Gender Perspectives in Case Studies Across Continents, 2014-2015: Volume II

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!E-published in 2014 by the Global Network of UNESCO Chairs on Gender (Buenos Aires), and by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Paris) The ideas and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of and do not commit UNESCO, the Global Network of UNESCO Chairs on Gender, the UNESCO/UNITWIN Network on Gender, Culture & Development, or the Editor. The foregoing parties make no representations as to the accuracy, completeness, suitability, originality or validity of the information presented in the articles and will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information or any losses, injuries or damages arising from its display or use.

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8

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9

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10

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11

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23

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Background

and Context

he story of Burkina Faso’s women is complex, including both immense progress over the past several decades and remaining societal and economic obstacles to equality and quality of life. A landlocked country in Sub-Saharan

Africa, Burkina Faso is particularly eco-nomically disadvan-taged, consistently ranking towards the bottom of global indexes. Women have historically shoul-dered a dispropor-tionate burden under these circumstances, taking on the major-ity of child-care and home-based respon-sibilities in addition to income-earning

activities. Compounding the prob-lem is a lack of literacy among the female adult population as compared to men. Given that literacy can be key to success in small business and other economic ventures, improving this situation is an important factor in the empowerment of Burkinabé women. To address this disparity, UNESCO/The United Nations Development Programme in part-nership with the Government of Burkina (then Upper Volta) launched the Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls to Education in

1972. This project aimed to improve female access to education by light-ening workloads, thus freeing up enough time for women to attend

within the household. The project has shown marked success – currently, the adult female literacy rate is 22%, as compared to 8% from 1985-94. Furthermore, girls have made strides towards closing the educational gap between the genders. Perhaps as a

education and resulting voice within their communities, females have also made gains in the political arena – in 2013, they held 15.7% of the seats in national parliament. These encour-aging facts point towards a brighter future for Burkinabé women, as do-mestic and international forces push for the education and representation of women, and thus the betterment of whole communities.

(Data courtesy of UNESCO, BBC, the UNDP, and The Guardian)

Story based on the Women’s Education Project research and work of Brenda Gael McSweeney and Scholastique Kompaoré, assisted by Cassandra Fox

Photos by/©Brenda Gael McSweeney

Photo above, left: First UN International Year of Women (1975), a griot chants in praise of the contributions of the Women’s Education Project.

Map from Nationsonline.org.

The story of Burkina Faso over four decades

Women’s Roles and Rights from 1975,

the First UN International Year of Women,

to Women’s History Month-March 2014

T

150

…And over half the income- generating and household workloads combined.

Even older women were expected to play an important role in household tasks. These pottery jugs contain millet beer.

Women and girls undertook half the agricultural production back in the 70s…

Our surveys in Burkina in the 70s showed that girls worked an average of 8 hours a day, as compared to 4 hours for boys – thus, few girls attended school.

Only unsafe water was available in the 70s, and even for that, women and their daughters trudged for kilome-ters, for several hours a day.

The introduction of wells brought amazing relief to the women, and lightened water-borne diseases in their families.

The introduction in the 90s of a Multi-Functional Platform, operated and managed by the women themselves, freed up their time and energy.

The intense manual labor of pounding and grinding millet and other cereals fell solely on the women.

West African Women’s Empowerment:

Burkina Faso over Four Decades

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The workload lightening tech-nologies enabled women to allow their daughters to study instead of helping with agricul-tural and household tasks.

Women too could attend func-tional literacy classes, thanks to simple technologies that reduced their non-stop work-loads. The woman here prac-tices calculations.

A rural women’s group leader expresses her views during an interview in the 1970s.

Women celebrate a prof-itable day’s work, thanks to their workload lightening technologies, which allowed them to use their time more productively.

Another result of the new tech-nologies—a woman proudly and jokingly shows off her smooth hands, as she no longer grinds her grain with a stone.

Scholastique Kompaoré, National Coordinator of the UNESCO Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls to Education, contributes to the preservation of cultural heri-tage through this traditional Kassena dance.

A member of the women’s group, which managed the Multi- Functional Platform, was insistent to show off some of their earnings!

this modern-day woman has shattered traditional stereotypes by taking on the role of motor-bike mechanic – once an all-male domain.

A story in photographs based on action-research by Brenda Gael McSweeney and Scholastique Kompaoré

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Another example of mod-ern-day success, this now- renowned painter overcame harsh gender-based adversity. She currently conducts courses to help along young aspiring female artists.

This female Interim Mogho Naaba (Emperor) of the Mossi Kingdom today main-tains many traditional pow-ers and also hosts a solidarity group for women in her village.

In the early days, this woman leader expressed her views to Mrs. Kompaoré – but only in the privacy of her courtyard.

The next rare enthronement of a woman as village chief occurred only in this century. The above woman proudly carries this title of Traditional Female Chief, and speaks to visitors about the role of women in her region.

Brenda Gael McSweeney Brenda managed United Nations development programs in

Burkina for seven years. She focused on female education and

livelihoods — while living in a traditional courtyard in the capital,

Ouagadougou — and conducted research in the villages.

Scholastique KompaoréScholastique was National Coordinator of the Burkina Faso (then

Upper Volta) pilot Project for Equal Access of Women and Girls

to Education. She is a pioneer of advocacy and action for female

education and advancement.

Cassandra FoxCassandra is a graduate of Boston University, where she works

as a Research Assistant with Dr. McSweeney. She has studied

and worked in Niger, France and Haiti, focusing on international

development, women’s rights, and healthcare education.

Burkina’s Women: Breaking barriers and inspiring change...

153 !

Historique

et contexte

’histoire des femmes du Burkina Faso est complexe: d’immenses progrès ont été obtenus en plusieurs décen-nies, mais pour atteindre l’égalité et une meilleure qualité de vie, des obstacles sociaux et économiques demeurent. Pays enclavé en Afrique sub-saharienne, le Burkina Faso est particulièrement économiquement

défavorisé, et régulière-ment classé vers le bas de l’échelle mondiale des indices du dével-oppement dans leur globalité.

Dans ces circonstances, les femmes ont his-toriquement endossé une part dispropor-tionnée du fardeau dans la lutte pour le développement, prenant grandement en charge non seulement la responsabilité des soins aux enfants et des travaux domes-

tiques mais entreprenant en plus, des activités génératrices de revenus. L’analphabétisme aggrave le problème dans la population féminine comparé à la situation chez les hommes. Étant donné que l’alphabétisation peut être la clé de la réussite des petites entre-prises et d’autres projets économiques, améliorer cette situation chez les femmes burkinabe est un facteur im-portant dans leur autonomisation.

Pour remédier à la disparité hommes/femmes, UNESCO / Le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développe-ment (PNUD), en partenariat avec le gouvernement du Burkina Faso (alors Haute-Volta) a lancé le Projet d’Égalité d’Accès des Femmes et des Jeunes Filles à l’Éducation en 1972. Ce projet

visait à améliorer l’accès des femmes à l’Éducation par l’allègement de leurs tâches, libérant ainsi du temps per-mettant alors aux femmes de partici-per à des formations tout en assumant leur travail au sein du ménage. Cette approche, endossé depuis lors par le gouvernement, est toujours d’ac-tualité. Le projet a porté des fruits – actuellement, le taux d’alphabétisa-tion des femmes adultes est de 22%, comparativement à 8 % de 1985 à

pas, fait des progrès pour combler le

en matière d’éducation.

leurs niveaux croissants en éducation et sa résultante, leur voix au chapitre dans leurs communautés, les femmes ont aussi réalisé des gains dans l’arène politique – en 2013, elles détiennent 15,7% des sièges à l’Assemblée Natio-nale. Ces faits encourageants mon-trent que l’on va vers un avenir brillant pour les femmes burkinabe, compte tenu du fait que les forces nationales aussi bien qu’internationales poussent pour l’éducation et une meilleure représentation des femmes, et donc pour le mieux être des communautés toutes entières. des femmes, et donc pour le mieux être des communautés toutes entières.

(Courtoisie de l’UNESCO, la BBC, le PNUD, et The Guardian)

Histoire basée sur les recherches sur le projet d’éducation des femmes et le tra-vail de Brenda Gael McSweeney et Scho-lastique Kompaoré, assisté par Cassandra Fox

Photos par / © Brenda Gael McSweeney

Photo ci-dessus, à gauche: Première Année Internationale des Femmes (1975), une griotte chante les louanges des contributions du Projet d’éducation des femmes.

Plan de Nationsonline.org.

L’HISTOIRE DU BURKINA FASO EN QUATRE DÉCENNIES Rôles et droits des femmes de 1975 première Année Internationale

de la Femme au mois historique des Femmes – Mars 2014

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154

… Et plus de la moitié des activités génératrices de rev-enus combinées aux tâches ménagères.

On attendait des femmes, même âgées, qu’elles jouent un rôle important dans les tâches ménagères. Ces pote-ries contiennent de la bière de mil.

-saient la moitié de la pro-duction agricole dans les années 70 ...

Nos enquêtes au Burkina Faso dans les années 70 ont

-laient en moyenne 8 heu-res par jour, comparative-ment aux 4 heures pour les garçons – en conséquence,

Seulement l’eau non pota-ble était disponible au village dans les années 70, et même pour cette eau, les femmes

-courir des kilomètres, plu-sieurs heures par jour.

L’introduction des puits busés a apporté un soulage-ment étonnant aux femmes, et réduit les maladies d’orig-ine hydrique dans leurs familles.

L’introduction dans les années 90 de la Plate-forme Multifonctionnelle, exploitée et gérée par les femmes elles- mêmes, a libéré du temps et de l’énergie.

Le laborieux travail manuel de piler et d’écraser les mils et autres céréales incombait uniquement aux femmes.

L’AUTONOMISATION DES FEMMES EN AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST:

LE CAS DU BURKINA FASO EN QUATRE DÉCENNIES

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Les technologies allégeant le travail des femmes, leur a

à étudier plutôt que d’aider tout le temps dans les activ-ités agricoles et les tâches ménagères.

Les femmes pouvaient aussi participer aux cours d’alpha-bétisation fonctionnelle, grâce à des technologies simples qui ont réduit leur charge de travail non-stop. La femme ici pratique le calcul.

La cheffe d’un groupe de femmes rurales exprime son point de vue lors d’une interview dans les années 1970.

Des femmes célèbrent ici l’argent rapporté en une journée de travail par la technologie qui allège leur travail et leur permet d’uti-liser leur temps de manière plus productive.

Un autre résultat des nou-velles technologies – une

et en plaisantant ses mains lisses, puisqu’elle ne moud plus son grain entre deux pierres.

Scholastique Kompaoré, Coordonnatrice Nationale du projet UNESCO d’Égal-ité d’accès des femmes et

-tribue à la préservation du patrimoine culturel à travers cette danse traditionnelle Kassena.

Un membre du groupe des femmes, qui gère la plate-forme multifonctionnelle, a insisté pour nous montrer une partie de leurs gains.

-tinu, cette femme des temps modernes a brisé les stéréo-types traditionnels en dev-enant mécanicienne moto – domaine autrefois exclu-sivement masculin.

Une histoire en photos basée sur la recherche action par Brenda Gael McSweeney et Scholastique Kompaoré

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Un autre exemple de succès des temps modernes – cette artiste peintre désormais célèbre a surmonté l’adver-sité fondée sur le sexe. Elle donne actuellement des cours pour aider des jeunes femmes aspirantes artistes.

Cette femme, intérimaire du Moogho Naaba (empereur) des Mossi détient aujo-urd’hui beaucoup de pou-voir traditionnel et est leader d’un groupe de solidarité pour les femmes dans son village.

Dans les premiers temps du projet UNESCO, cette femme leader a exprimé ses points de vue à Mme Kompaoré – mais seulement dans l’intimité de sa case.

La photo qui suit, mon-tre, chose rare, une femme intronisée comme cheffe de village, ce qui n’a eu lieu que dans ce siècle. La femme

titre de chef traditionnel, et parle aux visiteurs du rôle des femmes de sa région.

Brenda Gael McSweeney Brenda a géré des programmes de développement des Nations Unies au Burkina Faso pendant sept ans. Elle s’est concentrée sur l’éducation des femmes et leurs moyens de subsistance – tout en vivant dans une cour traditionnelle dans la capitale, Ouagadougou – et mené des recherches dans les villages.

Scholastique KompaoréScholastique était Coordonnatrice Nationale au Burkina Faso (alors Haute-Volta) du Projet pilote d’égalité d’accès

-nière en matière de plaidoyer et d’action pour l’éducation et l’avancement des femmes, dans son pays et avec le PNUD, en Afrique Sub-saharienne.

Cassandra FoxCassandra est diplômée de l’Université de Boston, où elle travaille comme assistante de recherche avec le Dr McSweeney. Elle a étudié et a travaillé au Niger, en France et à Haïti, en se concentrant sur le développement interna-tional, les droits des femmes, l’éducation à la santé.

Les femmes du Burkina Faso:

Brisent les barrières et inspirent le changement

157

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Documents

Gender Perspectives in Case Studies Across Continents, 2014-2015: Volume II