General Chemistry- Matter

A supplementary guide created by Jennifer Hunter

Chemistry

Chemistry summed up in one definition is the study of matter specifically the movement of electrons. Matter is anything that has mass in the

universe, that is anything that takes up space.▪ E.g. The clothes or jewelry you are wearing,

or the apple you had for lunch.▪ Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They

are incredibly small and their structure is unique to different elements.

Measuring Matter

Since matter is anything that has mass it is important to be able to measure mass.

The Standard unit for measuring mass is the Kilogram

States of Matter

Matter is typically divided into 3 different states.

Solids: Have a definite size and shape▪ Atoms or molecules are close together▪ Minimal Movement/vibration

States of Matter

Liquids: Have a definite volume, but take the

shape of their container.

States of Matter

Gases: Take both the shape and volume of their

container▪ Atoms/molecules are farthest apart with ▪ Lots of movement

Classification of Matter

There are two major classifications Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substances Elements: made up of only one kind of

atom Compounds: made up of two or more

kinds of atoms.▪ Can only be separated by chemical means.▪ Note: A molecule is a piece of a compound.

Classification of Matter

Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances that retains its own chemical identity and its own properties. Heterogeneous mixtures: a combination

of two or more individual materials which keep their original properties when mixed together▪ E.g. Trail Mix

Classification of Matter

Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures that have the same appearance throughout. There are many examples of

Homogeneous mixtures including salt water and air. ▪ Note: Homogenous mixtures are also called

solutions.

Classification of mixtures Based on the size of its largest

particles a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.

Classification of mixtures Solutions

When substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture.

Cannot see particles E.g. Windshield wiper fluid, tap water,

sugar water

Classification of Mixtures Suspensions

A heterogeneous mixture that separate into layers over time.

E.g. Dust in the air or Italian salad dressing

Classification of mixtures Colloids

Mixture of particle size, but do not separate into layers.

E.g. Fog

Classification of Matter

Properties of Matter

There are both physical and chemical properties of matter

Physical Properties: Intensive- depend on the nature of the

material▪ Malleability- capability of being flattened or

shaped into thin sheets by pounding with a hammer. ▪ Ductility- capability of being drawn out into a

thin wire▪ Conductivity- the ability to transfer heat or

electricity▪ E.g. color, smell, luster, texture, crystalline

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties Extensive- depend on the amount of

material ▪ Mass▪ Volume

Properties of Matter

Physical Changes: changes only the appearance.

Dissolving Centrifuging Distillation Boiling Point

The substance keeps its other properties

Evaporation Filtration Chromatography Melting point

Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties: the ability of a substance to react with another substance or decompose. E.g. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity,

toxicity

Properties of Matter

Chemical Changes: occur when atoms rearrange to transform the original substance into a different substance. E.g. A bike rusting

Matter and Energy

Physical and Chemical changes in matter are always accompanied by changes in energy. Changes in Kinetic, Potential, and

Thermal energy for an object will help to decide if the reaction is either ▪ Exothermic- energy is released into the

surrounding through heat, light, or sound ▪ Endothermic- energy is absorbed by the

object; temperature decreases.

Laws of Conservation

Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed;

it only changes form. The total amount of matter in the

universe remains constant.

Laws of Conservation

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed;

it only changes form. The total amount of energy in the

universe remains constant.

Laws of Conservation

Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy The sum of mass and energy is

conserved Mass and energy can be changed from

one to the other The total cannot be increased or

decreased

Picture Credits

http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous-Mixtures

http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-21508/group14/rooms.html

http://answers.com/topic/solution http://mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/news

papers/future_of_newspapers_looking_on_the_bright_side_93850.asp

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch0102.html

http://mrsdlovesscience.com/measure.html

http://hackedgadges.com/2006/09/01/alcohol-stove

http://thriftyfun.com/tf34205129.tip.html

http://suwaneedental.com/travel/travel-vancouver-2004.htm