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Gender & Violence Sociology of Gender Conference. Andrew Carvajal. All cartoons taken from www.cartoonbank.com. Rapist: what typically comes to mind. Who is the stereotypical rapist?. The Sexual Victimization of College Women. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Gender & Violence Sociology of Gender Conference
Andrew CarvajalAll cartoons taken from www.cartoonbank.com
Rapist: what typically comes to mind...
Who is the stereotypical rapist?
The Sexual Victimization of College Women
A collaboration of the National Institute of Justice (NJS) and Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJN)
Authors: Bonnie S. Fisher, Francis T. Cullen, Michael G. Turner
U.S. Department of Justice – December 2000
General Information
College women face a greater risk of rape and other forms of sexual assault than women in the general population, and women in a comparable age group
Results based on a phone surveys with a random sample of 4,446 college women from all over the U.S.
Sexual victimization measured as respondents’ answers to whether they had experienced a variety of situations during their college experience
The Findings
2.8 % of the sample had experienced either a completed rape (1.7%) or an attempted rape incident (1.1%) during the survey period 1.8 % for rape and 1.3 % for attempted rape
in undergraduates 0.8% and 0% for non-undergraduates
However, projecting these numbers to a whole academic year, the estimated % of college girls who suffer full rape or attempted rape is 5% Over the course of a degree (4 or 5 years)
the % of completed or attempted rapes among women can climb to 20-25%
Rates compared to non-college women
More Findings
Most women don’t define the incidents construed as rape by the researchers, as rape themselvesAre researchers overstating the
problem, or students understating it? 15.5% of the women were sexually
victimized during the academic yearEither through rape, attempted rape,
or threat of rape
More Findings
When and where does victimization occur?
The vast majority of sexual victimizations occurred in the evening (after 6 p.m.)
60% of on-campus rapes occurred in residences, 31% in other living quarters on-campus, and 10.3% in fraternities
Relation with the Offender 90% of the victims knew their offender
Protective action
In both completed rape and sexual coercion, victims were less likely to take protective action Using protective action might lead attempts
to rape or coerce sex to fail Fewer than 5% of full or attempted rapes
were reported to law enforcement officials Amongst the reasons cited were fear of
receiving hostility from the police and the judicial system
13.1 % of victims had been stalked since the start of the school year
Varied Risks
4 main factors consistently increased the risk of sexual victimization: frequently drinking enough to get
drunkbeing unmarriedhaving been a victim of a sexual
assault before the start of the school year
living on campus
Verbal Victimization
Type Incidence (% women)
General sexist remarks 54%
Cat calls, whistles about their looks, etc
48%
Obscene telephone calls 22%
Asked inappropriate questions about romantic/sex life
19%
Visual Victimization Type Incidence
(% women)
Exposed to pornographic material w/out consent
6%
Exposed to someone’s sexual organs w/out consent
4.8%
Someone tried to observe the resp. undressing, nude, or in sexual act w/out consent
2.4%
Someone took video, pictures or taped resp. having sex
0.2 %
So, who is the average rapist in our society?
School shootings: A Gender Issue?
Is gender the most critical factor in the latest wave of school shootings?
A School Shooter Profile
Following the shooting at Columbine the US Secret Service (2000) offered a report in which they said that there “is no profile” for school shooters
No profile???
Barry Loukaitis; Feb 2 1996
White Boyhttp://img.photobucket.com
Luke Woodham; Oct 1 1997
www.experts.about.com
White Boy
Michael Carneal; Dec 1st 1997
www. cnn.com
White Boy
Mitchell Johnson & Andrew Golden; March 24 1998
White Boys
http://www.keystosaferschools.com
http://www.baptiststandard.com
Kip Kinkel; May 21 1998
White Boy
http://www.jeremiahproject.com
Eric Harris & Dylan Klebold; April 20 1999
White Boyswww.nndb.com http://www.olddoom.com
Andrew Williams; March 5 2001
White Boy
http://news.bbc.co.uk
John Jason McLaughlin; Sept 24 2003
White Boy
www.kare11.com
Eric Hainstock; Sept 29 2006
White Boy
http://www.wrex.com
No Profile?
Maybe it is harder to identify a profile when it is the “norm”The white, heterosexual, male is often
the trait that most often goes unnoticed in our analyses of social problems
It is invisible (see Kimmel’s “What about the Boys”)
No Profile?
What would have happened if the perpetrators of these shootings had been mainly women, or black males instead?
School shootings: A Surrogate Debate Family changes, women in the workforce Bad parenting Depression/mental illness Goth subculture Gun control Importance of religion, prayer, faith Disrespectful youth/rebelliousness –
absence of traditional values
School shootings: A Surrogate Debate Media, music, videogames, the internet …
Maybe its time to bring gender into the picture!
More AnswersYes: Michael Kimmel“Snips and Snails… and Violent Urges” Gender as single most obvious and
intractable difference in violence in the US We often talk about school shootings as
“youth” and “teen” violence But the majority of these teens are boys Men and boys are responsible for 95% of
violent crimes in the US From early age boys learn that violence is
an acceptable and admirable way of conflict resolution
Yes: Michael Kimmel“Snips and Snails… and Violent Urges”
Most school shooters subject to teasing, bashing and questioning of their masculinity Some turn inward: depression, drug-abuse,
isolation, suicide Some turn outward: rage, violence
Violence not in male brain or testosterone: boys learn it Media, sports, culture that glorifies heroic and
redemptive violence Fathers; 50% own guns
We need to look at how ideals of manhood became so entangled with violence School shooters are “real boys” and want to prove it
No: Alvin Poussaint
Major role of depression Individuals trying to cope with internal anger
and rage Not everyone turns into violence, so those at
risk should be referred to psychological counseling Students should feel comfortable and
encouraged to tell teachers about peers carrying weapons and making violent threats
Parents should see alienation, anger, making threats and getting into fights as warning signs
As a neighbour/observer, you should report parents who neglect or abuse their children to social service agencies
No: Alvin Poussaint
Offer alternative outlets to channel aggression Sports, communications with family and
friends, anger management Youth tends to normalize the violence they
see in the media, videogames They don’t see that death is real
Institute programs that combat prejudice and promote tolerance
Schools should pay more attention to warning signs and the need for more moral education