Law – ______ _____ _____
1963 - first passage 1970, 1977 and 1990 - amendedInvolves EPASets _______ for acceptable _____ of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, & moreProvides pollution _______ for industries that utilize pollution-control devices+______ administration has relaxed rulesIt established NAAQS and AQI
_________ _______ Air Quality Standards (________)
Sets acceptable concentrations for ___ “criteria” pollutants that:
Threaten public health/the environment over broad areas (non-point)
Are emitted in large quantities
CO, Pb, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Particulate Matter and Sulfur Dioxides
____ _______ ______(AQI)
Measures levels of __ criteria pollutants
_______ of daily air pollution levels
Purpose to _______ and ______ public- focuses on health effects
Categories: green= good, yellow= moderate, orange= unhealthy for sensitive groups, red= unhealthy, purple= very unhealthy
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Regulates _______ (from point sources)For specific substances (air toxics w/ known or suspected serious health effects (________, ___________, ____________)Tend to be localized, from point sourcesExamples: Ammonia, chlorine, asbestos, arsenic, mercury, benzene