Gender in Employment in Indonesia

8/2/2019 Gender in Employment in Indonesia

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Gender in Employment in Indonesia*S. Happy Hardjo,

Director of Peoples Welfare Statistics

* presented in ADB-OECD Joint Workshop on Gender in Education, Employment, and Entrepreneurship in India,Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China,, 27-28 February 2012, ADB Manila

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian

Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper donot imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.


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INDONESIAN PROFILE

Independence: August 17, 1945

Area: 2 millions km

Terrain: more than 17 500 islands

Population: 237.6 millions ( 2010 Census)

Annual population growth rate: 1.49 % (2000-2010)

GDP: $ 707 billion (2010), annual growth rate: 6.1(2010)

Inflation rate : 3.79 % (2011)

Currency : rupiah , 1 US $ = 9037 rupiah (Feb 15,2012)


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Main Characteristics of the Work Force Indonesia

(Indonesia Labor Force Survey, August 2011)

Male Female Total

Population aged 15 + (million) 85.71 86.05 171.76

Labor Force/Economically Active (million) 72.25 45.12 117.37

Employment/Working (million) 67.99 41.68 109.67

Unemployment (million) 4.26 3.44 7.70

Not in Labor Force/Not Economically Active (million) 13.46 40.93 54.39

Attending school (million) 6.62 6.49 13.11

House keeping (million) 1.64 31.25 32.89

Others (million) 5.20 3.19 8.39

Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 84.30 52.44 68.34

Unemployment Rate (%) 5.90 7.62 6.56


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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male

Female

Total

36.58

34.68

35.9

1.96

0.32

1.3

12.43

14.61

13.3

9.04

0.46

5.8

16.78

28.77

21.3

7.02

0.73

4.6

2.81

1.73

2.4

13.07

18.61

15.2

Figure 1. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age

and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week

by Main Industry and Sex, August 2011

Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting

and Fishery

Mining and Quarrying

Manufacturing Industry

Electricity, Gas and Water

Construction

Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade,

Restaurant and HotelsTransportation, Storage and

Communication

Financing, Insurance

Community, Social and Personal

Services


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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male

Female

Total

18.33

16.68

18.8

21.66

11.85

19.1

4.41

1.73

3.3

35.86

32.13

32.6

5.45

4.25

4.8

6.96

2.18

4.8

7.33

31.19

16.6

Figure 2. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age

and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week

by Main Employment Status and Sex, August 2011

Own Account Workers

Employer Assisted by Temporary

Worker/ Unpaid Worker

Employer Assisted by Permanent Worker

Employee

Casual Employee in Agriculture

Casual Employee not in Agriculture

Family Worker


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Trend Labor Force, Employment, andUnemployment by Sex, 2002-2011


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63.31 64.60 65.93 66.22 67.73 67.67 67.75 67.94 68.72 68.83 69.14 69.94 70.41 70.84 71.88 72.26 72.25

37.47 38.1538.05 39.58 38.13 38.61

38.64 40.1941.22 42.65 42.80 43.81

43.42 45.15 44.65 47.14 45.12

100.78 102.75 103.97 105.80105.86

106.28 106.39 108.13109.94 111.48 111.95 113.74

113.83 116.00 116.53119.40117.37

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 3. Population of Age 15 Years and Over

Who Are Economically Active (Labor Force)

by Sex, 2002-2011

(million)

Male Female Total

Sex ratio of labor force had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and

2011 were 169, 166, and 160 men in a row for 100 women


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58.58 59.50 60.58 60.7461.44 61.8661.98 62.15 63.15 63.36 63.9064.54 65.1265.9767.46 67.62 67.99

33.06

33.31

33.14

34.21

32.52

33.31

33.48

35.43

36.78

38.69

38.65

39.95

39.75

41.44

40.75

43.66

41.68

91.6592.81

93.72 94.95 93.9695.18

95.4697.58 99.93

102.05102.55104.49 104.87107.41

108.21111.28

109.67

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

2002 2003 2004 2005Feb

2005Nop

2006Feb

2006Agst

2007Feb

2007Agst

2008Feb

2008Agst

2009Feb

2009Agst

2010Feb

2010Agst

2011Feb

2011Agst

Figure 4. Population 15 Years of Age and

Over Who are Working (Employment) bySex, 2002-2011

(million)

Male Female Total

Sex ratio of employment had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and

2011 agst were 177, 172, and 163 men in a row for 100 women


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10.6810.80

10.7111.18

12.0112.19

12.69 13.25 13.36 13.5213.70

13.7013.77 14.17

13.94 13,4612,9

37.27 37.8639.24 38.57

40.63 40.7941.73

40.97 40.82 40.57 41.00 40.8241.73 40.85 41.60

38.3640.93

47.95 48.6649.95

49.7552.63

52.98 54.4254.22 54.18

54.0954.69 54.52 55.49

55.02 55.54

51.2654.39

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 5. Population of Age 15 Years and Over

Who Are Not Economically Active

by Sex, 2002-2011

(million)

Male Female Total

They were students, housekeepers, others (retire and disable persons).

Number of women was three times number of men in 10 years


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5.90 5.97 6.03

6.74 6.967.32 7.13

7.737.13 6.54 6.80

6.97 7.057.29

7.09 7.006.62

5.34 5.51 5.546.18

6.62 6.666.40

6.59 6.646.75

6.436.69

6.766.91 6.92 6.94

6.49

11.2411.48

11.58

12.92 13.5813.98

13.53

14.3213.78

13.28

13.23 13.67 13.8114.20 14.01 13.94

13.10

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 6. Not Economically Active with

The Most School Activity by Sex, 2002-2011

(million)

Male Female Total

During period 2002 to 2007, it was slightly different gab of men

and women, since, 2008 to 2011, the gab become smaller


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0.48 0.66 0.640.48 0.57

0.58 0.730.76

1.271.64 1.59

1.581.54 1.50

1.55 1.37 1.64

28.24 29.0730.23

28.7730.05 30.22

31.2530.37

30.7230.48

31.1831.00

31.8130.92

31.42

28.63

31.25

28.7229.73

30.8829.25

30.6230.81

31.9831.13

31.99 32.1232.77

32.5833.35

32.4232.97

30.01

32.89

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 7. Not Economically Active with The

Most House Keeping Activity

by Sex, 2002-2011

(million)

Male Female Total

Culture has brought more women as housekeepers than men?

From 2002 to 2011, women housekeepers growth was 3,01 millions,men growth was smaller, only 1.16 millions


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Trend of Labor Force ParticipationRate by Sex, 2002-2011


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85.57 85.6886.03 85.55 84.94 84.74 84.22 83.68

83.72 83.58 83.47 83.62 83.65 83.33 83.7684.86

84.30

50.13 50.19 49.23 50.65 48.41 48.63 48.0849.52 50.25 51.25 51.08

51.77 50.99 52.50 51.7655.13 52.44

67.76 67.86 67.55 68.02 66.79 66.74 66.16 66.60 66.99 67.3367.18 67.60

67.23 67.83 67.7269.96 68.34

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rate

by Sex, 2002-2011

Male Female Total

No significant changes in the last 10 years for men and womenLFPR?


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Trend of Unemployment Rate bySex, 2002-2011


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7.47

7.89 8.11 8.289.29 8.58 8.52 8.53

8.117.94

7.59 7.72 7.516.88

6.15 6.425.90

11.75

12.68 12.89

13.57

14.71

13.7213.35

11.83

10.77

9.29 9.69

8.818.47 8.23 8.74

7.38 7.62

9.06

9.67 9.8610.26

11.24

10.4510.28

9.75

9.11

8.46 8.39 8.14

7.877.41

7.146.80 6.56

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Feb

2005

Nop

2006

Feb

2006

Agst

2007

Feb

2007

Agst

2008

Feb

2008

Agst

2009

Feb

2009

Agst

2010

Feb

2010

Agst

2011

Feb

2011

Agst

Figure 9. Unemployment Rate by Sex, 2002-2011

Male Female Total

Price of oil was increased around 125 % in 2005, collapse of industries

had hit women workers. The unemployment gap for women and menwas greater than before. Then it decresed sharply since 2006


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Figures10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational Attainment,

August 2011

11. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Monthof Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011

12. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Sex,

2007-2011

13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) perMonth of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August2011

14. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by MainOccupation and Sex, August 2011

15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) perMonth of Laborer by Educational Attainment and Sex,August 2011


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Figure 10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational

Attainment, August 2011

2%

10%

24%

20%

20%

13%

3%8%

Male

4%

10%19%

16%18%

10%

9%

14%

Female

2%

10%

22%

19%

20%

12%

5%10%

Total No Schooling

Not Yet Completed Primary School

Primary School

Junior High School

Senior High School (General)

Senior High School (Vocational)

Diploma I/II/III/ Academy

University


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958,971982,450

1,031,3481,055,123

1,165,697 1,191,0591,222,368

1,294,867

1,406,3171,437,764

715,414 747,277773,979

814,142873,103

927,745 953,927 1,024,991

1,099,3221,148,216

883,693908,834

949,370 976,923

1,071,8861,103,234 1,133,301

1,206,054

1,303,2211,342,594

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst

Figure 11.Average ofNet Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah)

per Month of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

In 2007, wage ratio of women to men was around 74.6 %, and then

it become 79.8 % in 2011


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4545

44

44

4444 44

45

4444

42

41 4141

42

41

40

41

4040

44

4343

4343

43 43

44

4343

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46


Figure 12. Average ofWorking Hours per Week of

Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

Working hours ratio of women to men was 93.3% in 2007, then it become

90,9 % in 2011. Women working hours become lower but their wage becomehigher. It was probably caused by the higher women education


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0/1. Professional, technical and related workers

2. Administrative and managerial workers

3. Clerical and related workers

4. Sales workers

5. Services workers

6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers,

fishermen and hunter

7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport

equipment operators and laborers

x/00. Others

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

0/1 2 3 4 5 6 7/8/9 x/00

2,651,618

4,206,742

2,128,403

1,320,3961,466,592

759,377

1,162,675

3,099,759

1,820,313

3,025,574

1,820,500

929,321678,723 476,161

813,755

2,381,119

2,195,534

4,000,060

1,999,635

1,160,8851,071,397

677,007

1,092,135

3,061,193

Figure 13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer

by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011

Male Female Total

The highest gap wage was in the administrative and managerial wokers


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0/1. Professional, technical and related workers

2. Administrative and managerial workers

3. Clerical and related workers

4. Sales workers

5. Services workers

6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers,

fishermen and hunter

7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport

equipment operators and laborers

x/00. Others

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0/1 2 3 4 5 6 7/8/9 x/00

37

42 43

49 50

37

4748

32

38

42

5048

29

4342

34

4142

50 49

35

4648

Figure 14. Average ofWorking Hours per Week of Laborer by

Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011

Male Female Total

No significant different working hours in occupation between womenand men


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0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

No

Schooling

Not Yet

Completed

Primary

School

Primary

School

Junior High

School

Senior High

School

(General)

Senior High

School

(Vocational)

Diploma

I/II/III/

Academy

University

690,923812,677

902,295

1,185,189

1,589,280 1,550,974

2,522,899

3,519,425

397,474 478,504 548,345

953,7601,114,750

1,187,325

1,829,015

2,382,487

546,826

701,104804,818

1,119,503

1,445,895 1,446,064

2,127,771

2,999,038

Figure 15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income

(Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Educational

Attainment and Sex, August 2011

Male Female Total

The higher education the higher gap wage of men to women


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Trend

16.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) perMonthof Employee by Sex, 2007-2011

17.Average of Working Hours per Week of Employee by Sex,2007-2011


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1,141,308 1,166,1301,223,317

1,254,865

1,406,555 1,448,2951,458,424

1,530,485

1,640,472 1,659,546

854,052893,355

933,164973,642

1,071,986 1,098,364 1,113,694

1,192,463

1,275,653 1,291,753

1,049,222 1,077,3121,126,790 1,158,085

1,296,1361,322,380 1,337,753

1,410,982

1,510,5681,529,161

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000


Figure 16.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per

Month ofEmployee by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

Minimum wage policy at province level was effective policy for

employee who worked in formal sector


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47

4646

4645

4545

46

45 45

45

43

44 44

45

4343

44

4242

46

45 4545

45

44

45

45

44 44

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48


Figure 17. Average of Working Hours per Week of

Employee by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

Two time increased oil price in 2008 caused increasing working hours

of women in first quarter 2009


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Trend

18. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month

of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture by Sex, 2007-2011

19. Average of Working Hours per Week of Casual EmployeeNot in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011


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631,873632,638

677,917715,344 723,965

731,506789,487

826,847

884,047936,146

377,956

336,825319,328

355,136 363,851396,115

482,149

405,028 414,474

485,380

592,755 583,215 620,993

651,094 655,291675,475

735,393762,517

808,856

863,531

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000


Figure 18.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah)

per Month of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture

by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

The government has persued an aggressive minimum wage policy

for formal sector but not for women who worked in informal sector


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4545

4445

4445 44

4644

45

4241 41

35 3536

3536 36

34

4344 43

4342

4343

4543 43

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Figure 19. Average of Working Hours per Week of

Casual Employee Not in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011

Male Female Total

Working hours of women decreased in 2008, then almost stable in

the period from 2009 to 2011


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THANK YOU


30/39

Population

Working AgePopulation 15

years

Labor Force

Empoyment Unemployment

Not In LaborForce

Schooling,Housekeeping,

Others

Not WorkingAge Population


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EMPLOYMENT STATUS :

Own account worker

Employer

Employee

Casual empoyee in agriculture Casual employee not in agriculture

Unpaid family worker

EmployeeCasual

employee inagriculture

LaborerCasual

employeenot in

agriculture


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CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS Labor force: persons of 15 years old and over who, in

the previous week, were working, temporarily absentfrom work but having jobs, and those who did not have

work and were looking for work.

Not in labor force: persons aged 15 years andover, but not classified in labor force, such asstudents, housekeepers, or others exclude personal

activity.32

32


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Working: an activity done by a person whoworked for pay or assisted others inobtaining pay or profit for the duration atleast one hour during the survey week.Include an unpaid worker who help aneconomically activity/business.

Housekeepers: persons who were engagedin household duties in their own home, orpersons who helped in managing householdchores without payment, e.g. housewivesand their children who are doing householdwork. However, an activity undertaken by aservant is considered as work.

33


34/39

Educational attainment: the highest educational

level completed by a person, verified with the receipt

of a diploma or a letter of completion/ certificate.

Industry: refers to the activity of the place of

work/company/office in which a person is employed,

classified according to the Indonesian StandardIndustrial Classification (KBLI) 2005.

34


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Occupation: refer to the type of work carried out by aparticular respondent, classified according to the KBJI2002 which referred to ISCO 88.

Net Wage/Salary, is a net wage/salary normallycollected for a period of 1 month from aenterprise/company/employer. This net wage/salary is

after deduction of compulsory contribution, income taxetc by enterprise/company/ employer.

35


36/39

Employment status is the status of a person at the

place where he/she works. There are seven different

categories: Own-account worker, is a person who works at her/his

own risk without assisted by paid per mount worker or

unpaid worker include technical job or skill job.

Employer assisted by temporary workers/unpaid

worker, a person who works at her/his own risk andassisted by temporary worker/unpaid worker.

36


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Employer assisted by permanent worker/paidworkers, is a person who does his/her business ather/his own risk at least one assisted by paid

permanent worker.

Employee, is a person who work permanently forother people or institution/office/company and gainssome money/cash or goods as w3age/salary. Labor

who have no permanent employer is not categorizedas a laborer/worker/employee but casual worker. Alaborers, in general is considered to have apermanent employer if he has the same employerduring the same employer during the past month,

particularly for building construction sector is 3month. If the employer is an institution, more than1 (one) is allowed.

.

37


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Casual employee in agriculture, is a person who does not workpermanently for other people/employer/institution (more than 1employer during the last 1 month) in agricultural sector either

home industry or not home industry based on remuneration paidwith money or goods, and based on daily or contact paymentsystem. Agricultural industry covers food-based agricultural,plantation, forestry, livestock, fishery, hunting, includingagricultural services.

Employer is a person who gives a job with an agreementpayment.

Casual employee not in agriculture, is a person who does notwork permanently for other people/employer/institution (morethan 1 employer during hen past 1 month) in non agricultural

and gets money or goods as wage/salary either based on daily orcontract payment system. Those sectors include non agriculturalsector: mining, manufactures, electricity, gas and water,construction, trade, transportation, storage, and communication,financing, insurance, real estate, and business servicescommunity, social, and personal services.

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Documents

Gender in Employment in Indonesia