Gene Expression, Biological Psychiatry, & the Family

Gene Expression, Biological Psychiatry,

& the Family

Gene Expression, Biological Psychiatry,

& the Family

•Douglas A. Kramer, MD, MS

•University of Wisconsin–Madison

•Douglas A. Kramer, MD, MS

•University of Wisconsin–Madison

December 8, 2006December 8, 2006

Part I: Gene ExpressionPart I: Gene Expression

•Ontogeny (classical biology)

•Gene – environment interaction

•Gene x Environment interaction (GxE)

•Nature – nurture interplay (Rutter)

•Gene – environment interplay (Rutter)

•Ontogeny (classical biology)

•Gene – environment interaction

•Gene x Environment interaction (GxE)

•Nature – nurture interplay (Rutter)

•Gene – environment interplay (Rutter)

Popular PressPopular Press

•“The aim is to determine how genes, environment and their interplay fit into the mix that gives rise to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.”

•CDC policy regarding environmental factors in the etiology of autism.

•“The aim is to determine how genes, environment and their interplay fit into the mix that gives rise to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.”

•CDC policy regarding environmental factors in the etiology of autism.

Lidia Wasowicz, UPI Senior Science Writer, November 17, 2006.

Lidia Wasowicz, UPI Senior Science Writer, November 17, 2006.

“Genetics”“Genetics”

• “science of heredity and variation”

•Greek: origin, source

•DNA not required

•epigenetics

• culture and memes

• speciation

• “science of heredity and variation”

•Greek: origin, source

•DNA not required

•epigenetics

• culture and memes

• speciation

Lincoln & Boxshall, 1987.Lincoln & Boxshall, 1987.

“A word of advice, Durk. It’s the Mesolithic. We’ve domesticated the dog, we’re using

stone tools, and no one’s naked anymore.”

“A word of advice, Durk. It’s the Mesolithic. We’ve domesticated the dog, we’re using

stone tools, and no one’s naked anymore.”

Gary Larson, 1993.

Gary Larson, 1993.

Gene Expression StepsGene Expression Steps

•Genome (DNA)

• transcription

•Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• translation (protein synthesis)

•Protein (amino acid chain)

•Genome (DNA)

• transcription

•Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• translation (protein synthesis)

•Protein (amino acid chain)

Tamarin, 1999.

Tamarin, 1999.

1. Golden Hamster Aggression

(social experience & traits)

1. Golden Hamster Aggression

(social experience & traits)

•Male golden hamsters exposed during adolescence to aggressive adults.

•As adults, they were more likely to attack younger and weaker intruders.

•50% reduction in vasopressin staining in anterior hypothalamus.

•Social experience + normal genome permanent changes in brain chemistry = gene expression.

•Male golden hamsters exposed during adolescence to aggressive adults.

•As adults, they were more likely to attack younger and weaker intruders.

•50% reduction in vasopressin staining in anterior hypothalamus.

•Social experience + normal genome permanent changes in brain chemistry = gene expression.

Delville et al., 1996Delville et al., 1996

2a. Species Differences(aggression in mice)

2a. Species Differences(aggression in mice)

• Peromyscus californicus: male territorial aggression, long-term pair bonds (monogamous), & male parental care.

• Peromyscus leucopus: less aggressive, polygynous mating system, & lack male parental care.

• greater attack latencies (p < .003)

• Peromyscus californicus: male territorial aggression, long-term pair bonds (monogamous), & male parental care.

• Peromyscus leucopus: less aggressive, polygynous mating system, & lack male parental care.

• greater attack latencies (p < .003)

Bester-Meredith et al., 1999Bester-Meredith et al., 1999

600

400

200

0

White-footed California

Low aggression

High aggression

California mice become more like

like white-footed mice

*

Control

Cross-fostered

Bester-Meredith & Marler, 2001


2b. Cross Fostering Behavior

2b. Cross Fostering Behavior

2b. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

2b. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Control white-footed miceControl white-footed mice Control California miceControl California mice

Cross-fostered white-footedCross-fostered white-footed Cross-fostered California miceCross-fostered California mice



GxE: Trait CharacteristicDecreased Aggression

GxE: Trait CharacteristicDecreased Aggression

•only possible explanations are decreased:

•TRANSCRIPTION of vasopressin mRNA

•TRANSLATION of vasopressin polypeptide

•only possible explanations are decreased:

•TRANSCRIPTION of vasopressin mRNA

•TRANSLATION of vasopressin polypeptide

3. Rat Behavior & Physiology

(immediate experience & mRNA)

3. Rat Behavior & Physiology

(immediate experience & mRNA)

•mRNA for the prolactin receptor (PRL-R)

•elevated late in gestation

• remains elevated during lactation

•production of PRL-R mRNA ceases if pups removed from lactating female

• resumes if pups returned

•mRNA for the prolactin receptor (PRL-R)

•elevated late in gestation

• remains elevated during lactation

•production of PRL-R mRNA ceases if pups removed from lactating female

• resumes if pups returned

Sugiyama et al., 1996Sugiyama et al., 1996

GxE: State Characteristic

Maternal Behavior

GxE: State Characteristic

Maternal Behavior

•immediate experience

•transcription

•mRNA

•translation

•protein synthesis

•maternal behavior

•immediate experience

•transcription

•mRNA

•translation

•protein synthesis

•maternal behavior

“Did you or did you not tell him I was a Homo

sapiens?”

“Did you or did you not tell him I was a Homo

sapiens?”

Jim Unger, 2004Jim Unger, 2004

4. Study Design: Wahlberg, 1997

4. Study Design: Wahlberg, 1997

• Finnish Adoptive Study of Schizophrenia

•all women hospitalized in Finnish psychiatric hospitals between 1960 – 1980

•19,447 women

•exclusions: OBS, severe MR, alcoholism

•adopted-away offspring of schizophrenic and schizophrenic-spectrum mothers

•exclusions include adoptions by relatives, and adoptions after age 4 years

• Finnish Adoptive Study of Schizophrenia

•all women hospitalized in Finnish psychiatric hospitals between 1960 – 1980

•19,447 women

•exclusions: OBS, severe MR, alcoholism

•adopted-away offspring of schizophrenic and schizophrenic-spectrum mothers

•exclusions include adoptions by relatives, and adoptions after age 4 years

Wahlberg, Wynne et al., 1997Wahlberg, Wynne et al., 1997

•167 biological mothers hospitalized for schizophrenia or a paranoid psychosis

•183 adoptees considered at HIGH genetic risk

•167 biological mothers hospitalized for schizophrenia or a paranoid psychosis

•183 adoptees considered at HIGH genetic risk

4. High Genetic Risk Group


4. Low Genetic Risk Group

•204 adoptees considered at LOW genetic risk

•202 biological mothers

•no psychiatric diagnosis, or non-schizophrenic spectrum diagnosis

•matched for adoptee age, adoptee parent ages, gender, age at placement, SES, urban/rural residence, one/two rearing parents

•204 adoptees considered at LOW genetic risk

•202 biological mothers

•no psychiatric diagnosis, or non-schizophrenic spectrum diagnosis

•matched for adoptee age, adoptee parent ages, gender, age at placement, SES, urban/rural residence, one/two rearing parents


4. Disordered Thinking

4. Disordered Thinking•Rorschach analysis by psychologists blind

to biological risk & subject research category

•high & low risk adoptees

•both adoptive & biological parents

• Index of Primitive Thought (Friedman, 1952)

•developmentally lowest functioning

•contamination, confabulation, & fabulized combination

•Rorschach analysis by psychologists blind to biological risk & subject research category

•high & low risk adoptees

•both adoptive & biological parents

• Index of Primitive Thought (Friedman, 1952)

•developmentally lowest functioning

•contamination, confabulation, & fabulized combination


4. Communication Deviance (CD)

4. Communication Deviance (CD)

•CD is a language production that is ambiguous and hard for listener to follow

•Analysis of parent language production on Rorschach responses in 42 categories

•Communication Deviance Scoring

•measure of understandability of discourse

•assessment of the impact on the listener

• instances of CD/Rorschach - add parents

•CD is a language production that is ambiguous and hard for listener to follow

•Analysis of parent language production on Rorschach responses in 42 categories

•Communication Deviance Scoring

•measure of understandability of discourse

•assessment of the impact on the listener

• instances of CD/Rorschach - add parentsWahlberg, Wynne et al., 2001Wahlberg, Wynne et al., 2001

4. Results: Wahlberg et al. (1997)

4. Results: Wahlberg et al. (1997)

•No increased risk for disordered thinking

•adoptees at HIGH genetic risk in low CD environment

•adoptees at LOW genetic risk in high CD environment

•GxE = neither G alone, nor E alone, was sufficient to produce a disordered thinking phenotype in adoptees

•No increased risk for disordered thinking

•adoptees at HIGH genetic risk in low CD environment

•adoptees at LOW genetic risk in high CD environment

•GxE = neither G alone, nor E alone, was sufficient to produce a disordered thinking phenotype in adoptees


•Significant risk for disordered thinking (p = .01)

•adoptees at HIGH genetic risk

• in an environment with HIGH CD

•GxE = combination of high G and disordered E (parental CD) results in an increased risk for disordered thinking in adoptees

•only the third condition (GxE) matters

•Significant risk for disordered thinking (p = .01)

•adoptees at HIGH genetic risk

• in an environment with HIGH CD

•GxE = combination of high G and disordered E (parental CD) results in an increased risk for disordered thinking in adoptees

•only the third condition (GxE) matters

4. Wahlberg, Wynne, et al., 1997 (continued)

4. Wahlberg, Wynne, et al., 1997 (continued)


High vs. Low Genetic Risk of Adoptees

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

Communication Deviance of

Adoptive Parents

Low Risk High Risk

4. Disordered Thinking vs. Communication Deviance

4. Disordered Thinking vs. Communication Deviance

Wahlberg, Wynne et al., 1997Wahlberg, Wynne et al., 1997Protective & predisposingProtective & predisposing

• 190 adoptees considered at HIGH genetic risk from 174 biological mothers

• 137 adoptees from 125 mothers dx with schizophrenia

• 53 adoptees from 49 mothers dx with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder

• 192 adoptees considered at LOW genetic risk from 190 biological mothers

• Median age at 2nd assessment = 35 years

• 190 adoptees considered at HIGH genetic risk from 174 biological mothers

• 137 adoptees from 125 mothers dx with schizophrenia

• 53 adoptees from 49 mothers dx with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder

• 192 adoptees considered at LOW genetic risk from 190 biological mothers

• Median age at 2nd assessment = 35 years

5. Tienari, Wynne et al., 2004 (2nd analysis)

5. Tienari, Wynne et al., 2004 (2nd analysis)

Tienari, Wynne et al., 2004Tienari, Wynne et al., 2004

•Oulu Family Rating Scale (OPAS)

•Beavers Timberlawn Family Evaluation Scale, Lewis (1976)

•33 subscales - operationally defined

• Low OPAS score = relatively healthy family behaviors and relationship patterns

•Dysfunctional family patterns

•critical/conflictual, constricted, boundary problems

•Oulu Family Rating Scale (OPAS)

•Beavers Timberlawn Family Evaluation Scale, Lewis (1976)

•33 subscales - operationally defined

• Low OPAS score = relatively healthy family behaviors and relationship patterns

•Dysfunctional family patterns

•critical/conflictual, constricted, boundary problems

5. Family Functioning: 2nd analysis

5. Family Functioning: 2nd analysis


5. Results: Spectrum Disorders2nd analysis

5. Results: Spectrum Disorders2nd analysis

•LOW genetic risk adoptees dx spectrum disorder ~ 5% irrespective of OPAS score

•HIGH genetic risk adoptees dx spectrum disorder

• 5.8% in families with low OPAS scores

•36.8% in high OPAS families, (p < .001)

•LOW genetic risk adoptees dx spectrum disorder ~ 5% irrespective of OPAS score

•HIGH genetic risk adoptees dx spectrum disorder

• 5.8% in families with low OPAS scores

•36.8% in high OPAS families, (p < .001)


•Age-corrected morbid risk of developing schizophrenia for a LOW genetic risk adoptee = ZERO

•Age-corrected morbid risk of developing schizophrenia for a HIGH genetic risk adoptee

• 1.49% in “healthy” family (low OPAS)

•13.04% in “dysfunctional” family (high OPAS)

•Age-corrected morbid risk of developing schizophrenia for a LOW genetic risk adoptee = ZERO

•Age-corrected morbid risk of developing schizophrenia for a HIGH genetic risk adoptee

• 1.49% in “healthy” family (low OPAS)

•13.04% in “dysfunctional” family (high OPAS)

5. Results: Schizophrenia Dx

2nd analysis


•1972 birth cohort of 1037 children in New Zealand

•96% intact at age 26

• study of 442 boys for GxE

•polymorphism involving the MAOA gene

•maltreatment during ages 3 - 11

• study of 847 individuals for GxE

• two alleles involving the serotonin transporter gene

• stressful life events from 21 - 26

•1972 birth cohort of 1037 children in New Zealand

•96% intact at age 26

• study of 442 boys for GxE

•polymorphism involving the MAOA gene

•maltreatment during ages 3 - 11

• study of 847 individuals for GxE

• two alleles involving the serotonin transporter gene

• stressful life events from 21 - 26

6&7. Dunedin Multidisciplinary Study

(human studies & known alleles)

6&7. Dunedin Multidisciplinary Study

(human studies & known alleles)

Caspi et al., 2002, 2003Caspi et al., 2002, 2003

6. Maltreatment Study6. Maltreatment Study•37% low activity, 63% high activity MAOA

•assumption: low activity MAOA predisposes to overresponding to perceived threats

•8% severe, 28% probable, & 64% no maltreatment between ages 3 - 11

•GxE = the 12% with low MAOA + severe or probable maltreatment (55 boys) 44% of violent convictions by age 26, (p < .001)

•GxE = these 55 boys 3x more likely convicted of violent crime by age 26 than 99 boys with high MAOA activity and maltreatment

•37% low activity, 63% high activity MAOA

•assumption: low activity MAOA predisposes to overresponding to perceived threats

•8% severe, 28% probable, & 64% no maltreatment between ages 3 - 11

•GxE = the 12% with low MAOA + severe or probable maltreatment (55 boys) 44% of violent convictions by age 26, (p < .001)

•GxE = these 55 boys 3x more likely convicted of violent crime by age 26 than 99 boys with high MAOA activity and maltreatment Caspi et al., 2002Caspi et al., 2002

7. Depression Study7. Depression Study• short allele (s/) associated with lower

transcriptional activity of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) promotor

•17% s/s homozygous, 51% s/l heterozygous, 31% l/l homozygous for polymorphism

•GxE = 33% risk of major depression with s/s or s/l if ≥ 4 stressful life events from ages 21-26 vs. 17% for l/l polymorphism group, (p = .02)

•GxE = s-allele + ≥ 4 stressful life events = 10% of sample, & accounted for 23% of major depression

• short allele (s/) associated with lower transcriptional activity of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) promotor

•17% s/s homozygous, 51% s/l heterozygous, 31% l/l homozygous for polymorphism

•GxE = 33% risk of major depression with s/s or s/l if ≥ 4 stressful life events from ages 21-26 vs. 17% for l/l polymorphism group, (p = .02)

•GxE = s-allele + ≥ 4 stressful life events = 10% of sample, & accounted for 23% of major depression

Caspi et al., 2003Caspi et al., 2003

“I need some books about this wide.”

“I need some books about this wide.”

Jim Unger, 2005Jim Unger, 2005

8. Pelvic Spine, G. aculeatus

8. Pelvic Spine, G. aculeatus

Shapiro et al., Nature, 428, 2004Shapiro et al., Nature, 428, 2004

3-spine sticklebacks3-spine sticklebacks

ventral view - bony = redventral view - bony = red

8. Pitx1 Expression(gene expression & speciation)

8. Pitx1 Expression(gene expression & speciation)

•Paxson benthic stickleback fish

• freshwater version of marine three-spine stickleback

• large spine in pelvic fin absent in freshwater version

•evolved in < 10,000 generations

•natural selection = lower concentrations of calcium ions, or predation by invertebrates

•Paxson benthic stickleback fish

• freshwater version of marine three-spine stickleback

• large spine in pelvic fin absent in freshwater version

•evolved in < 10,000 generations

•natural selection = lower concentrations of calcium ions, or predation by invertebrates


8. Source of Phenotypic Change8. Source of Phenotypic Change•Not DNA mutations

•Pitx1 gene not expressed in pelvic region of Paxson benthic stickleback

•Pitx1 gene intact and unchanged and is expressed in 4 other regions of the freshwater version

•When & where Pitx1 gene expressed determines the ultimate phenotype

•Not DNA mutations

•Pitx1 gene not expressed in pelvic region of Paxson benthic stickleback

•Pitx1 gene intact and unchanged and is expressed in 4 other regions of the freshwater version

•When & where Pitx1 gene expressed determines the ultimate phenotype


9. Epigenetics & Conceptual Space

9. Epigenetics & Conceptual Space

•Epigenetics is the study of . . .

• stable alterations in gene expression . . .

•by non-genetic mechanisms . . .

• resulting in stable alterations in phenotype.

•Operates in the conceptual space between the genome and the environment.

•Epigenetics is the study of . . .

• stable alterations in gene expression . . .

•by non-genetic mechanisms . . .

• resulting in stable alterations in phenotype.

•Operates in the conceptual space between the genome and the environment.

9. Epigenesis History9. Epigenesis History• Webster = “development involving gradual

diversification and differentiation of an initially undifferentiated entity (as a spore) - Aristotle.”

• Piaget = “preformation,” i.e., with a Homunculus, an entirely preformed miniature human being

• Cambridge Natural History = “the interaction of genetic factors and developmental processes, through which the genotype is expressed in the phenotype.”

• Prefix “epi-” = “on, at, besides, after, over” epigenetics = on or over the genes

• Webster = “development involving gradual diversification and differentiation of an initially undifferentiated entity (as a spore) - Aristotle.”

• Piaget = “preformation,” i.e., with a Homunculus, an entirely preformed miniature human being

• Cambridge Natural History = “the interaction of genetic factors and developmental processes, through which the genotype is expressed in the phenotype.”

• Prefix “epi-” = “on, at, besides, after, over” epigenetics = on or over the genes

•maternal behavior in rats toward their offspring either high or low in:

•pup licking and grooming (LG)

•arched-back nursing (ABN)

•offspring of high LG-ABN mothers are:

• less fearful as adults

• less responsive to stress on HPA axis

•maternal behavior in rats toward their offspring either high or low in:

•pup licking and grooming (LG)

•arched-back nursing (ABN)

•offspring of high LG-ABN mothers are:

• less fearful as adults

• less responsive to stress on HPA axis

9. Epigenetic Programming 1

(cytosine methylation & histone acetylation)

9. Epigenetic Programming 1

(cytosine methylation & histone acetylation)

Weaver et al., 2004Weaver et al., 2004

• cross-fostering produced rats with the stress-response patterns associated with their rearing mother (p < .05)

• within 12 hours of birth

• decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA in the offspring of high LG-ABN mothers raised by low LG-ABN mothers

• gene expression altered at the level of transcription of messenger RNA

• cross-fostering produced rats with the stress-response patterns associated with their rearing mother (p < .05)

• within 12 hours of birth

• decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA in the offspring of high LG-ABN mothers raised by low LG-ABN mothers

• gene expression altered at the level of transcription of messenger RNA

9. Epigenetic Programming 29. Epigenetic

Programming 2


•Stable variations in gene expression

•associated with chromatin structure changes

• involving DNA methylation

•C-methylation in the GR promotor sequence

• lower for offspring of high LG-ABN mothers

• reversed by cross-fostering

•Stable variations in gene expression

•associated with chromatin structure changes

• involving DNA methylation

•C-methylation in the GR promotor sequence

• lower for offspring of high LG-ABN mothers

• reversed by cross-fostering

9. DNA Methylation9. DNA Methylation


Offspring Response Maternal Low LG-

ABNMaternal High LG-

ABN

Hippocampal serotonin release in pups

Less release and less 5-HIAA receptor

activation

More release and more 5-HIAA receptor

activation

Nerve Growth Factors bind to site 16 - keeping it active

Less produced More produced

Cytosine methylation (CH3) GR promotor

sequenceHigher (100%) Lower (10%)

Glucocorticoid Receptor mRNA produced (GxE)

Decreased Increased

Hippocampus Less Developed Better Developed

Cortisol produced when stressed as adult (CRF)

More + diminished glucocorticoid feedback

Less + enhanced glucocorticoid feedback

Behavior when stressed Fearful -- hiding Calmer -- exploration

Maternal behavior next generation

Low LG-ABN High LG-ABN

9. Results of low & high maternal LG-ABN

9. Results of low & high maternal LG-ABN


10. Epigenetic Differences in Twins

(human epigenetics)

10. Epigenetic Differences in Twins

(human epigenetics)

• Monozygous twins share a common genotype

• Significant phenotypic discordance observed

• Studied DNA methylation & histone acetylation

• MZ twins epigenetically indistinguishable early

• Older MZ remarkably epigenetically different

• Leading to differences in gene expression portrait

• Monozygous twins share a common genotype

• Significant phenotypic discordance observed

• Studied DNA methylation & histone acetylation

• MZ twins epigenetically indistinguishable early

• Older MZ remarkably epigenetically different

• Leading to differences in gene expression portrait

Fraga et al., 2005Fraga et al., 2005

Part II: Biological Psychiatry

Part II: Biological Psychiatry

• Biology, 5th ed., Campbell, Reece, & Mitchell, has 55 chapters.

• John Bowlby, “biological psychiatry stolen by the physiological psychiatrists.”

• Species-specific behavior patterns (Ethology).

• Biology, 5th ed., Campbell, Reece, & Mitchell, has 55 chapters.

• John Bowlby, “biological psychiatry stolen by the physiological psychiatrists.”

• Species-specific behavior patterns (Ethology).

Biological Units & Levels of Selection

Biological Units & Levels of Selection

• species

• population

• community

• kinship group

• family

• individual

• gene

• species

• population

• community

• kinship group

• family

• individual

• gene

Wilson, DS, and Sober, E. 1994. Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 17:585-654.

Wilson, DS, and Sober, E. 1994. Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 17:585-654.

Shih Tzu with a Chemical Imbalance

Shih Tzu with a Chemical Imbalance

Get Fuzzy, by Darby Conley, 2003.Get Fuzzy, by Darby Conley, 2003.

Evolutionary TreeEvolutionary Tree

Bonobo (Pygmy Chimpanzee)Bonobo (Pygmy Chimpanzee)

Orangutan PhotoOrangutan Photo

Adult Homo sapiensAdult Homo sapiens

Species Orangutan GorillaCommon

ChimpanzeeBonobo

Group Size 1 - 4 2 - 20 15 - 80 25 - 75

Group Type

solitary male

female/young

age-graded male troop

multi-malewith female

dispersal

multi-male with female

dispersal

Relationships

female & male home

ranges - similar sized

cohesive - never > 70

m apart

enduring ties -

mother/adult offspring

male/female equality -

sexual social

Primate Family StructurePrimate Family Structure

“. . . the most important function of brains . . . is to interact with each other to form families and societies . . .”

“. . . the most important function of brains . . . is to interact with each other to form families and societies . . .” Freeman, Walter J. 1995. Societies of Brains: A

study in the neuroscience of love and hate. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Freeman, Walter J. 1995. Societies of Brains: A study in the neuroscience of love and hate. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Categorize social stimuli.

• Recognize kin and non-kin.

• Understand dominance hierarchies.

• Engage in courtship & mating behavior.

• Form alliances & resolve conflicts.

• Cooperate in predator vigilance & defense, and foraging & hunting.

• Categorize social stimuli.

• Recognize kin and non-kin.

• Understand dominance hierarchies.

• Engage in courtship & mating behavior.

• Form alliances & resolve conflicts.

• Cooperate in predator vigilance & defense, and foraging & hunting.

The Social BrainThe Social Brain

Ziegler, Toni E., Wegner, F. H., and Snowdon, Charles T. Hormones and Behavior, 30:287-297, 1996Ziegler, Toni E., Wegner, F. H., and Snowdon, Charles T. Hormones and Behavior, 30:287-297, 1996


Prolactin Levels: First-Time FathersProlactin Levels: First-Time Fathers


Fathers & Non-FathersFathers & Non-Fathers

Inclusive FitnessInclusive Fitness• Inclusive fitness is a measure of the total

genetic replication of an individual including genetic kin other than direct descendants.

• “a quantity . . . which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness.”

• “Species following this model should tend to evolve behavior such that each organism appears to be attempting to maximize it’s inclusive fitness.”

• Inclusive fitness is a measure of the total genetic replication of an individual including genetic kin other than direct descendants.

• “a quantity . . . which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness.”

• “Species following this model should tend to evolve behavior such that each organism appears to be attempting to maximize it’s inclusive fitness.”

Hamilton, W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology, I. 7:1-16, 1964, p. 1.Hamilton, W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology, I. 7:1-16, 1964, p. 1.

Kin Selection = (-k > l/rº)

Kin Selection = (-k > l/rº)

• “Thus of actions that are detrimental to individual fitness, only those for which -k > l/rº will be beneficial to inclusive fitness.”

• “To express the matter more vividly, we expect to find that no one person is prepared to sacrifice his life for any single person but everyone will sacrifice it when he can thereby save more than two brothers, or four half-brothers, or eight first cousins.”

• “Thus of actions that are detrimental to individual fitness, only those for which -k > l/rº will be beneficial to inclusive fitness.”

• “To express the matter more vividly, we expect to find that no one person is prepared to sacrifice his life for any single person but everyone will sacrifice it when he can thereby save more than two brothers, or four half-brothers, or eight first cousins.”

Hamilton, W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I. Journal of Theoretical Biology, I. 7:1-16, 1964, p. 16.Hamilton, W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I. Journal of Theoretical Biology, I. 7:1-16, 1964, p. 16.

Primate Social Organ System

Primate Social Organ System

• Brain to Brain Interactions

• Immediate and extended family

• Dyadic interactions

• Courtship and mating

• Parent -- Child Interactions

• Parental care

• Emergent group properties

• Brain to Brain Interactions

• Immediate and extended family

• Dyadic interactions

• Courtship and mating

• Parent -- Child Interactions

• Parental care

• Emergent group properties

The primate social organ

system connects the

central nervous

systems of primate

individuals.

The primate social organ

system connects the

central nervous

systems of primate

individuals.

The picture’s pretty bleak, gentlemen. . . , Gary Larson, 1999.The picture’s pretty bleak, gentlemen. . . , Gary Larson, 1999.

• In biological psychiatric treatment, the patient is the FAMILY as a whole.

• The FAMILY is a biological entity responsible for the biological functions of reproduction, parental care, development, social learning, and defense.

• The primate brain is a social organ in an organ system that resides in the whole FAMILY.

• Kin selection processes provide the biological motivation for FAMILY treatment interventions.

• In biological psychiatric treatment, the patient is the FAMILY as a whole.

• The FAMILY is a biological entity responsible for the biological functions of reproduction, parental care, development, social learning, and defense.

• The primate brain is a social organ in an organ system that resides in the whole FAMILY.

• Kin selection processes provide the biological motivation for FAMILY treatment interventions.

Part III: Biological Psychiatry

Part III: Biological Psychiatry

• “The whole family is always the real patient.”

• “Defining the patient is not primarily a process of locating the pathology.”

• “The patient is defined as the entity through which healing is best catalyzed.”

• “The family is a biological entity.”

• “Family treatment is a biological process.”

• “The whole family is always the real patient.”

• “Defining the patient is not primarily a process of locating the pathology.”

• “The patient is defined as the entity through which healing is best catalyzed.”

• “The family is a biological entity.”

• “Family treatment is a biological process.”

“George wants to know why he needs to be

here?”

“George wants to know why he needs to be

here?”

Psychological Psychiatry: Patient

Psychological Psychiatry: Patient

• In psychological psychiatric treatment, the patient is an individual.

• Mind is an emergent property of the brain.

• Psychological phenomena occur in the mind.

• The individual self is a psychological entity.

• Psychotropic agents target one brain.

• The primary biological importance of the individual is reproduction.

• In psychological psychiatric treatment, the patient is an individual.

• Mind is an emergent property of the brain.

• Psychological phenomena occur in the mind.

• The individual self is a psychological entity.

• Psychotropic agents target one brain.

• The primary biological importance of the individual is reproduction.

“The essence is that a tiger in a zoo. . .

“The essence is that a tiger in a zoo. . .

. . . is a bag of muscle and bone with striped skin that looks like a tiger, but the essence of a tiger is at least partly behavioral. The zoo tiger has never hunted, killed anything, climbed a tree, learned to avoid thorn bushes and poisonous snakes, has never fought another tiger to defend territory, etc. In many cases it was not even reared by another tiger in captivity, but reared by a zoo handler instead. Thus, two essential aspects of a tiger are missing; its appropriate behavior (which makes it such an awesome and fearful beast) and the natural context, the environment the tiger and its behavior evolved in to produce adaptation. Thus, a tiger in a zoo is not a tiger.”

. . . is a bag of muscle and bone with striped skin that looks like a tiger, but the essence of a tiger is at least partly behavioral. The zoo tiger has never hunted, killed anything, climbed a tree, learned to avoid thorn bushes and poisonous snakes, has never fought another tiger to defend territory, etc. In many cases it was not even reared by another tiger in captivity, but reared by a zoo handler instead. Thus, two essential aspects of a tiger are missing; its appropriate behavior (which makes it such an awesome and fearful beast) and the natural context, the environment the tiger and its behavior evolved in to produce adaptation. Thus, a tiger in a zoo is not a tiger.” Baylis, Jeffrey R. 1996. Personal

Communication.Baylis, Jeffrey R. 1996. Personal Communication.

Thank You!Thank You!• Gregory Bateson

• Jeffrey R. Baylis

• Walter J. Freeman

• Jack P. Hailman

• Robert R. Haubrich

• Catherine A. Marler

• William T. McKinney

• Niko Tinbergen

• Carl A. Whitaker

• Lyman C. Wynne

• Gregory Bateson

• Jeffrey R. Baylis

• Walter J. Freeman

• Jack P. Hailman

• Robert R. Haubrich

• Catherine A. Marler

• William T. McKinney

• Niko Tinbergen

• Carl A. Whitaker

• Lyman C. Wynne

Thank You!Thank You!

Documents

Gene Expression, Biological Psychiatry, & the Family