‘GENDER LENS’IN

VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS FOR

DECENT WORK

written by

Linda Mayoux

ILO WEDGE Programme

???

ILO DECENT WORK

AGENDA

OVERALL GOAL

of the global economy should be to provide opportunities for ALL PEOPLE to obtain

decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security

and dignity.

FOUR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES:

Employment creation

Promoting fundamental

rights at work

Improving social

protection

Strengthening social

dialogue

apply not only to the formal sector, but also to the informal sector where the majority of very poor

women and men are working

WHY GENDER?

Gender equality is of central concern to this Decent Work Agenda for ‘ALL PEOPLE’:

• As a goal in and of itself as part of ILO commitment to women’s human rights as stated in international agreements, particularly 1979 Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) signed by the majority of ILO member governments and ILO’s organisational gender policy.

• As an essential strategy for poverty reduction because of women’s higher representation amongst the poor and also women’s responsibility for children and family welfare.

• As an essential strategy for economic growth and the need to eliminate current gender discrimination against women in economic growth policies. Unless gender discrimination is eliminated, economic growth will be substantially decreased.

VCA FOR DECENT WORK

HEURISTIC AND

ANALYTICAL

FRAMEWORK

•Who is involved?

Where? Why?

•Who gets what? W

hy?

•Power relations and

chain governance

•Institu

tions and

contextual influences

FOCUS?

eg one particular

enterprise, s

pecific

production proce

ss,

whole industr

ial or

commodity

secto

r or

specif

ic target

group?

PURPOSE?

Eg in

crea

sing

prof

its,

upgr

adin

g or

impr

ovin

g wor

king

cond

itions

and

worke

r inc

omes

PLANNING A

ND

STRATEGIC LEARNIN

G

TOOL

•‘leve

rage points‘ and

potential p

oints of

interventio

n

•potential c

oherence in

interventio

ns at d

ifferent

levels

•networki

ng between

people at diffe

rent leve

ls

No ‘definitive map – depends

on:

STAGES IN VCA

1.SCOPINGWHAT?

in relation to main purpose and

intended beneficiaries

2.STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS WHO? identify the different

actors and interests at

different points in the chain.

3. FIRST

MAPPING

WHERE?

the supply,

production, marketing

and/or consumption

chains : different

markets/products,

activities, types of

productive unit,

geographical location,

stakeholders and

roles at different

levels.

5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

WHY?barriers to entry, different

interests and power relations and contextual

factors which explain inequalities and/or

inefficiencies/blockages in the chain.

6. AC

TION

LEA

RN

ING

WH

AT TO

DO

?

potential ‘leverage’

points and/or

interventions for

upgrading the chain as

a whole and/or

redistributing values in

favour of those at the

bottom.

4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

HOW MANY WHO GET WHAT WHERE?

the relative distribution of 'values ' at different points of the chain, numbers of

people involved, proportions of ‘value’ going to different

stakeholders.

SUSTAINABLEACCOUNTABILITY

‘GENDER LENS’:KEY CHALLENGES

• Not easy

• All pervasive

• Different dimensions

• Different levels

• Interlinked

• ‘Vicious circles’

• ‘Virtuous spirals’BROAD FRAMEWORK

GENDER FRAMEWORK

HOUSEHOLDINDIVIDUAL

ECONOMIClevels of income

control over incomes

rights to property and labour'ownership'

'worker',production/

reproductionmarket/non-market

SOCIAL'culture'

kinship and familycontrol of sexuality and mobility

social responsibilities and support structures

VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS

POLITICAL'personal is

political'individual

autonomy and rights

decision-makinglegal frameworksinstitutional rules

policy and decision-making

PSYCHOLOGICALconfidence

independencestereotypes

unconscious reactionsaspirations

learning/'indoctrination'

HOUSEHOLD

COMMUNITY

MARKET

NATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS

POWER

VULNERABILITY

VOICE

CAPABILITY

GENDERGOALS

EQUALITYof opportunity,

power and resources

EMPOWERMENT to make realisable

and informed choices

EQUITY of OUTCOMES

‘rich tapestry of life’

Personal difference and choice

Enabling environment to eliminate ‘power over’

requires not only removing discrimination but

mainstreaming:Intra-household

Non-market Informal processes

Participatory structures

crosscutting inequalitiesbetween women:poverty, ethnicity, marital status, age, education, health status etc

Participatory empowerment process and targeted support for women:

•Power to: skills, resources•Power within: confidence, awareness and aspirations for change

•Power with: organisation for change

•Power over: involving men in this process of change

+

SCOPING

CHAIN UPGRADING:EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY

mainstreaming women’s human rights

1) Where in the value chain are women located? Where are men located? Are these key growth areas? Areas which present a blockage to upgrading?

2) Why? Do women or men have the necessary skills for quality production? Access to/control over resources for investment? Networks? Motivation? Power?

3) In what ways do contextual gender inequalities affect access to necessary skills and/or control over resources? Individual? Household? Market? National? International? Power, autonomy, vulnerability, voice?

4) Which would be the best ‘basket of interventions’ at different levels to increase women’s contribution to chain upgrading?

How can interventions at different levels of the value chain contribute to increasing gender equality?

1. Through developing new role models of successful women’s entrepreneurship?

2. Through increasing incomes and control over incomes of low paid women within the value chain?

3. Through strengthening women’s voice and bargaining power within households, enterprises and policy-making processes?

SCOPINGWOMEN’S RIGHTS AND

EMPOWERMENT targeted affirmative

strategy

1) Are women getting equal access to entrepreneurship and employment?

2) Do women and men get equal shares of the value at different points along the chain?

3) Are women or men excluded from the most profitable parts of the chain?

4) Why and what can be done?

5) What sorts of social protection might be needed?

6) How can women be equally involved in social dialogue?

SCOPINGDECENT WORK AGENDA:EQUITY OF OUTCOMES

effective pro-poor development

1) What gendered assumptions are being made? eg in definitions of ‘enterprise’, ‘ownership’, ‘worker’ and so on?

2) Are potentially ‘invisible’ women’s activities within households or in temporary work and putting out systems relevant and adequately addressed?

3) Are gendered power relations within and between enterprises relevant and addressed?

4) Are gender differences and inequalities within markets and at the consumer level relevant and adequately addressed?

5) Are gender implications of macro-level policies included in the scope of the investigation?

SCOPING

CROSS-CUTTING

CONCERNS

GENDER ISSUES IN METHODOLOGY

• Does the research team have the appropriate gender balance to do the investigation?

• Are women researchers available to discuss gender issues with women? Is it best for women or men researchers to discuss gender issues with men?

• Do women and men have sufficient training in gender sensitive questioning?

• What are the likely key areas of sensitivity which will need to be taken into account? Might this require a strategy for progressive introduction of particular questions? What sort of preparation might be needed?

• At what stage might a separate or mixed sex participatory discussions be useful?

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

women who may be less visible – in ancillary activities, temporary

work, putting out systems and homeworking

women who may be significant actors in

‘male-owned’ enterprises as eg

managers, supervisors and unpaid workers (generally termed ‘helpers’) or home

managers

women involved in enterprises or trading activities which might

be displaced by some types of

upgrading strategies

men in ‘female-owned’

enterprises

‘Gender balance’

men who are vulnerable to

displacement by policies aiming to

benefit women in value chains upgrading.

differences and potential conflicts of interest not only between women and men, but also between

womeneconomic status

ageeducation

marital statusethnicity

health status

PRELIMINARY MAPWHO WHERE?

DESIGN

MARKETINGTRADERSMARKETS

INPUTS

PRODUCTION

PROCESS

CONSUMPTION

‘Female markets’ ‘Female products’

MANAGEMENTsupervisors?

SUPPLIERS:PRODUCERS

TRADERSPutting-out workers?

Homeworkers?

LABOURTemporary?Ancillary?

Homeworkers?Unpaid family?

OWNERSHIPco-owners?

Have all female stakeholders/activities been included?HOUSEHOLD

MEMBERS

SPINNERSANCILLARY

Factory Homeworkers

HOUSEHOLDMEMBERS

spin, warp, weft

CONSUMPTION

PRODUCERS

WEAVERS(traditional

sector, Addis)

TRADERS

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: HOW MANY WHERE

GET HOW MUCH?

MANAGEMENT

DESIGN

How many women/men? Arrow size, colour and visibility

Who gets what share of value?Line size, style, colour

Governance? visibility

OWNERSHIP

TRADERS

TRADERS

QUALITATIVEWHY?

HOUSEHOLDINDIVIDUAL

ECONOMIClevels of income

control over incomes

rights to property and labour'ownership'

'worker',production/

reproductionmarket/non-market

SOCIAL'culture'

kinship and familycontrol of sexuality and mobility

social responsibilities and support structures

VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS

POLITICAL'personal is

political'individual

autonomy and rights

decision-makinglegal frameworksinstitutional rules

policy and decision-making

PSYCHOLOGICALconfidence

independencestereotypes

unconscious reactionsaspirations

learning/'indoctrination'

HOUSEHOLD

COMMUNITY

MARKET

NATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS

POWER

VULNERABILITY

VOICE

CAPABILITY

Opportunities/ constraints on

women’s/men’s access and control:

Individual, Household,

Community, Markets,

Institutions,Macro-level

INSTITUTIONAL MARGINALISATION

MARKETEXCLUSION

INTRA-HOUSEHOLDINEQUALITY

LEGISLATIONREGULATION

HOUSEHOLDMEMBERS

spin, warp, weft

INCREASING MARKET ACCESS

OF WOMEN WEAVERS

DESIGN

OWNERSHIP

TRADERS

TRADERS

INFORMATIONDiscriminationlack of mobility

NETWORKSlack of mobility

ACCESSdiscriminationharassment

TECHNOLOGYdesigned for

men

CAPITALfinancialexclusion

SK

ILLS

LABOURunpaid

domestic work

PROPERTYrights

powerlesslack of confidence

fatalism

DEPENDENCYNO AUTONOMY

InactionWhere

to start?

VICIOUS CIRCLESINTERLINKEDMUTUALLY

REINFORCING

INSTITUTIONAL MAINSTREAMING

MARKETINCLUSION

INTRA-HOUSEHOLDEQUALITY

GENDER EQUITABLELEGISLATIONREGULATION

INCREASING MARKET ACCESS

OF WOMEN WEAVERS

OWNERSHIPProperty rights

redefinition and reaffirming

women’s rights

INFORMATIONTRADE FAIRSNETWORKING

TECHNOLOGYdesigned for

women

FINANCE for production, assets, reduce vulnerability, labour saving technology

SKILLStechnical, design,

managerial, business, negotiation, assertiveness

LABOURdomestic

technology

Integrating gender

awareness for men

in all trainings

Gendermainstreamin

gand

affirmative action

EQUALITY?EMPOWERMENT?

EQUITY?

VIRTUOUS SPIRALS:

LEVERAGE POINTS

SUSTAINABLE ACCOUNTABILITY:PARTICIPATORY ACTION

LEARNING SYSTEMPARTICIPATORY

RESEARCH

PARTICIPATORY TRAINING

INFORMATIONNETWORKS

CIRCLES

• value chain mapping• market mapping • institutional mapping

MARKET MAPS

DIAMONDSMost empowered

Empowered

Less empowered

Disempowered/powerless

Household equality diamondLooks at concepts of household equality, where the most households are above or below this ideal, the criteria used and the numbers and characteristics of ideal households and very bad households.

Empowerment diamondLooks at whether most people consider themselves, or could be considered, powerful, how many people are very powerful or very powerless, what criteria are used and why.

Violence Diamond,ANANDI, India

Looks at different levels of violence: from ‘acceptable levels of violence’ to extreme, numbers of people and strategies.

Violence happens everyday in form of – verbal abuse, fight over money, daily consumption of alcohol by everyday by men, minor beating fight over “meal not tasty” by husband, slapping etc. is something that they have to learn to live with.

Peace and relief 6 women – all

single, widowed or unmarried

Extreme violence 5 women"Beating till you get

wounded (bleeding) and you feel like committing suicide

is extreme, unbearable violence"

Woman being beaten up with stick and other sharp weapon, Bleeding, Cloths torn, and cloths ablaze, Liquor bottle in hand the man, kerosene bottle nearby , Bigamy by husband leading to feeling of loneliness/ humiliation/denial followed by physical abuse by husband, Father-in-law and brother -in-law abusing women Woman trying to hang herself- committing suicideCalling woman a witch(dakan) or "childless"(vanziyan)Marriage of 17-18 year old girl with boy barely 12-13yrs.

CHALLENGE/SOLUTION TREE

• Has one central challenge as the trunk• Has the causes/sub-challenges

grouped, quantified and prioritised as roots

• Potential solutions for causes as branches differentiated by things people themselves can do individually, what they can as a group

• Necessary outside inputs as beneficial insects which they hope will come along, but which they cannot rely on

• These are then tracked over time as ripe, unripe or withered fruits.

• Along each branch can be a mini-road journey to set targets to reach the fruits or targets.

VISION JOURNEYS

ROAD JOURNEY/ STRATEGIC PLAN

QUESTIONS?