127
General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

General Information

____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______

Depletion

Page 2: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

_______ is the condition in the atmosphere at a given place and time.

Includes temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, and wind.

Page 3: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

__________

_______ is the ______ weather conditions that occur in a place over a period of years.

The two most important factors are __________ and ___________.

Page 4: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________ and _______ help determine climate.

Page 5: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______

Earth’s ____ degree incline on its axis remains same as it travels around sun. As earth spins around sun the seasons change.

Page 6: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing Heat

_______ air circulation affected by uneven ______ of earth’s surface by solar energy, seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation.

Figure 5-3Figure 5-3

Page 7: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Definition

____ _______ pressure exerted by the weight of Earth’s atmosphere.

At sea level = to 14.69 pounds per square inch.

_________ used to

measure atmospheric

pressure.

Air Pressure

Page 8: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________ Gradient

Changes from high to low. Arrows on map shows this. A higher pressure gradient means ________ winds

Isobars on weather map would be drawn closer together.

Air Pressure

Page 9: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Cause

Wind caused by ________ gradient force. High pressure means more air, and low pressure means less air. Air moves from high to low, causing wind.

______

Page 10: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________ _______

Global air circulation is affected by the _______ of the earth on its axis.

Figure 5-4Figure 5-4

Page 11: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 5-4, p. 102

Cold deserts

Equator

Cold deserts

Forests

Forests

Hot desertsSoutheast trades

Westerlies

ForestsWesterlies

Hot desertsNortheast trades

Page 12: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

The Coriolis EffectForces in atmosphere, created by rotation of Earth on its axis, that ________ winds to the ______ in the N. Hemisphere and to the _____ in the S.Hemisphere.

Wind

Page 13: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________Combination of pressure gradient force and the coriolis effect. Friction at Earth’s surface causes winds to turn a little. Friction runs parallel to isobars.

______________Little friction up in the upper troposphere, driving surface features. Ex. during big thunderstorms, the wind in the upper level will tell which way the thunderstorm will move.

Wind

Page 14: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

__________

Called ________ in Atlantic and ________ in Pacific

Violent storms that form over warm ocean waters and can pass over coastal land.

Giant, rotating storms with winds of at least ____ mph.

Can have wind velocities greater than _____ mph.

Wind

Page 15: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________

Extensive system of winds spiraling outward from a high-pressure center.

Circles ________ in N. Hemisphere and ________-___________ in S. Hemisphere.

Wind

Page 16: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

CharacteristicsHigh, ___________ clouds. Can reach 50,000 feet. An updraft of warm air causes cold air to rush downwards.

Why you feel a sudden ______ breeze right before a thunderstorm. Lightening causes the ozone smell.

Storms____________

Problems•Problems include rain, flooding, hail, lightening, high winds, and loss of life can occur.

Page 17: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Characteristics

Tornadoes are a powerful, rotating _______ of air associated with severe thunderstorms.

Form when a mass of cool, dry air collides with warm, humid air, producing a strong updraft of spinning air on underside of a cloud. It is a tornado if the spinning air descends and touches the _________.

___________

Page 18: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Problems

Can destroy buildings, bridges, and freight trains, and even blow the water out of a river or small lake, leaving it empty. Tornadoes also kill people; more than _________ people in the U.S. died in tornadoes in the 20th century. They are most common in the Great Plains and Midwestern states (especially Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas), as well as states along the Gulf of Mexico.

Tornadoes

Page 19: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Characteristics

Hurricanes are giant, rotating ________ storms with winds of at least 74 miles per hour, with some reaching 155 miles per hour.

Form as strong winds pick up moisture over warm surface waters of tropical oceans and start to spin as a result of rotation of the _______. Spinning causes an upward spiral of massive clouds as air is pulled upward.

__________

Page 20: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Problems

Destructive when they hit land, not so much from strong winds as from resultant storm ______ as waves can rise as much as 25 feet above ocean surface. Can damage property and result in loss of life.

Hurricanes

Page 21: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_____________ __________

Global air __________ is affected by the properties of air water, and land.

Figure 5-5Figure 5-5

Page 22: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Convection Cells

Heat and moisture are distributed over earth’s surface by vertical ________, which form _____ giant convection cells at different latitudes.

Figure 5-6Figure 5-6

Page 23: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 5-6, p. 103

Cell 3 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 North

Moist air rises,cools, and releasesMoisture as rain

Cell 1 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 South

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 South

Cold,dry airfalls

Polar cap

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

Tropicalrain forest

Equator

Tropical deciduous forest

Cold,dry airfalls

Polar capArctic tundra

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

60°

30°

30°

60°

Page 24: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________ _______

Wind that rises at the __________. As air rises, it spreads out north & south, then cools and sinks at ____ degrees.

Why most of world’s deserts are found at 30 degrees.

These are called the _______ latitudes because early settlers would get stuck here in their boats & couldn’t move. Would finally throw their horses overboard to lighten the load & get moving again.

Circulation Patterns

Page 25: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Convection Cells

Ocean water ________ heat to atmosphere, especially near hot equator.

This creates convection cells that transport ______ and ______ from one area to another.

Resulting convection cells circulate air, heat, and moisture both vertically and from place-to-place in troposphere, leading to different ________ & patterns of ____________.

Circulation Patterns

Page 26: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Polar Cells_____________

Air rises at about 60 degrees, floats south, and sinks at around 30 degrees, both north and south.

____________

Ocean-to-land breezes that occur during the day.

_____________

Land-to-ocean breezes that occur at night.

Circulation Patterns

Page 27: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Circulation Patterns

________________Cool air coming from top of mountain sinks down on eastern slope, causing increased winds on mountain

_______________Wind blows from plains into valley between two mountains, wind must divert into a smaller area. This causes high winds to form through valleys.

Page 28: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______ vs. ____________

Atmosphere has three prevailing winds. Prevailing winds that blow from northeast near North Pole or from southeast near South Pole are called ______ __________.

Tropical winds that blow from northeast in the N. Hemisphere or from southeast in S. Hemisphere are called _______ ________.

Air Masses and Storms

Page 29: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

__________ vs. _________

Continental ______ are generally cool and dry

Maritime (______) fronts are generally warm and moist.

When two air masses converge, the result is usually ______.

Air Masses and Storms

Page 30: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_______ Front

Boundary between an advancing warm air mass and cooler one it is replacing.

Warm air is less dense than cool air, an advancing warm front will rise up over a mass of cool air.

• _____ usually comes

in before front comes

Weather

Page 31: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_____ Front

Leading edge of advancing air mass of cold air. Because cool air is more dense than warm air, an advancing cold front stays close to the ground and wedges underneath less dense, warmer air.

Cold front produces rapidly moving, towering clouds called _______________.

Page 32: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________ Front

Transitional zone between two nearly stationary air masses of different density.

Results in several days of cloudy, wet weather that can last a _____ or more..

Page 33: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_________ Front

Air front established when a cold front occludes (prevents the passage of) a warm front.

Whether temperatures becomes warmer or cooler depends on temp that was in front of oncoming warm front.

________ can result.

Page 34: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______ ________ ______

As warm moist air flows over mountains, it cools and condenses which leads to rain before it passes over, leaving leeward side dry.

Page 35: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients

Ocean currents __________ climate by distributing heat from place to place and mixing and distributing _________.

Page 36: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Ocean Currents____________- warm ocean current flowing from North from Gulf of Mexico, along east coast of U.S. to SE coast of Newfoundland, where it becomes the western terminus of the North Atlantic Current.

_________- annual warming of sea-surface temperatures along the west coast of tropical South America.

_________- periodic cooling of ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific.

Page 37: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and Nutrients

Global ________________:Considerable scientific evidence and climate models indicate that large inputs of __________gases from _____________ activities into the troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in your lifetime.

Page 38: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE _________________

Atmosphere consists of several ______ with different temperatures, pressures, and compositions.

Figure 19-2Figure 19-2

Page 39: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Atmosphere’s innermost layer is ______________.

Mostly _________ and _________, with smaller amounts of water vapor and CO2.

_______ (O3) in atmosphere’s second layer ____________filters out most of sun’s UV radiation that is harmful to us and other species.

Page 40: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______________

75% of mass of atmosphere

0 to ___ miles in altitude

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen

Location of Earth’s ________

Temperature _______ with altitude until next layer is reached, where there is a sudden temperature rise.

The Earth’s Atmosphere

Page 41: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______________

___ miles to ___ miles in altitudeCalmTemperature ________ with altitudeContains ____x the ozone of the rest of the atmosphere; ozone forms in an equilibrium reaction when oxygen is converted to O3 by lightning and/or sunlight____% of ultraviolet radiation (especially UV-B) is absorbed by the stratosphere

Page 42: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________

____ to ____ miles in altitude

Temperature ________ with increasing altitude

Page 43: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_______________

___ to ___ miles in altitude

Temperature increases with increasing altitude

Very ____ temperatures

Page 44: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________ of the Atmosphere

Components – Oxygen ___%, Nitrogen ___%

Layers – troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere (extends from 310 miles to interplanetary space)

Page 45: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Composition of the Atmosphere (cont.)

_________ Pollutants – methane(____), ozone(O3), dust ______, microorganisms, and chlorofluorocarbons (_____’s)

Causes of Primary Pollutants – factories, cars, wind and soil, volcanoes, forest fires, pollen, decaying plants, salt particles from the sea, and refrigerants.

Page 46: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

AIR POLLUTION

Some primary air pollutants may ______ with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form _________ air pollutants.

Figure 19-3Figure 19-3

Page 47: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 19-3, p. 442

Primary Pollutants

CO CO2Secondary Pollutants

SO2 NO NO2

Most hydrocarbons SO3

Most suspended particles HNO3

H2O2 O3 PANs

Most NO3– and SO4

2– salts

Sources Natural Stationary

Mobile

H3SO4

Page 48: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

______ ________: Carbon monoxide (CO) - highly toxic gas

• forms during incomplete __________ of carbon-containing materials.

93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in troposphere occurs as result of carbon cycle.

7% of CO2 in troposphere occurs as result of human activities (mostly burning ______ fuels).

• It is not _________ as a pollutant under the U.S. ______ ______ ______.

Page 49: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

________ ________ and ______ ______: Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in _______ engines and coal-burning ______. NO can also form from lightening and certain soil bacteria.

• NO reacts with air to form NO2.

• NO2 reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate salts (NO3

-) which are components of _____ deposition.

Page 50: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

______ _________ (SO2) and ______ ____:

One-third of SO2 in troposphere occurs naturally through sulfur cycle.

Two-thirds come from human sources, mostly combustion of sulfur-containing ____ and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide ores.

(____+ ____ _____)

SO2 in atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric acid (______) and sulfate salts (_____) that return to earth as a component of ______ ___________.

Page 51: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

_________ _________ ______ (SPM):Variety of solid particles and liquid droplets small and light enough to remain suspended in air.

Most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles • _________ - average diameter < 10 micrometers• _________ - ultrafine particles

According to EPA, SPM is responsible for about 60,000 premature deaths a year in U.S.

Page 52: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

_____________Highly reactive gas

• Major component of ______________ smog.

It can • Cause and aggravate respiratory illness.

• Can aggravate heart disease.

• Damage plants, rubber in tires, fabrics, and paints.

Page 53: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

________ _________ _________ (VOCs):Most hydorcarbons emitted by leaves of many plants and methane.

• Two thirds of global methane emissions comes from human sources.

Other VOCs include industrial solvents such as trichlorethylene (TCE), benzene, and vinyl chloride.

• Long-term exposure to benzene can cause _______, blood disorders, and immune system damage.

What process produces benzene?

Page 54: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Air Pollutants

__________ (Rn):Is a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in some types of soil and rock.

Can seep into homes and buildings sitting above such deposits.

Page 55: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

__________ Pollutants

Form when primary pollutants react

Page 56: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

URBAN ____________ AIR POLLUTION

____________smog is a mixture of sulfur dioxide, droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended solid particles emitted mostly by burning ______.

In most developed countries where coal and heavy oil is burned, industrial smog is not a problem due to reasonably ______ pollution control or with tall smokestacks that transfer the pollutant to ______ areas.

Page 57: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Sunlight plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog

Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants formed by _______ of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons under the influence of ______________.

Page 58: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Sunlight plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog

________ City - city in sunny, warm, dry climates with many motor vehicles that suffers from photochemical smog.

Figure 19-4Figure 19-4

Page 59: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Factors Influencing Levels of Outdoor Air Pollution

Outdoor air pollution can be _________ by:settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and chemical reactions.

Outdoor air pollution can be _________ by:urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of pollutants), mountains (promote temperature inversions), and high temperatures (promote photochemical reactions).

Page 60: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Temperature ____________

Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded by mountains can _____air pollutants (left).

Areas with sunny climate, light winds, mountains on three sides and an ocean on the other (right) are susceptible to inversions.

Figure 19-5Figure 19-5

Page 61: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

____ ____________ (Acid Rain)

Sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates can react in atmosphere to produce acidic chemicals that can travel long _________ before returning to earth’s surface.

Tall ___________ reduce local air pollution but can increase regional air pollution.

Page 62: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

ACID DEPOSITION

Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust, or gas with a pH lower than _____. Figure 19-6Figure 19-6

Page 63: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

ACID DEPOSITION

_____ measurements in relation to major coal-burning and industrial plants.

Figure 19-7Figure 19-7

Page 64: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

ACID DEPOSITION

Acid deposition contributes to chronic ___________ disease.

Can leach toxic metals (such as lead and mercury) from soils and rocks into acidic _______ used as sources for _______ water.

Page 65: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

ACID DEPOSITION

Figure 19-8Figure 19-8

Page 66: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

ACID DEPOSITION

___ ________ is one of several interacting stresses that can damage, weaken, or kill trees and pollute surface and groundwater.

Figure 19-9Figure 19-9

Page 67: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 19-10, p. 452

Solutions

Acid Deposition

Prevention Cleanup

Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency

Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes

Reduce coal use

Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes

Increase natural gas use

Increase use of renewable energy resources

Burn low-sulfur coal

Remove SO2 particulates & NOx from smokestack gases

Remove NOx from motor vehicular exhaust

Tax emissions of SO2

Page 68: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Air _______ is better in US; EPA estimates since _____

Particulate Matter (PM)- down 78%

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- down 23%

Nitrogen Dioxide (Nox)- up 14%

Lead (Pb)- down 98%

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- down 32%

Air quality is ______ in developing countries:

Mexico City & Beijing: air exceeds ______ standards 350 days/year

Page 69: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________ AIR POLLUTION

Indoor air pollution _____ threat to human health than outdoor air pollution.

According to EPA, _____ most dangerous indoor air pollutants in developed countries are:

Tobacco smoke.

Formaldehyde.

Radioactive radon-222 gas.

Very small fine and ultrafine particles.

Page 70: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Chloroform

Benzo--pyrene

Styrene

Radon-222

Methylene Chloride

Tobacco Smoke

Carbon Monoxide

Asbestos

Nitrogen Oxides

1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane

Particulates

FormaldehydeTetrachloroethylene

Para-dichlorobenzene

Fig. 19-11, p. 453

Page 71: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

______ and household _____ mites that feed on human skin and dust, live in materials such as bedding and furniture fabrics.

Can cause ______ attacks and _______ reactions in some people.

Figure 19-12Figure 19-12

Page 72: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Case Study: ________ _______

Radon-_____, a radioactive gas found in some soils and rocks, can ____ into some houses and ______ risk of lung cancer.

Sources and paths of entry Sources and paths of entry for indoor radon-222 gasfor indoor radon-222 gas.

Figure 19-13Figure 19-13

Page 73: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who died of emphysema (right).

Figure 19-15Figure 19-15

Page 74: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Air Pollution is a Big Killer

Each year, air pollution prematurely kills about __ million people, mostly from indoor air pollution in developing countries.

In U.S., EPA estimates that annual deaths related to indoor and outdoor air pollution range from _________ to __________.

According to EPA, each year more than 125,000 Americans get cancer from breathing _______ fumes.

Page 75: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Air Pollution is a Big Killer

Spatial distribution of ________ deaths from air pollution in the United States.

Figure 19-16Figure 19-16

Page 76: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION

______ _____ _____ in United States have greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from ___ major pollutants:

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides

Sulfur dioxides

Suspended particulate matter (less than PM-10)

Page 77: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Using the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution

To help reduce _____ emissions, the Clean Air Act authorized an emission trading (_______________) program.

Enables 110 most polluting power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution rights.

Between 1990-2002, the emission trading system reduced emissions.

In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade system produced ____ emission reductions than were projected.

Page 78: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Solutions: Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution

There are a of ways to prevent and control air pollution from coal-burning facilities.

___________ ___________ - used to attract negatively charged particles in a smokestack into a collector.

_____ _________ - fine mists of water vapor trap particulates and convert them to a sludge that is collected and disposed of usually in a landfill.

Page 79: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Solutions: Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution

# of ways to prevent and control air pollution from motor vehicles.

Because of the Clean Air Act, a new car today in the U.S. emits ____less pollution than did pre-1970 cars.

• _________ ____________

In developing countries there is an increase in motor vehicle use; many have no pollution control devices and burn leaded gasoline.

Page 80: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 19-19, p. 460

Solutions

Motor Vehicle Air Pollution

Prevention Cleanup

Emission control devices

Mass transit

Bicycles and walking

Less polluting engines

Less polluting fuels

Improve fuel efficiency

Car exhaust inspections twice a year

Get older, polluting cars off the road

Give buyers large tax write-offs or rebates for buying low-polluting, energy efficient vehicles

Stricter emission standards

Page 81: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_______ Air Pollution

Little ______ devoted to reducing indoor air pollution even though poses greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution.

Environmental and health scientists call for a focus on preventing air pollution (especially indoor) in developing countries.

Page 82: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 19-20, p. 461

Solutions

Indoor Air Pollution

Prevention

Cover ceiling tiles & lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers

Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces

Increase intake of outside airBan smoking or limit it to well ventilated areas

Change air more frequently

Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials

Circulate a building’s air through rooftop green houses

Prevent radon infiltration Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gasUse office machines in well

ventilated areas

Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products

Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves

Cleanup or Dilution

Page 83: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Core Case Study: Studying a Volcano to Understand Climate Change

1991 Philippines ________ exploded cooling the world’s average temperature by ____Co over a 15 month period and then return to normal by 1995.

Figure 20-1Figure 20-1

Page 84: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_____ CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Over past ________ years, troposphere has experienced prolonged periods of global cooling and global warming.

For past ______years, temperatures have remained fairly stable but began to rise during _____ century.

Page 85: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

PAST CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Figure 20-2Figure 20-2

Page 86: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

How Do We ______ What ____________ Were in the _____?

Scientists analyze tiny air _______ trapped in ice _____ learn about past:

troposphere composition. temperature trends.greenhouse gas concentrations.solar, snowfall, and forest fire activity.

Figure 20-3Figure 20-3

Page 87: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

How Do We Know What Temperatures Were in the Past?

In 2005, an ice core showed that _____ levels in the troposphere are the _____ they have been in _________ years.

Figure 20-4Figure 20-4

Page 88: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

The Natural Greenhouse Effect

_______ major factors shape the earth’s climate:______.

Greenhouse effect that warms earth’s lower troposphere and surface because of presence of __________ ______.

Oceans store CO2 and heat, evaporate and receive water, move stored heat to other parts of the world.

Natural cooling process through ______ vapor in the troposphere since heat rises.

Page 89: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Greenhouse Gases

Major greenhouse gases in lower atmosphere are ________, ____________, _________, and ____________.

These gases have _______ been present in earth’s troposphere in varying concentrations.

____________ in these gases, plus changes in ______ output are major factors causing the changes in tropospheric temperature over past 400,000 years.

Page 90: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Major Greenhouse Gases

_________ in average concentrations of three greenhouse gases in troposphere between 1860 and 2004

Mostly due to fossil fuel ______, ____________, and ___________.

Figure 20-5Figure 20-5

Page 91: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Evidence that earth’s troposphere is warming, mostly because of human ______:

_____ century was ______ century in past 1000 years.Since 1900, earth’s average tropospheric temperature has risen _____C°.Over past 50 years, ______ temperatures have risen almost twice as fast as those in the rest of world.Glaciers and floating sea ice are _______ and _______ at increasing rates.

Page 92: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Warmer temperatures in Alaska, Russia, and the Arctic are melting ___________

• releases more CO2 and CH4 into troposphere.

During last century, world’s sea level rose by _______ cm, mostly due to runoff from melting and land-based ice and the expansion of ocean water as temperatures rise.

Page 93: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

The Scientific Consensus about Future Climate Change

Measured and projected changes in average temperature of atmosphere.

Figure 20-7Figure 20-7

Page 94: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EARTH’S TEMPERATURE

Some factors can _______ (positive feedback) and some can ______ (negative feedback) projected global warming.

Oceans can remove _____ and _____ from troposphere but uncertain about how much and how long heat and CO2 might remain there.

Warmer temperatures create more ______ that could warm or cool the troposphere.

Page 95: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

Between 1979 and 2005, average Arctic sea ice dropped ____% (as shown in blue hues above).

Figure 20-8Figure 20-8

Page 96: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________

Warm air holds more moisture than cold air. During conduction, _____ & _______ from the ______ or _____ moves into atmosphere.

Ex. cold air moving over warm water (like a lake), forming steam _____.

Heat Transfer

Page 97: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Convection

Causes rising air currents and leads to ______ formation.

Takes heat from lower atmosphere to higher atmosphere where pressure is less, causing air to expand, which in turn ______ the air.

The air cannot hold as much moisture because it is cooler, so clouds form (____________).

Heat Transfer

Page 98: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

____________

_____________ drives weather. Heat from sun warms earth, which radiates heat back into atmosphere.

Heat Transfer

Page 99: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

___________As sun hits the earth, molecules are __________ into air. This changes the direction of heat coming in. Some are scattered back to space, but others are absorbed. Scattering is what

makes the sky ____.

______ Radiation

Page 100: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

________Proportional _________ of Earth’s surface.

Glaciers and ice sheets have _____ albedo and reflect 80-90% of sunlight hitting them.

Asphalt and buildings have ____ albedos and reflect 10-15% and oceans and forests reflect only about 5%.

Solar Radiation

Page 101: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

______________70% of solar radiation that falls on Earth is _________ and ____ the water cycle, drives winds and ocean currents, powers photosynthesis, and warms the planet.

Solar Radiation

Page 102: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Control of Temperature

When little moisture in atmosphere & it’s a clear night, we have a large ________ drop (like in ______), but when there is a blanket of _______, temperature stays ______.

Solar Radiation

Page 103: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Rising Sea Levels

During this century, rising seas levels are projected to flood low-lying urban areas, coastal estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, and barrier islands and beaches.

Figure 20-10Figure 20-10

Page 104: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_______ Sea Levels

If seas levels rise by ____cm during this century, most of the Maldives islands and their coral reefs will be flooded.

Figure 20-11Figure 20-11

Page 105: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Changing Ocean Currents

Global warming could alter ocean _______ and cause both excessive warming and severe cooling. Figure 20-12Figure 20-12

Page 106: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

______ troposphere can decrease ability of ocean to remove and store CO2 by decreasing __________ supply for phytoplankton and increasing the acidity of ocean water.

Will lead to prolonged heat _____ and _______ in some areas and prolonged heavy _____ and increased _______ in other areas.

Stronger ________

Page 107: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

In a warmer world, agricultural __________ may increase in some areas and decrease in others.

Ex. _________ – decrease with temperature increase

Crop and fish production in some areas could be _______ by rising sea levels that would flood river deltas.

Global warming will increase _____ from:

Heat and disruption of _____ supply.

Spread of tropical ________ to temperate regions.

Increase the number of environmental ________.

Page 108: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMINGClimate change is such a difficult problem to deal with because:

Problem is global.

Effects will last a long time.

Problem is a long-term _________ issue.

The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not spread evenly.

Many actions that might reduce the threat are controversial because they can impact _________ and __________.

Page 109: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING

Two ways to deal with global warming:_________ that reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

___________, where we recognize that some warming is unavoidable and devise strategies to reduce its harmful effects.

Page 110: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 20-14, p. 481

Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal)

Shift from coal to natural gas

Improve energy efficiency

Shift to renewable energy resources

Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing countries

Reduce deforestation

Use more sustainableagriculture and forestry

Limit urban sprawl

Reduce poverty

Slow population growth

Remove CO2 from smoke stack and vehicle emissions

Store (sequester)CO2 by planting trees

Sequester CO2 deep underground

Sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking cropland out of production

Sequester CO2 in the deep ocean

Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities

Use animal feeds that reduce CH4 emissions by belching cows

Solutions

Global Warming

Prevention Cleanup

Page 111: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Solutions: _______ the Threat

We can improve ______ efficiency, rely more on carbon-_____ renewable energy resources, and find ways to keep much of the ______ we produce out of troposphere.

Page 112: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

WHAT IS BEING DONE TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS?

Getting countries to agree on reducing their greenhouse emissions is _________.

A 2006 poll showed that ____% of Americans want more leadership from federal government on dealing with global warming.

Page 113: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

International Climate Negotiations: The _______ _________

______ on global warming which first phase went into effect January, 2005 with ____ countries participating.

It requires ___ participating developed countries to cut their emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012.

Developing countries were excluded.• The ____ did not sign, but California and Maine are

participating.

• U.S. did not sign because developing countries such as ______, India and Brazil were excluded.

Page 114: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Moving Beyond the Kyoto Protocol

Countries could work together to develop a new international approach to slowing global warming.

The Kyoto Protocol will have _____ effect on future global warming without support and action by the U.S., China, and India.

Page 115: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Actions by Some Countries, States, and Businesses

In 2005, the ____ proposed a plan to reduce CO2 levels by 1/3rd by 2020.

________ has adopted a goal of reducing its greenhouse gas emission to 1990 levels by 2020, and 80% below by 2050.

______ companies (BP, IBM, Toyota) have established targets to reduce their greenhouse emissions 10-65% to 1990 levels by 2010.

Page 116: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_________ ____________ IN THE STRATOSPHERE

_____ ozone in stratosphere allows for more harmful _____ radiation to reach the earth’s surface.

The ozone layer keeps about ___% of the sun’s harmful UV radiation from reaching earth’s surface.

________________ (CFCs) have lowered the average concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere.

In ______ CFCs were no longer manufactured.

Page 117: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Fig. 20-18, p. 486

A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2.

Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breakingoff a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2. Sun

Repeated many times

The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).

Summary of ReactionsCCl3F + UV Cl + CCl2FCl + O3 ClO + O2

Cl + O Cl + O2

UV radiation

The chlorine atom attacksan ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom offit and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2).

Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone moleculeand begin the cycle again.

Cl

Page 118: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE

During _____ months of each year, up to half of the ozone in stratosphere over __________ and a smaller amount over the ______ is depleted.

Figure 20-19Figure 20-19

Page 119: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE

Since 1976, in Antarctica, ozone levels have markedly decreased during ________ and ____________.

Figure 20-20Figure 20-20

Page 120: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE

______ _______: caused by CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals (ODCs).

Increased ____ radiation reaching the earth’s surface from ozone depletion in stratosphere is _________ to human health, crops, forests, animals, and materials such as plastic and paints.

Page 121: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Human Health• Worse sunburn• More eye cataracts• More skin cancers• Immune system suppression

Food and Forests• Reduced yields for some crops• Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton• Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species

Wildlife• Increased eye cataracts in some species• Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation• Reduced population of surface phytoplankton• Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton

Air Pollution and Materials• Increased acid deposition• Increased photochemical smog• Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics

Global Warming• Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases

Effects of Ozone DepletionNatural Capital Degradation

Fig. 20-21, p. 488

Page 122: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Case Study: ______ ________

Structure of the human skin and relationship between radiation and skin cancer.

Figure 20-22Figure 20-22

Page 123: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Pollution Control ________________control Devices – filter particles

__________ – use water to filter particles and gases

Catalytic ____________ – on cars; finish burning wastes to decrease carbon monoxide levels

1-800-453-_______

Human Impact (Positive)

Page 124: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

Law – ______ _____ _____

1963 - first passage 1970, 1977 and 1990 - amendedInvolves EPASets _______ for acceptable _____ of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, & moreProvides pollution _______ for industries that utilize pollution-control devices+______ administration has relaxed rulesIt established NAAQS and AQI

Page 125: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

_________ _______ Air Quality Standards (________)

Sets acceptable concentrations for ___ “criteria” pollutants that:

Threaten public health/the environment over broad areas (non-point)

Are emitted in large quantities

CO, Pb, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Particulate Matter and Sulfur Dioxides

Page 126: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

____ _______ ______(AQI)

Measures levels of __ criteria pollutants

_______ of daily air pollution levels

Purpose to _______ and ______ public- focuses on health effects

Categories: green= good, yellow= moderate, orange= unhealthy for sensitive groups, red= unhealthy, purple= very unhealthy

Page 127: General Information ____ Pollution, Climate ________ and ______ Depletion

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

Regulates _______ (from point sources)For specific substances (air toxics w/ known or suspected serious health effects (________, ___________, ____________)Tend to be localized, from point sourcesExamples: Ammonia, chlorine, asbestos, arsenic, mercury, benzene